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Helgi Páll Helgason
helgi@perseptio.com
16. október 2012
Gervigreind
Gervigreind
Gervi
Gervi = hönnuð, búin til af mönnum, ekki náttúruleg ?
Gervi = sýnir einhverjar afmarkaðar hliðar mannlegrar
greindar/hegðunar ?
greind
Greind = abstrakt hugsun + skilningur + sjálfsmeðvitund + samskipti +
rökhugsun + læra + ..... ?
Greind = að geta leyst flókin verkefni (á ótilgreindum tíma) ?
Greind = að geta leyst afmörkuð verkefni sem hafa áður krafist mannlegar
aðkomu ?
Greind = að aðlagast flóknu, breytilegu umhverfi með takmarkaða þekkingu
og takmörkuð aðföng* í rauntíma?
* aðföng = reiknigeta, minni
Gervigreind:Tilgangur?
Hanna og sannreyna sálfræðileg líkön?
Hanna og sannreyna taugafræðileg líkön?
(whole-brain simulation)
Þróa kerfi sem leysa flókin, afmörkuð verkefni á sjálfkrafa máta sem áður
kröfðust mannlegrar aðkomu?
Þróa nytsamleg kerfi sem eru fær um að læra að leysa ný verkefni í kvikum
umhverfum í rauntíma?
Fyrstu hugmyndir um hugsandi vélar ná aftur til forn-Grikkja
„an ancient urge to forge the gods“
Rökfræði á sér langa sögu í heimspeki og stærðfræði
Turing test (1950)
Gervigreind formlega stofnuð sem rannsóknarsvið árið 1956 (The
Darthmouth Conference)
Í kjölfarið: kerfi sem gátu sannað rök- og stærðfræðikenningar, leyst
„orðadæmi“ í algebru, talað tungumál, o.s.frv.
Miklum fjármunum varið í rannsóknir
Saga
Saga
„Machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing
any work a man can do.“
- Herbert Simon, 1956
„Within a generation ... the problem of creating artificial
intelligence will substantially be solved.“
- Marvin Minsky, 1967
Saga
1974: Bandaríkjaþing hættir að styrkja gervigreindarrannsóknir
„the AI winter“
>1980: Expert systems
>1990: Data-mining, medical diagnosis, logistics etc.
1997: Deep Blue sigrar Garry Kasparov í skák
2011: Watson sigrar heimsmeistara í Jeopardy
„Artificial intelligence research is that which computing scientists do
not know how to do cost-effectively today“ ?
Áhersla hefur færst yfir í afmarkaðar, sérhæfðar lausnir
Almenn Gervigreind
(Artificial General Intelligence)
Fámennur (en stækkandi) hópur vísindamanna sem leggja áherslu á
eitt upprunalegt kjarna markmið gervigreindar:
human-level AI
Fyrsta AGI ráðstefnan 2008
Markmið er þróun kerfa sem geta sjálfvirkt lært að leysa ný verkefni í
kvikum umhverfum
Ultimately targets human-level intelligence
(and beyond) in real world environments
Almenn Gervigreind
(Artificial General Intelligence)
Langtíma rannsóknir
Torvelt aðgengi að fjármagni
Niðurstöður eru ekki tryggðar
“Narrow” (classical) AI:
• Systems explicitly designed to solve specific, reasonably
well-defined problems
• E.g. Deep Blue,Watson, etc.
Artificial General Intelligence:
• Systems designed to autonomously learn new tasks and
adapt to changing environments
Grundvallar mismunur
Neural-network based virus detection system
Personalized movie recommendation system
Software for prediction, classification and pattern recognition
NLP-based personalized news delivery software
Development and implementation of algorithmic trading strategies using
AI techniques
Some of my past projects
Greind
“Intelligence is the capacity of a system to
adapt to its environment while operating
with insufficient knowledge and
resources.”
- PeiWang
(Rigid flexibility:The Logic of Intelligence. Springer 2006)
“If either time or computational resources
are infinite, intelligence is irrelevant .”
- Dr. Kristinn R.Thórisson
Gervigreind
Gervi = hönnuð, búin til af mönnum, ekki náttúruleg
Greind = að aðlagast flóknu, breytilegu umhverfi með
takmarkaða þekkingu og takmörkuð aðföng
Tilgangur: Þróa nytsamleg kerfi sem eru fær um að læra
að leysa ný verkefni í kvikum, breytilegum umhverfum í
rauntíma
AGI Systems
Realworld environment
Sensors
Actuators
Data
Processes
AGI Systems
Sensors
Actuators
Data
Processes
AGI Systems
Realworld
environment
Sensors
Actuators
Data
Processes
Sensors
Actuators
Data
Processes
Hugbúnaðarkerfi verða gríðar stór og flókin þegar þau
nálgast mannlega greind
Mikið hærra flækjustig en í flóknustu núverandi
hugbúnaðarkerfum
Hugfræðilegar takmarkanir mannlegra
forritara/kerfishönnuða
Hugbúnaðarþróun og aðferðarfræði
Er raunhæft að við smíðum slík kerfi með núverandi
aðferðum?
Manual construction
Coarse grained modular systems
Divide-and-conquer
Hugbúnaðarþróun og aðferðarfræði
Reality:
• Intelligent systems are (functionally)
• Heterogeneous
• Large
• Densely-coupled
• Self-reflective
• Intelligence is the product of the operation of a system
Reality:
• Massive, complex dependencies exclude:
• automatic construction of new modules
• automated routing of complex data
• manual construction of modules
• modular construction
• piecewise composition where each piece built in isolation
• Exceedingly large functional state-space
• Subdivision hides important interconnections
• Divide-and-conquer fails
Con - struct - ivist A.I.: Self-constructive artificial
intelligence systems with general knowledge
acquisition skills; systems develop from a seed
specification; capable of learning to perceive and
act in a wide range of novel tasks, situations and
domains.
Thórisson, K. R. (2009). From Constructionist to Constructivist A.I. Keynote, AAAI Fall Symposium Series: Biologically Inspired
Cognitive Architectures, Washington D.C., Nov. 5-7, 175-183. AAAI Tech Report FS-09-01, AAAI press, Menlo Park, CA.
Constructivist AI
In the domain of intelligent systems, the management of
system resources is typically called “attention”
Biological (Human) Attention:
• Selective concentration on one aspect of the environment while
ignoring others
Artificial Attention:
• Resource management and control mechanism to assign limited
system resources to processing of most relevant or important
information
Athygli
Athygli
Time constraints
Abundant information Limited resources
ATTENTION
Athygli
Lítið rannsakað fyrirbæri í tengslum við gervigreind hingað til
Enda þurfa „narrow AI“ kerfi ekki á henni að halda
Almenn gervigreind er önnur saga...
„Raunheims“ flækjustig á umhverfi
Öll gögn eru mögulega mikilvæg
Ekki aðeins takmörkuð, heldur ónægjanleg aðföng
(reiknigeta, minni)
Kvik, breytileg verkefni, umhverfi og tímaskorður
Ph.D. Project
Rannsóknarmarkmið:
Hanna og meta almenna athyglisstýringu sem er ætluð til
útfærslu í almennum gervigreindarkerfum
Þrátt fyrir að sálfræði/hugfræði/taugafræði veiti
innblástur er markmiðið ekki að líkja eftir neinni
(líffræðilegri) athyglisstýringu sem til er fyrir
Almenn nálgun á athygli
Modality neutral
All modalities treated identically, at some level of
processing
Including proprioception (internal modalities, self-
sensing)
Architecture-independent
Innblástur úr hugfræði
Early selection Broadbent
Treisman
Innblástur úr hugfræði
Deutsch-Norman
Knudsen
Innblástur úr hugfræði
Information competes for limited system resources
Early selection may be a problematic paradigm
• Ignoring information without analysis of meaning introduces operational risk
Two simultaneously active functions of attention can allow systems to
perform tasks while remaining reactive to unexpected events.
Top-down + Bottom-up attention
Top-down attention may be controlled by active goals and predictions of
the system to catch information related to current tasks.
Bottom-up attention can be controlled by novelty and unexpectedness
of incoming information
Data items
Processes
New data
Sensory
devices
Environment
(Real world)
Actuation
devices
Commands
Sampled data
Data-driven: Processes are activated only when paired with compatible data
Fine-grained: Data and process objects are small and numerous
Unified sensory pipeline: External (environmental) and
internal data handled identically at architecturelevel
Goals / Predictions
Attentional
patterns
Derived
Matching
Data items
Processes
Data
biasing
Top-down Sensory
devices
Environment
(Real world)
Actuation
devices
Commands
Sampled data
Predictive capabilities: Predictions are necessary
control information for top-down attention
Data and processess have priority values that are assigned by biasing.
Attentional
patterns
Matching
Data items
Processes
Bottom-up
attentional
processess
Evaluation
Top-down
Bottom-up
Sensory
devices
Environment
(Real world)
Actuation
devices
Commands
Sampled data
Data
biasing
Goals / Predictions
Derived
Attentional
patterns
Matching
Data items
Processes
Top-down
Bottom-up
Process
biasing
Data -> Process
mapping
Sensory
devices
Environment
(Real world)
Actuation
devices
Commands
Sampled data
Data
biasing
Goals / Predictions
Derived
Bottom-up
attentional
processess
Evaluation
Attentional
patterns
Matching
Data items
Processes
Top-down
Bottom-up
Contextualized
process
performance
history
Contextual process
evaluation
Experience-based
process activation
Sensory
devices
Environment
(Real world)
Actuation
devices
Commands
Sampled data
Data
biasing
Goals / Predictions
Derived
Bottom-up
attentional
processess
Evaluation
Process
biasing
Data -> Process
mapping
The HUMANOBS Project
Humanoids that Learn Socio-Comunnicative SkillsThrough Observation
Funded by European Union 7th Framework Programme
Coordinator / Principal Investigator: Dr. Kristinn R.Thórisson
 Target domain:TV-style interview
 Two roles: Interviewee, Interviewer
 Scenario:
• Two humanoid avatars and props
 1. Motor babbling phase
 2. Observation phase:
• Humans control both avatars and perform interview while system observes
 Multiple modalities: Speech, intonation, gaze, head movements, hand movements
 3. Operation phase:
• System takes over one of the roles
HUMANOBS Project
DEMO
Framtíðarhorfur
Framtíðarhorfur
Fjármögnun rannsókna vandamál í dag
Líklegt til að breytast þegar hagnýt AGI kerfi fara að líta dagsins ljós
“Constructivist” aðferðarfræði leiðir líklega til þess að framfarir drífi
áfram frekari framfarir
Gervigreind hannar sjálf nýjar og betri útgáfur af sjálfri sér
(undir mannlegri yfirsjón)
Takk fyrir
áheyrnina!
Sérstakar þakkir:
Dr. Kristinn R. Þórisson
Eric Nivel
Kamilla Rún Jóhannsdóttir
Spurningar?

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Gervigreind

  • 4. Gervi Gervi = hönnuð, búin til af mönnum, ekki náttúruleg ? Gervi = sýnir einhverjar afmarkaðar hliðar mannlegrar greindar/hegðunar ?
  • 5. greind Greind = abstrakt hugsun + skilningur + sjálfsmeðvitund + samskipti + rökhugsun + læra + ..... ? Greind = að geta leyst flókin verkefni (á ótilgreindum tíma) ? Greind = að geta leyst afmörkuð verkefni sem hafa áður krafist mannlegar aðkomu ? Greind = að aðlagast flóknu, breytilegu umhverfi með takmarkaða þekkingu og takmörkuð aðföng* í rauntíma? * aðföng = reiknigeta, minni
  • 6. Gervigreind:Tilgangur? Hanna og sannreyna sálfræðileg líkön? Hanna og sannreyna taugafræðileg líkön? (whole-brain simulation) Þróa kerfi sem leysa flókin, afmörkuð verkefni á sjálfkrafa máta sem áður kröfðust mannlegrar aðkomu? Þróa nytsamleg kerfi sem eru fær um að læra að leysa ný verkefni í kvikum umhverfum í rauntíma?
  • 7. Fyrstu hugmyndir um hugsandi vélar ná aftur til forn-Grikkja „an ancient urge to forge the gods“ Rökfræði á sér langa sögu í heimspeki og stærðfræði Turing test (1950) Gervigreind formlega stofnuð sem rannsóknarsvið árið 1956 (The Darthmouth Conference) Í kjölfarið: kerfi sem gátu sannað rök- og stærðfræðikenningar, leyst „orðadæmi“ í algebru, talað tungumál, o.s.frv. Miklum fjármunum varið í rannsóknir Saga
  • 8. Saga „Machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do.“ - Herbert Simon, 1956 „Within a generation ... the problem of creating artificial intelligence will substantially be solved.“ - Marvin Minsky, 1967
  • 9. Saga 1974: Bandaríkjaþing hættir að styrkja gervigreindarrannsóknir „the AI winter“ >1980: Expert systems >1990: Data-mining, medical diagnosis, logistics etc. 1997: Deep Blue sigrar Garry Kasparov í skák 2011: Watson sigrar heimsmeistara í Jeopardy „Artificial intelligence research is that which computing scientists do not know how to do cost-effectively today“ ? Áhersla hefur færst yfir í afmarkaðar, sérhæfðar lausnir
  • 10. Almenn Gervigreind (Artificial General Intelligence) Fámennur (en stækkandi) hópur vísindamanna sem leggja áherslu á eitt upprunalegt kjarna markmið gervigreindar: human-level AI Fyrsta AGI ráðstefnan 2008 Markmið er þróun kerfa sem geta sjálfvirkt lært að leysa ný verkefni í kvikum umhverfum Ultimately targets human-level intelligence (and beyond) in real world environments
  • 11. Almenn Gervigreind (Artificial General Intelligence) Langtíma rannsóknir Torvelt aðgengi að fjármagni Niðurstöður eru ekki tryggðar
  • 12. “Narrow” (classical) AI: • Systems explicitly designed to solve specific, reasonably well-defined problems • E.g. Deep Blue,Watson, etc. Artificial General Intelligence: • Systems designed to autonomously learn new tasks and adapt to changing environments Grundvallar mismunur
  • 13. Neural-network based virus detection system Personalized movie recommendation system Software for prediction, classification and pattern recognition NLP-based personalized news delivery software Development and implementation of algorithmic trading strategies using AI techniques Some of my past projects
  • 14. Greind “Intelligence is the capacity of a system to adapt to its environment while operating with insufficient knowledge and resources.” - PeiWang (Rigid flexibility:The Logic of Intelligence. Springer 2006)
  • 15. “If either time or computational resources are infinite, intelligence is irrelevant .” - Dr. Kristinn R.Thórisson
  • 16. Gervigreind Gervi = hönnuð, búin til af mönnum, ekki náttúruleg Greind = að aðlagast flóknu, breytilegu umhverfi með takmarkaða þekkingu og takmörkuð aðföng Tilgangur: Þróa nytsamleg kerfi sem eru fær um að læra að leysa ný verkefni í kvikum, breytilegum umhverfum í rauntíma
  • 20. Hugbúnaðarkerfi verða gríðar stór og flókin þegar þau nálgast mannlega greind Mikið hærra flækjustig en í flóknustu núverandi hugbúnaðarkerfum Hugfræðilegar takmarkanir mannlegra forritara/kerfishönnuða Hugbúnaðarþróun og aðferðarfræði
  • 21. Er raunhæft að við smíðum slík kerfi með núverandi aðferðum? Manual construction Coarse grained modular systems Divide-and-conquer Hugbúnaðarþróun og aðferðarfræði
  • 22. Reality: • Intelligent systems are (functionally) • Heterogeneous • Large • Densely-coupled • Self-reflective • Intelligence is the product of the operation of a system
  • 23. Reality: • Massive, complex dependencies exclude: • automatic construction of new modules • automated routing of complex data • manual construction of modules • modular construction • piecewise composition where each piece built in isolation • Exceedingly large functional state-space • Subdivision hides important interconnections • Divide-and-conquer fails
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. Con - struct - ivist A.I.: Self-constructive artificial intelligence systems with general knowledge acquisition skills; systems develop from a seed specification; capable of learning to perceive and act in a wide range of novel tasks, situations and domains. Thórisson, K. R. (2009). From Constructionist to Constructivist A.I. Keynote, AAAI Fall Symposium Series: Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, Washington D.C., Nov. 5-7, 175-183. AAAI Tech Report FS-09-01, AAAI press, Menlo Park, CA. Constructivist AI
  • 27. In the domain of intelligent systems, the management of system resources is typically called “attention” Biological (Human) Attention: • Selective concentration on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others Artificial Attention: • Resource management and control mechanism to assign limited system resources to processing of most relevant or important information Athygli
  • 28. Athygli Time constraints Abundant information Limited resources ATTENTION
  • 29. Athygli Lítið rannsakað fyrirbæri í tengslum við gervigreind hingað til Enda þurfa „narrow AI“ kerfi ekki á henni að halda Almenn gervigreind er önnur saga... „Raunheims“ flækjustig á umhverfi Öll gögn eru mögulega mikilvæg Ekki aðeins takmörkuð, heldur ónægjanleg aðföng (reiknigeta, minni) Kvik, breytileg verkefni, umhverfi og tímaskorður
  • 30. Ph.D. Project Rannsóknarmarkmið: Hanna og meta almenna athyglisstýringu sem er ætluð til útfærslu í almennum gervigreindarkerfum Þrátt fyrir að sálfræði/hugfræði/taugafræði veiti innblástur er markmiðið ekki að líkja eftir neinni (líffræðilegri) athyglisstýringu sem til er fyrir
  • 31. Almenn nálgun á athygli Modality neutral All modalities treated identically, at some level of processing Including proprioception (internal modalities, self- sensing) Architecture-independent
  • 32. Innblástur úr hugfræði Early selection Broadbent Treisman
  • 34. Innblástur úr hugfræði Information competes for limited system resources Early selection may be a problematic paradigm • Ignoring information without analysis of meaning introduces operational risk Two simultaneously active functions of attention can allow systems to perform tasks while remaining reactive to unexpected events. Top-down + Bottom-up attention Top-down attention may be controlled by active goals and predictions of the system to catch information related to current tasks. Bottom-up attention can be controlled by novelty and unexpectedness of incoming information
  • 35. Data items Processes New data Sensory devices Environment (Real world) Actuation devices Commands Sampled data Data-driven: Processes are activated only when paired with compatible data Fine-grained: Data and process objects are small and numerous Unified sensory pipeline: External (environmental) and internal data handled identically at architecturelevel
  • 36. Goals / Predictions Attentional patterns Derived Matching Data items Processes Data biasing Top-down Sensory devices Environment (Real world) Actuation devices Commands Sampled data Predictive capabilities: Predictions are necessary control information for top-down attention Data and processess have priority values that are assigned by biasing.
  • 38. Attentional patterns Matching Data items Processes Top-down Bottom-up Process biasing Data -> Process mapping Sensory devices Environment (Real world) Actuation devices Commands Sampled data Data biasing Goals / Predictions Derived Bottom-up attentional processess Evaluation
  • 39. Attentional patterns Matching Data items Processes Top-down Bottom-up Contextualized process performance history Contextual process evaluation Experience-based process activation Sensory devices Environment (Real world) Actuation devices Commands Sampled data Data biasing Goals / Predictions Derived Bottom-up attentional processess Evaluation Process biasing Data -> Process mapping
  • 40. The HUMANOBS Project Humanoids that Learn Socio-Comunnicative SkillsThrough Observation Funded by European Union 7th Framework Programme Coordinator / Principal Investigator: Dr. Kristinn R.Thórisson
  • 41.  Target domain:TV-style interview  Two roles: Interviewee, Interviewer  Scenario: • Two humanoid avatars and props  1. Motor babbling phase  2. Observation phase: • Humans control both avatars and perform interview while system observes  Multiple modalities: Speech, intonation, gaze, head movements, hand movements  3. Operation phase: • System takes over one of the roles HUMANOBS Project
  • 42. DEMO
  • 44. Framtíðarhorfur Fjármögnun rannsókna vandamál í dag Líklegt til að breytast þegar hagnýt AGI kerfi fara að líta dagsins ljós “Constructivist” aðferðarfræði leiðir líklega til þess að framfarir drífi áfram frekari framfarir Gervigreind hannar sjálf nýjar og betri útgáfur af sjálfri sér (undir mannlegri yfirsjón)
  • 45. Takk fyrir áheyrnina! Sérstakar þakkir: Dr. Kristinn R. Þórisson Eric Nivel Kamilla Rún Jóhannsdóttir

Editor's Notes

  1. Top-down attentionGoals must specify operational target states, extract special patterns intended to catch goal related informationExample: Goal: Object O1 located at position P1 Attentional template: Any data item referencing O1
  2. Bottom-up attention:Based on novelty or unexpectedness of information, determined by operational experience
  3. Now for processess..Activation passed for processess capable of accepting high priority data itemsRemaining problem: Many processess may be able to consume same data, only some may be currently useful
  4. Top-down attention for processesMaintains history of the participation of processes in goal achievementNon-trival problem, but can be done e.g. By backpropagation from goal achievement through chain of preceding activityGive bias to processess likely to be useful nowAttention mechanism or control mechanism?Works equally for external and internal goals, potential to support introspection