Working Capital Financing & Sources Of Working Capital
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WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Working capital refers to the capital required for financing short-term assets such as cash, inventory, and accounts receivable. It is also known as revolving or circulating capital. There are different types of working capital like gross working capital, net working capital, permanent working capital, and temporary working capital. Management of working capital involves maintaining optimal levels of current assets and current liabilities to ensure sufficient liquidity and an efficient balance between risk and profitability.
Modigliani and miller approach
Modigliani and Miller initially developed their capital structure approach in 1958 without considering taxes. They argued that a firm's value and cost of capital are independent of its capital structure. In 1963, they revised their approach to include taxes. When taxes are considered, firm value increases with leverage as interest expenses are tax deductible, creating a tax shield. The value of a levered firm exceeds an unlevered firm by the amount of debt multiplied by the tax rate.
Determinants of working capital
The capital which is needed for the regular operation of business is called working capital. 1- for the purchase of raw materials
2- for the payment of wages
3- payment of rent and of other expenses
Working capital is kept in the form of cash, debtors, raw materials inventory, stock of finished goods, bills receivable etc.
Size Of Business
Nature Of Business
Storage Period
Credit Period
Seasonal Requirement
Potential Growth Or Expansion Of Business
Changes In Price Level
Dividend Policy
Working Capital Cycle
Operating Efficiency
Other Factors
Working capital requirement of a firm is directly influenced by the size of its business operation.
Big business organizations require more working capital than the small business organization.
Working capital requirement depends also upon the nature of business carried by the firm. Normally, manufacturing industries and trading organizations need more working capital than in the service business organizations.
A service sector does not require any amount of stock of goods. But in the manufacturing or trading firm, credit sales and advance related transactions are in large amount.
Time needed for keeping the stock in store is called storage period. The amount of working capital is influenced by the storage period. If storage period is high A firm should keep more quantity of goods in store and hence requires more working capital. if the storage Period is less , then more stock of goods must be held in store as work-in-progress.
SOURCES OF LONG TERM FINANCE & RAISING LONG TERM FINANCE
This document discusses various long-term sources of finance for businesses including equity shares, internal accruals, preference shares, term loans, debentures, and venture capital. It provides details on each type of financing such as their characteristics, benefits, and risks. The key long-term sources of finance mentioned are equity shares, retained earnings, debentures, and term loans. The document also explains the process of raising finance through initial public offerings, rights issues, and private placements.
Working capital finance
Working capital represents a company's short-term liquidity and is used to finance day-to-day operations. The two main sources of working capital finance are trade credit and bank borrowing. Trade credit involves suppliers extending credit to customers, and is an important source of financing especially for small businesses. Banks provide working capital financing through various facilities like overdrafts, cash credits, bill discounting, and loans. Banks follow guidelines from committees like Tandon and Chore to regulate working capital lending and ensure prudent financing.
Factors affecting dividend policy
A brief presentation on the factors affecting dividend policy prepared for class room presentation at Institute of Management in Kerala
Financial management unit 4 working capital management
This document provides an overview of working capital management. It defines working capital as the amount of funds required for meeting day-to-day business expenses. There are different types of working capital including permanent, temporary, seasonal and special working capital. The document outlines methods for estimating working capital requirements such as the operating cycle method and estimating components. It also discusses sources of working capital, working capital ratios and issues around having too much or too little working capital.
Receivables management
This document discusses receivables management. It defines receivables as money owed to a firm by customers from sales. Effective receivables management optimizes profits by balancing investment in receivables with sales levels and costs of maintaining receivables like capital costs and collection costs. Firms must determine appropriate credit policies including credit terms, credit limits, and collection efforts to maximize returns while minimizing bad debts and collection period. Tools like credit analysis, aging schedules, and ratio analysis help firms monitor receivables and collection performance.
Recommended
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Working capital refers to the capital required for financing short-term assets such as cash, inventory, and accounts receivable. It is also known as revolving or circulating capital. There are different types of working capital like gross working capital, net working capital, permanent working capital, and temporary working capital. Management of working capital involves maintaining optimal levels of current assets and current liabilities to ensure sufficient liquidity and an efficient balance between risk and profitability.
Modigliani and miller approach
Modigliani and Miller initially developed their capital structure approach in 1958 without considering taxes. They argued that a firm's value and cost of capital are independent of its capital structure. In 1963, they revised their approach to include taxes. When taxes are considered, firm value increases with leverage as interest expenses are tax deductible, creating a tax shield. The value of a levered firm exceeds an unlevered firm by the amount of debt multiplied by the tax rate.
Determinants of working capital
The capital which is needed for the regular operation of business is called working capital. 1- for the purchase of raw materials
2- for the payment of wages
3- payment of rent and of other expenses
Working capital is kept in the form of cash, debtors, raw materials inventory, stock of finished goods, bills receivable etc.
Size Of Business
Nature Of Business
Storage Period
Credit Period
Seasonal Requirement
Potential Growth Or Expansion Of Business
Changes In Price Level
Dividend Policy
Working Capital Cycle
Operating Efficiency
Other Factors
Working capital requirement of a firm is directly influenced by the size of its business operation.
Big business organizations require more working capital than the small business organization.
Working capital requirement depends also upon the nature of business carried by the firm. Normally, manufacturing industries and trading organizations need more working capital than in the service business organizations.
A service sector does not require any amount of stock of goods. But in the manufacturing or trading firm, credit sales and advance related transactions are in large amount.
Time needed for keeping the stock in store is called storage period. The amount of working capital is influenced by the storage period. If storage period is high A firm should keep more quantity of goods in store and hence requires more working capital. if the storage Period is less , then more stock of goods must be held in store as work-in-progress.
SOURCES OF LONG TERM FINANCE & RAISING LONG TERM FINANCE
This document discusses various long-term sources of finance for businesses including equity shares, internal accruals, preference shares, term loans, debentures, and venture capital. It provides details on each type of financing such as their characteristics, benefits, and risks. The key long-term sources of finance mentioned are equity shares, retained earnings, debentures, and term loans. The document also explains the process of raising finance through initial public offerings, rights issues, and private placements.
Working capital finance
Working capital represents a company's short-term liquidity and is used to finance day-to-day operations. The two main sources of working capital finance are trade credit and bank borrowing. Trade credit involves suppliers extending credit to customers, and is an important source of financing especially for small businesses. Banks provide working capital financing through various facilities like overdrafts, cash credits, bill discounting, and loans. Banks follow guidelines from committees like Tandon and Chore to regulate working capital lending and ensure prudent financing.
Factors affecting dividend policy
A brief presentation on the factors affecting dividend policy prepared for class room presentation at Institute of Management in Kerala
Financial management unit 4 working capital management
This document provides an overview of working capital management. It defines working capital as the amount of funds required for meeting day-to-day business expenses. There are different types of working capital including permanent, temporary, seasonal and special working capital. The document outlines methods for estimating working capital requirements such as the operating cycle method and estimating components. It also discusses sources of working capital, working capital ratios and issues around having too much or too little working capital.
Receivables management
This document discusses receivables management. It defines receivables as money owed to a firm by customers from sales. Effective receivables management optimizes profits by balancing investment in receivables with sales levels and costs of maintaining receivables like capital costs and collection costs. Firms must determine appropriate credit policies including credit terms, credit limits, and collection efforts to maximize returns while minimizing bad debts and collection period. Tools like credit analysis, aging schedules, and ratio analysis help firms monitor receivables and collection performance.
Lease financing
The Concept of Leasing or Lease Financing. Meaning, Elements of Leasing, Types of Leasing. Difference between Lease financing and Hire Purchase.
Lease finance
This document defines leasing and describes its key features and types. It begins with defining leasing as a written agreement where a property owner allows a tenant to use the property for a specified period in exchange for fixed installment payments. It then discusses the main features of leasing, including that it allows use of an asset without paying the full upfront cost. The document also outlines the main advantages and disadvantages of leasing. Finally, it describes the main types of leasing, including finance leases, operating leases, leveraged leases, sale and lease back, and direct leasing.
Working capital management
The matter includes concept and types of Working Capital. Further it explains Optimum Level of Current Assets, Various Approaches to Working Capital Financing. Then Operating Cycle, Cash Cycle and Working Capital Estimation Techniques are discussed.
Sources of working capital
This document discusses various long-term and short-term sources of working capital for businesses. Long-term sources include issuing equity shares, preference shares, debentures/bonds, and retaining earnings. Short-term sources include trade credit, commercial paper, advances from customers, and bank credit facilities like cash credit, overdraft, and letters of credit. The benefits, types, and merits of each source are outlined.
Working capital management
The study analyzed the impact of working capital management on the profitability of 58 small manufacturing firms in Mauritius over the period of 1998-2003. The results showed that return on total assets, a measure of profitability, was positively correlated with measures of working capital management efficiency like accounts receivable days and cash conversion cycle. However, it was negatively correlated with accounts payable days. The paper concluded that synchronizing current assets and liabilities is important for small firm profitability and the paper industry showed best practices in working capital management.
Dividend policy
This document discusses dividend policy and the various theories around it. It defines dividends and discusses Walter's model and Gordon's model, which propose that dividend policy affects firm value. It also covers the irrelevance theories of Modigliani-Miller and the traditional approach, which argue that dividend policy does not impact value. The document provides formulas for the different models and discusses their assumptions and criticisms.
Optimal capital structure
Optimal capital structure is the proportion of debt, preference shares, and equity that results in the lowest weighted average cost of capital and highest firm value. It is achieved by balancing debt and equity financing in a way that maximizes the market value per equity share while maintaining financial stability and minimizing financial risk. An optimal structure takes advantage of tax benefits of debt but is difficult to determine precisely due to complex market factors that influence equity values.
Working Capital Financing and Regulation of Bank Credit
Working Capital Financing in India and Regulation on Bank Credit, Dahejia, Tandon, Chore, Maratha and Kannan Committees' Recommendations
Working capital
This document provides an overview of working capital. It defines working capital as a measure of liquidity and efficiency that includes current assets like cash, inventory, and accounts receivable, as well as current liabilities like accounts payable. It discusses the different types of working capital based on balance sheet views like gross and net working capital as well as operating cycle views like permanent/fixed and temporary/variable working capital. The document also covers topics like receivables management, determinants of working capital, issues in management, and different approaches to financing current assets.
Working Capital.
Here are the calculations of the three working capital ratios based on the information provided:
Current Ratio = Total Current Assets / Total Current Liabilities
Current Assets = Rs. 0
Current Liabilities = Rs. 0
Current Ratio = #DIV/0! (Not defined as there are no current assets or liabilities provided)
Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities
Inventory = Rs. 0
Quick Ratio = #DIV/0! (Not defined as there are no current assets or liabilities provided)
Cash Ratio = (Cash + Cash Equivalents) / Current Liabilities
Cash & Cash Equivalents = Rs. 0
Cash Ratio = #DIV
Receivable management or accounts receivable management
This document discusses receivables (accounts receivable) management. It defines receivables as amounts owed to a firm for goods or services sold. Maintaining the right level of receivables is important to meet competition and increase sales and profits, but it also incurs costs like financing, administration, collection, and bad debts. The document outlines factors that influence the size of receivables like credit terms, collection efforts, and customer habits. It describes the key aspects of receivables management including forming credit policies, executing those policies, and formulating and executing collection policies.
Working capital ppt
The document provides an overview of working capital, including definitions, concepts, and management. It defines working capital as the capital required for financing short-term assets like cash, inventory, and receivables. There are two concepts of working capital - the balance sheet concept focuses on current assets and liabilities, while the operating cycle concept looks at cash flows through purchasing, production, and sales cycles. Proper management of working capital is important, as both excess and inadequate working capital can hurt a business. Factors like industry, sales, and inventory turnover affect working capital needs. Forecasting and estimating working capital requirements involves considering items like materials, production timelines, credit terms, and cash flows.
Types of dividend policy
There are several types of dividend policies a company can adopt:
1. A regular dividend policy pays dividends at a usual rate and is preferred by retired investors who need steady income. It requires long-standing, stable earnings.
2. A stable dividend policy aims to consistently pay dividends, through methods like a constant dividend per share, constant payout ratio, or stable low dividend plus extra in high-profit years.
3. An irregular dividend policy is used when earnings are uncertain or the company lacks liquid resources. A no dividend policy may be adopted if working capital is unfavorable or funds are needed for future growth.
Capital Budgeting
Capital budgeting refers to the process of evaluating investment projects and determining whether they should be accepted or rejected. There are traditional and discounted cash flow methods for evaluating projects. Traditional methods include payback period and accounting rate of return, which do not consider the time value of money. Discounted cash flow methods like net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) discount future cash flows to determine if a project will provide sufficient returns. The capital budgeting process involves project generation, evaluation using techniques like NPV or IRR, and selection of projects that meet acceptance criteria.
Operating, financial and combined leverage
This document discusses different types of leverage used in business - operating, financial, and combined leverage. Operating leverage is related to fixed operating costs and how they magnify changes in sales on earnings. Financial leverage uses fixed financing costs to magnify the effect on earnings per share. Combined leverage is the product of operating and financial leverage. Degrees of leverage are defined to quantify the effects. Indifference points are discussed as the earnings level where leveraged vs unleveraged financing plans yield equal shareholder returns. Analysis of earnings-per-share for different financing options is based on expected earnings levels relative to the indifference point.
Venture capital
This document provides an overview of venture capital. It defines venture capital as long-term risk capital used to finance high-growth potential startups and small businesses. Key points include that venture capital investments are long-term, lack liquidity, and carry high risks but also high potential returns. The document discusses advantages like bringing capital and expertise to companies, as well as disadvantages such as loss of founder autonomy. Top cities attracting venture capital in India are listed as Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi, Chennai, and Hyderabad. The information technology sector captures the largest share of venture capital funding in India.
ALL ABOUT Working capital management
Working capital management — factors determining working capital — estimation of working capital —inventory management techniques — receivables management — management of cash and marketable securities — techniques of cash management — committees on working capital and their findings and recommendations.
valuation of securities
The document discusses various methods for valuing different types of securities. It covers the valuation of debentures, preference shares, and equity shares. For debentures and preference shares, the valuation models discount future interest and principal cash flows to arrive at a present value. For equity shares, the dividend capitalization approach discounts expected future dividends, while the earnings capitalization approach discounts future earnings. Growth must be considered for shares but not for debentures or preference shares that offer fixed cash flows.
working capital financing:-Tandon committee
The Tandon Committee was appointed in 1974 by the Reserve Bank of India to frame guidelines for bank credit and oversight. Some key recommendations included introducing the concept of maximum permissible bank finance (MPBF) to determine how much working capital banks could finance. The committee outlined three methods for calculating MPBF that progressively reduced banks' involvement in financing current assets. It also made recommendations regarding the style of credit and information reporting systems to improve oversight of credit use.
Venture capital ppt
This document provides an overview of venture capital. It defines venture capital as equity support that funds new business concepts with higher risk but also higher growth potential. The document outlines the typical stages of venture capital funding from seed money to bridge financing. It also describes the roles within a venture capital firm such as general partners and limited partners. Key features of venture capital investments are discussed like the long time horizon, lack of liquidity, high risk, and equity participation. Finally, the advantages of venture capital for the economy, investors, and entrepreneurs are summarized.
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SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan Chart
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
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Lease financing
The Concept of Leasing or Lease Financing. Meaning, Elements of Leasing, Types of Leasing. Difference between Lease financing and Hire Purchase.
Lease finance
This document defines leasing and describes its key features and types. It begins with defining leasing as a written agreement where a property owner allows a tenant to use the property for a specified period in exchange for fixed installment payments. It then discusses the main features of leasing, including that it allows use of an asset without paying the full upfront cost. The document also outlines the main advantages and disadvantages of leasing. Finally, it describes the main types of leasing, including finance leases, operating leases, leveraged leases, sale and lease back, and direct leasing.
Working capital management
The matter includes concept and types of Working Capital. Further it explains Optimum Level of Current Assets, Various Approaches to Working Capital Financing. Then Operating Cycle, Cash Cycle and Working Capital Estimation Techniques are discussed.
Sources of working capital
This document discusses various long-term and short-term sources of working capital for businesses. Long-term sources include issuing equity shares, preference shares, debentures/bonds, and retaining earnings. Short-term sources include trade credit, commercial paper, advances from customers, and bank credit facilities like cash credit, overdraft, and letters of credit. The benefits, types, and merits of each source are outlined.
Working capital management
The study analyzed the impact of working capital management on the profitability of 58 small manufacturing firms in Mauritius over the period of 1998-2003. The results showed that return on total assets, a measure of profitability, was positively correlated with measures of working capital management efficiency like accounts receivable days and cash conversion cycle. However, it was negatively correlated with accounts payable days. The paper concluded that synchronizing current assets and liabilities is important for small firm profitability and the paper industry showed best practices in working capital management.
Dividend policy
This document discusses dividend policy and the various theories around it. It defines dividends and discusses Walter's model and Gordon's model, which propose that dividend policy affects firm value. It also covers the irrelevance theories of Modigliani-Miller and the traditional approach, which argue that dividend policy does not impact value. The document provides formulas for the different models and discusses their assumptions and criticisms.
Optimal capital structure
Optimal capital structure is the proportion of debt, preference shares, and equity that results in the lowest weighted average cost of capital and highest firm value. It is achieved by balancing debt and equity financing in a way that maximizes the market value per equity share while maintaining financial stability and minimizing financial risk. An optimal structure takes advantage of tax benefits of debt but is difficult to determine precisely due to complex market factors that influence equity values.
Working Capital Financing and Regulation of Bank Credit
Working Capital Financing in India and Regulation on Bank Credit, Dahejia, Tandon, Chore, Maratha and Kannan Committees' Recommendations
Working capital
This document provides an overview of working capital. It defines working capital as a measure of liquidity and efficiency that includes current assets like cash, inventory, and accounts receivable, as well as current liabilities like accounts payable. It discusses the different types of working capital based on balance sheet views like gross and net working capital as well as operating cycle views like permanent/fixed and temporary/variable working capital. The document also covers topics like receivables management, determinants of working capital, issues in management, and different approaches to financing current assets.
Working Capital.
Here are the calculations of the three working capital ratios based on the information provided:
Current Ratio = Total Current Assets / Total Current Liabilities
Current Assets = Rs. 0
Current Liabilities = Rs. 0
Current Ratio = #DIV/0! (Not defined as there are no current assets or liabilities provided)
Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities
Inventory = Rs. 0
Quick Ratio = #DIV/0! (Not defined as there are no current assets or liabilities provided)
Cash Ratio = (Cash + Cash Equivalents) / Current Liabilities
Cash & Cash Equivalents = Rs. 0
Cash Ratio = #DIV
Receivable management or accounts receivable management
This document discusses receivables (accounts receivable) management. It defines receivables as amounts owed to a firm for goods or services sold. Maintaining the right level of receivables is important to meet competition and increase sales and profits, but it also incurs costs like financing, administration, collection, and bad debts. The document outlines factors that influence the size of receivables like credit terms, collection efforts, and customer habits. It describes the key aspects of receivables management including forming credit policies, executing those policies, and formulating and executing collection policies.
Working capital ppt
The document provides an overview of working capital, including definitions, concepts, and management. It defines working capital as the capital required for financing short-term assets like cash, inventory, and receivables. There are two concepts of working capital - the balance sheet concept focuses on current assets and liabilities, while the operating cycle concept looks at cash flows through purchasing, production, and sales cycles. Proper management of working capital is important, as both excess and inadequate working capital can hurt a business. Factors like industry, sales, and inventory turnover affect working capital needs. Forecasting and estimating working capital requirements involves considering items like materials, production timelines, credit terms, and cash flows.
Types of dividend policy
There are several types of dividend policies a company can adopt:
1. A regular dividend policy pays dividends at a usual rate and is preferred by retired investors who need steady income. It requires long-standing, stable earnings.
2. A stable dividend policy aims to consistently pay dividends, through methods like a constant dividend per share, constant payout ratio, or stable low dividend plus extra in high-profit years.
3. An irregular dividend policy is used when earnings are uncertain or the company lacks liquid resources. A no dividend policy may be adopted if working capital is unfavorable or funds are needed for future growth.
Capital Budgeting
Capital budgeting refers to the process of evaluating investment projects and determining whether they should be accepted or rejected. There are traditional and discounted cash flow methods for evaluating projects. Traditional methods include payback period and accounting rate of return, which do not consider the time value of money. Discounted cash flow methods like net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) discount future cash flows to determine if a project will provide sufficient returns. The capital budgeting process involves project generation, evaluation using techniques like NPV or IRR, and selection of projects that meet acceptance criteria.
Operating, financial and combined leverage
This document discusses different types of leverage used in business - operating, financial, and combined leverage. Operating leverage is related to fixed operating costs and how they magnify changes in sales on earnings. Financial leverage uses fixed financing costs to magnify the effect on earnings per share. Combined leverage is the product of operating and financial leverage. Degrees of leverage are defined to quantify the effects. Indifference points are discussed as the earnings level where leveraged vs unleveraged financing plans yield equal shareholder returns. Analysis of earnings-per-share for different financing options is based on expected earnings levels relative to the indifference point.
Venture capital
This document provides an overview of venture capital. It defines venture capital as long-term risk capital used to finance high-growth potential startups and small businesses. Key points include that venture capital investments are long-term, lack liquidity, and carry high risks but also high potential returns. The document discusses advantages like bringing capital and expertise to companies, as well as disadvantages such as loss of founder autonomy. Top cities attracting venture capital in India are listed as Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi, Chennai, and Hyderabad. The information technology sector captures the largest share of venture capital funding in India.
ALL ABOUT Working capital management
Working capital management — factors determining working capital — estimation of working capital —inventory management techniques — receivables management — management of cash and marketable securities — techniques of cash management — committees on working capital and their findings and recommendations.
valuation of securities
The document discusses various methods for valuing different types of securities. It covers the valuation of debentures, preference shares, and equity shares. For debentures and preference shares, the valuation models discount future interest and principal cash flows to arrive at a present value. For equity shares, the dividend capitalization approach discounts expected future dividends, while the earnings capitalization approach discounts future earnings. Growth must be considered for shares but not for debentures or preference shares that offer fixed cash flows.
working capital financing:-Tandon committee
The Tandon Committee was appointed in 1974 by the Reserve Bank of India to frame guidelines for bank credit and oversight. Some key recommendations included introducing the concept of maximum permissible bank finance (MPBF) to determine how much working capital banks could finance. The committee outlined three methods for calculating MPBF that progressively reduced banks' involvement in financing current assets. It also made recommendations regarding the style of credit and information reporting systems to improve oversight of credit use.
Venture capital ppt
This document provides an overview of venture capital. It defines venture capital as equity support that funds new business concepts with higher risk but also higher growth potential. The document outlines the typical stages of venture capital funding from seed money to bridge financing. It also describes the roles within a venture capital firm such as general partners and limited partners. Key features of venture capital investments are discussed like the long time horizon, lack of liquidity, high risk, and equity participation. Finally, the advantages of venture capital for the economy, investors, and entrepreneurs are summarized.
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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