India is agreed to carve a name for it as a hub for export oriented garment manufacturing centre globally. Many researches prove that the garment industry is the largest manufacturing sector in India. Reports also state that the workers in the apparel hub go through a lot of enck pain, lower back pain etc. Thus a good ergonomics is very important for the workers to experience so that they can they can work effectively and make the apparel hub as the leading hub in the world. Through literature review done based on the works carried out majorly in India, it is found that the poorly designed workstation contribute to give trauma disorders which involves musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs, shoulders and neck. The main aim of this paper is to reflect upon the work station designs which directly relates to the good ergonomics so that the workers can work efficiently. Good ergonomics makes it very better for the workers to work very efficiently which again relates to numerous factors that should be improved so that the efficiency can be increased. To recognize ergonomics risk factors in the work place is an essential step in correcting the hazards and improving worker protection. For the worker protection factors like proper layout of the work station, proper arrangement of the table and chair, arrangement of the machines etc should be considered while effectively designing the work station.
The document discusses various formulas used in the garment industry for tasks like setting production targets, measuring individual and line efficiencies, tracking work-in-process, and calculating costs. It also provides examples of how industrial engineering concepts are applied through tasks like time studies, standard setting, production planning, and performance analysis to improve factory processes and operations. Key roles of industrial engineers include work measurement, standard setting, planning, analysis, improvement projects, and ensuring efficient use of resources.
The document provides tips for improving garment quality in production. It recommends communicating quality expectations to employees, maintaining a clean workplace, using appropriate equipment, providing training, and planning machine maintenance. Key steps include establishing quality standards with suppliers, inspecting incoming fabrics, allocating quality inspectors, and inspecting garments 100% after each process to identify and address defects. The goal is to develop quality standards and implement good practices through management, employees, and workers working together.
Application of Industrial Engineering in Garments Industryzaman parvez
The document provides an overview of industrial engineering techniques and activities for a garment industry training program. It discusses key industrial engineering concepts like method study, time study, work measurement, value analysis, production planning and control, inventory control, job evaluation, and ergonomics. It also outlines specific industrial engineering activities that will be covered, including new style analysis, size set making, line feeding, changeover processes, capacity checks, bottleneck identification, line balancing, and production studies. The overall goal is to introduce industrial engineering techniques to improve productivity, eliminate waste, and optimize resource utilization in the garments industry.
At present Industrial Engineering (IE) is one of the important department for each garments or textile factory. Today’s maximum factory is run by industrial engineers, where they have to follow a process flow chart. By which they can easily control the whole garments production processes....
This document discusses advanced manufacturing systems used in sewing rooms. It describes three modern systems: swift track, U-shape production line, and traffic light systems. The swift track system uses an overhead conveyor to transport garment components between workstations. The U-shape production line organizes multi-skilled operators into teams to complete various operations. The traffic light system uses color-coded cards to provide quality inspection feedback to operators and incentivize higher quality work. The document provides details on how each system is implemented and their advantages in improving productivity, quality, and flexibility.
This document provides an overview of quality control systems in the garments industry. It defines key quality terms like defects, defective pieces, DHU, and percentage defective. It describes the quality control process flow from fabric inspection to final inspection. It also discusses critical defects, major/minor defects, and acceptable quality levels. Key performance indicators for quality like customer complaints, percentage defective, and DHU are presented. The document outlines how to improve quality through communication, clean workplaces, proper tools and training, and corrective measures.
Assignment: Comparative Study on Various Types of Garment Production System.Proshanto Saha
Straight line system
Conventional Bundle System
Progressive Bundle System -Batch System
Unit Production System (UPS)
Modular Production System
Technology-enabled Manufacturing Systems
Apparel Production Process and Details
Department of Apparel Manufacturing & Technology
BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology
This document is a presentation on work study for the Department of Textile Engineering at Southeast University. It includes an introduction to work study and discusses the textile production pipeline from fibers to consumers. It also provides an overview of various job categories in the ready-made garment sector and classifications of stitches used in textile manufacturing.
The document discusses various formulas used in the garment industry for tasks like setting production targets, measuring individual and line efficiencies, tracking work-in-process, and calculating costs. It also provides examples of how industrial engineering concepts are applied through tasks like time studies, standard setting, production planning, and performance analysis to improve factory processes and operations. Key roles of industrial engineers include work measurement, standard setting, planning, analysis, improvement projects, and ensuring efficient use of resources.
The document provides tips for improving garment quality in production. It recommends communicating quality expectations to employees, maintaining a clean workplace, using appropriate equipment, providing training, and planning machine maintenance. Key steps include establishing quality standards with suppliers, inspecting incoming fabrics, allocating quality inspectors, and inspecting garments 100% after each process to identify and address defects. The goal is to develop quality standards and implement good practices through management, employees, and workers working together.
Application of Industrial Engineering in Garments Industryzaman parvez
The document provides an overview of industrial engineering techniques and activities for a garment industry training program. It discusses key industrial engineering concepts like method study, time study, work measurement, value analysis, production planning and control, inventory control, job evaluation, and ergonomics. It also outlines specific industrial engineering activities that will be covered, including new style analysis, size set making, line feeding, changeover processes, capacity checks, bottleneck identification, line balancing, and production studies. The overall goal is to introduce industrial engineering techniques to improve productivity, eliminate waste, and optimize resource utilization in the garments industry.
At present Industrial Engineering (IE) is one of the important department for each garments or textile factory. Today’s maximum factory is run by industrial engineers, where they have to follow a process flow chart. By which they can easily control the whole garments production processes....
This document discusses advanced manufacturing systems used in sewing rooms. It describes three modern systems: swift track, U-shape production line, and traffic light systems. The swift track system uses an overhead conveyor to transport garment components between workstations. The U-shape production line organizes multi-skilled operators into teams to complete various operations. The traffic light system uses color-coded cards to provide quality inspection feedback to operators and incentivize higher quality work. The document provides details on how each system is implemented and their advantages in improving productivity, quality, and flexibility.
This document provides an overview of quality control systems in the garments industry. It defines key quality terms like defects, defective pieces, DHU, and percentage defective. It describes the quality control process flow from fabric inspection to final inspection. It also discusses critical defects, major/minor defects, and acceptable quality levels. Key performance indicators for quality like customer complaints, percentage defective, and DHU are presented. The document outlines how to improve quality through communication, clean workplaces, proper tools and training, and corrective measures.
Assignment: Comparative Study on Various Types of Garment Production System.Proshanto Saha
Straight line system
Conventional Bundle System
Progressive Bundle System -Batch System
Unit Production System (UPS)
Modular Production System
Technology-enabled Manufacturing Systems
Apparel Production Process and Details
Department of Apparel Manufacturing & Technology
BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology
This document is a presentation on work study for the Department of Textile Engineering at Southeast University. It includes an introduction to work study and discusses the textile production pipeline from fibers to consumers. It also provides an overview of various job categories in the ready-made garment sector and classifications of stitches used in textile manufacturing.
The document discusses various garment finishing processes and equipment. It describes spotting processes that use hazardous chemicals and safer alternatives. It also covers folding, packing, hanging, pressing and finishing of different garments using specialized machines like shirt folders, steam irons, and finishers tailored for different garment types. Safety features of folding equipment like jam prevention systems are highlighted.
Industrial Engineers determine the most effective ways to use the basic factors of production –people, machines, materials, information, and energy—to make a product or provide a service
The Purpose of this presentation is to give knowledge about, how the different style garments should be inspected.
Prepared By Abdul Latif
Asst. Manager.QA
MTM Faisalabad Pakistan
Apparel Quality Control & Quality AssuranceSAMultimedia
Quality control of apparels or garments, garments quality assurance, garments inspection, fabric inspection. By this file easily understand about garments quality.
This document outlines a fabric relaxation procedure for Tivoli Apparels Ltd. It specifies that certain fabric blends containing modal, viscose, cotton, or spandex need 24 hours of relaxation after unrolling before cutting. Other blends containing polyester, rayon, nylon, linen, or spandex only require 12 hours of relaxation. Some fabrics like 100% cotton, linen/cotton blends, or 100% polyester only need to be unwound and tension released before laying and cutting. Relaxation releases tension in fabric layers to prevent issues with garment measurements and shapes.
This document provides information about line balancing for a textile production process. It begins with an introduction to line balancing and definitions. It then discusses specific methods for balancing a production line, including determining the number of operators needed, work-in-process inventory levels, and standard minute values. The document provides examples of time studies, production data collection, and calculating key metrics like pitch time and bottleneck processes. The goal is to design an optimized production flow to improve throughput and reduce costs.
SOP of Seven Zero System or Traffic Light System । TLSRabiul Hasan
Standard of Operating Procedure of sewing Traffic Light System or Seven Zero System. Traffic Light System in Garments also known as TLS. Basically it's a Quality tool to improve garments product quality from sewing line. Traffic light system is the most effective inspection tool to reduce defect generation at source. It is a random inspection system. Traffic Light System is a visual control for highlighting quality issues in sewing line. Traffic light quality system works in a similar fashion the transportation traffic light system works. Three different colour cards are placed in each operators place. Green indicates that Quality meets the customers Standard. Yellow indicates that a minor fault has been found and caution is required. Red indicates that the Quality Standard does not meet the customers standard requirement.
Apparel Merchandising and Lean Manufacturing SundasKhan23
How to use Lean Six Sigma in Apparel Merchandising to efficiently enhance the production performance with quality and reduce cost with greater customer satisfaction.
The document discusses various processes involved in cutting room operations for sewing including bundle ticket design, off loading, bundling, cutting instruction issue, and fabric control charts. It describes the purpose and components of bundle tickets and cutting instructions. It also outlines best practices for off loading, bundling, and cutting room layout and organization.
This document discusses quality control for garment manufacturing. It outlines the key aspects of quality control including establishing specifications, inspecting raw materials like fabric and threads, in-process inspection of sewing and assembly, final inspection of garments, methods like AQL sampling, and product testing for properties like colorfastness and durability. The goal of quality control is to detect defects at all stages of production and ensure garments meet specifications for attributes like measurements, appearance, and quality of construction.
In the recent context of Bangladesh apparel merchandiser is the best way to build up career. Apparel Merchandising is one of the best profession now a days
The document discusses the cutting department process in the apparel industry. It involves cutting pattern pieces from fabrics according to a marker and issue plan. Cutting is the decisive first stage that must be done accurately as mistakes are difficult to rectify. Processes include marker making, fabric spreading, cutting, numbering, checking, sorting, and bundling. Inspections ensure proper marker placement, shading, table marks, and tension. Factors like fabric type and thickness, design, and tools used affect the cutting method which can be manual, powered knife, or computerized.
This presentation summarizes a study on sampling procedures for a garments industry. It introduces the presenters and their program of study, and identifies their thesis supervisor. It then discusses the importance of samples in attracting buyers and different types of samples including fit samples, photo shoot samples, and pre-production samples. Specific sample-making procedures for buyers like H&M, Prenatal, Kappa, and CNA are outlined. Common stages like fit samples, second fit samples, and pre-production samples are also described. The presentation concludes that sampling is critical to the garment industry and controlling quality at the sample development stage.
Quality Control in Garment ManufacturingAbhishek Raj
This document provides an overview of quality controls in garment manufacturing and supervisor training. It discusses the importance of ongoing training to develop employee skills. It outlines a five-step process for success: decision, commitment, planning, preparation, and execution. Key areas of focus for supervisors include production, absenteeism, methods, planning, quality, and costs. Supervisors require technical, human resource, management, and cost control skills. Technical skills training covers specifications, methods, and systems. Human resource skills include training, hiring, motivation, and communications. Management skills involve planning, organizing, coordinating, and quality control responsibilities. Cost control relies on work standards, material utilization, and labor productivity. The document emphasizes developing the right
Modern Quality Management System in Apparel Industries.Sharif Bhuiyan
Quality management is a method for ensuring that all the activities necessary to design,
develop and implement a product or service are effective and efficient with respect to the
system and its performance.
The document discusses the process of garment washing. It begins by defining garment washing as the technology used to modify the appearance, comfort, and fashion of garments. The main purposes of washing are to create a worn look, faded appearance, and soft feel. It then discusses the various requirements and effects of washing, including removing size materials, dirt, shrinkage, and creating different fashion looks. The document outlines the types of chemicals used like enzymes, detergents, acids, and bleaches and their functions. It also lists the types of machines used and inspection process for graded fabrics. Finally, it provides details of the normal washing process for garments in batches.
Ergonomics- Study on garment finishing floorAntara Paul
This document summarizes various ergonomic issues and potential solutions related to different tasks in a textile factory finishing floor. It discusses common problems with tasks like ironing, hand sewing, final inspection, and packaging that can cause injuries. Issues include improper work surface heights, inadequate seating, excessive reaching, and lack of breaks. Suggested solutions involve adjustable workstations, anti-fatigue mats, proper lighting and tools, and job rotation to reduce fatigue. The overall goal is to improve worker safety, comfort and productivity through ergonomic workplace design changes.
Ergonomic Considerations for Design of Industrial Workstation: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on the ergonomic considerations for designing industrial workstations. It discusses how improperly designed workstations can lead to musculoskeletal disorders in workers due to repetitive motions, heavy lifting, and awkward postures. The literature identifies key ergonomic factors to consider like posture, force requirements, and repetition levels. Ergonomically designed workstations can increase productivity by making tasks easier and reducing worker fatigue. They can also improve product quality and decrease injury and absenteeism rates. The document then summarizes several studies that analyzed specific workstations and identified improvements like adjusting workstation layouts, adding adjustable components, or implementing job rotation to reduce physical stresses.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car on five tables with rotations of five chairs. The time taken was observed and production rates were calculated and compared. The results showed that the taller student was more comfortable and efficient with the given chair-table combinations. Ergonomics aims to design workspaces that balance worker characteristics and task demands to enhance productivity, safety, and well-being. Consideration of anthropometrics and posture is important for office furniture to properly fit its users.
The document discusses various garment finishing processes and equipment. It describes spotting processes that use hazardous chemicals and safer alternatives. It also covers folding, packing, hanging, pressing and finishing of different garments using specialized machines like shirt folders, steam irons, and finishers tailored for different garment types. Safety features of folding equipment like jam prevention systems are highlighted.
Industrial Engineers determine the most effective ways to use the basic factors of production –people, machines, materials, information, and energy—to make a product or provide a service
The Purpose of this presentation is to give knowledge about, how the different style garments should be inspected.
Prepared By Abdul Latif
Asst. Manager.QA
MTM Faisalabad Pakistan
Apparel Quality Control & Quality AssuranceSAMultimedia
Quality control of apparels or garments, garments quality assurance, garments inspection, fabric inspection. By this file easily understand about garments quality.
This document outlines a fabric relaxation procedure for Tivoli Apparels Ltd. It specifies that certain fabric blends containing modal, viscose, cotton, or spandex need 24 hours of relaxation after unrolling before cutting. Other blends containing polyester, rayon, nylon, linen, or spandex only require 12 hours of relaxation. Some fabrics like 100% cotton, linen/cotton blends, or 100% polyester only need to be unwound and tension released before laying and cutting. Relaxation releases tension in fabric layers to prevent issues with garment measurements and shapes.
This document provides information about line balancing for a textile production process. It begins with an introduction to line balancing and definitions. It then discusses specific methods for balancing a production line, including determining the number of operators needed, work-in-process inventory levels, and standard minute values. The document provides examples of time studies, production data collection, and calculating key metrics like pitch time and bottleneck processes. The goal is to design an optimized production flow to improve throughput and reduce costs.
SOP of Seven Zero System or Traffic Light System । TLSRabiul Hasan
Standard of Operating Procedure of sewing Traffic Light System or Seven Zero System. Traffic Light System in Garments also known as TLS. Basically it's a Quality tool to improve garments product quality from sewing line. Traffic light system is the most effective inspection tool to reduce defect generation at source. It is a random inspection system. Traffic Light System is a visual control for highlighting quality issues in sewing line. Traffic light quality system works in a similar fashion the transportation traffic light system works. Three different colour cards are placed in each operators place. Green indicates that Quality meets the customers Standard. Yellow indicates that a minor fault has been found and caution is required. Red indicates that the Quality Standard does not meet the customers standard requirement.
Apparel Merchandising and Lean Manufacturing SundasKhan23
How to use Lean Six Sigma in Apparel Merchandising to efficiently enhance the production performance with quality and reduce cost with greater customer satisfaction.
The document discusses various processes involved in cutting room operations for sewing including bundle ticket design, off loading, bundling, cutting instruction issue, and fabric control charts. It describes the purpose and components of bundle tickets and cutting instructions. It also outlines best practices for off loading, bundling, and cutting room layout and organization.
This document discusses quality control for garment manufacturing. It outlines the key aspects of quality control including establishing specifications, inspecting raw materials like fabric and threads, in-process inspection of sewing and assembly, final inspection of garments, methods like AQL sampling, and product testing for properties like colorfastness and durability. The goal of quality control is to detect defects at all stages of production and ensure garments meet specifications for attributes like measurements, appearance, and quality of construction.
In the recent context of Bangladesh apparel merchandiser is the best way to build up career. Apparel Merchandising is one of the best profession now a days
The document discusses the cutting department process in the apparel industry. It involves cutting pattern pieces from fabrics according to a marker and issue plan. Cutting is the decisive first stage that must be done accurately as mistakes are difficult to rectify. Processes include marker making, fabric spreading, cutting, numbering, checking, sorting, and bundling. Inspections ensure proper marker placement, shading, table marks, and tension. Factors like fabric type and thickness, design, and tools used affect the cutting method which can be manual, powered knife, or computerized.
This presentation summarizes a study on sampling procedures for a garments industry. It introduces the presenters and their program of study, and identifies their thesis supervisor. It then discusses the importance of samples in attracting buyers and different types of samples including fit samples, photo shoot samples, and pre-production samples. Specific sample-making procedures for buyers like H&M, Prenatal, Kappa, and CNA are outlined. Common stages like fit samples, second fit samples, and pre-production samples are also described. The presentation concludes that sampling is critical to the garment industry and controlling quality at the sample development stage.
Quality Control in Garment ManufacturingAbhishek Raj
This document provides an overview of quality controls in garment manufacturing and supervisor training. It discusses the importance of ongoing training to develop employee skills. It outlines a five-step process for success: decision, commitment, planning, preparation, and execution. Key areas of focus for supervisors include production, absenteeism, methods, planning, quality, and costs. Supervisors require technical, human resource, management, and cost control skills. Technical skills training covers specifications, methods, and systems. Human resource skills include training, hiring, motivation, and communications. Management skills involve planning, organizing, coordinating, and quality control responsibilities. Cost control relies on work standards, material utilization, and labor productivity. The document emphasizes developing the right
Modern Quality Management System in Apparel Industries.Sharif Bhuiyan
Quality management is a method for ensuring that all the activities necessary to design,
develop and implement a product or service are effective and efficient with respect to the
system and its performance.
The document discusses the process of garment washing. It begins by defining garment washing as the technology used to modify the appearance, comfort, and fashion of garments. The main purposes of washing are to create a worn look, faded appearance, and soft feel. It then discusses the various requirements and effects of washing, including removing size materials, dirt, shrinkage, and creating different fashion looks. The document outlines the types of chemicals used like enzymes, detergents, acids, and bleaches and their functions. It also lists the types of machines used and inspection process for graded fabrics. Finally, it provides details of the normal washing process for garments in batches.
Ergonomics- Study on garment finishing floorAntara Paul
This document summarizes various ergonomic issues and potential solutions related to different tasks in a textile factory finishing floor. It discusses common problems with tasks like ironing, hand sewing, final inspection, and packaging that can cause injuries. Issues include improper work surface heights, inadequate seating, excessive reaching, and lack of breaks. Suggested solutions involve adjustable workstations, anti-fatigue mats, proper lighting and tools, and job rotation to reduce fatigue. The overall goal is to improve worker safety, comfort and productivity through ergonomic workplace design changes.
Ergonomic Considerations for Design of Industrial Workstation: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on the ergonomic considerations for designing industrial workstations. It discusses how improperly designed workstations can lead to musculoskeletal disorders in workers due to repetitive motions, heavy lifting, and awkward postures. The literature identifies key ergonomic factors to consider like posture, force requirements, and repetition levels. Ergonomically designed workstations can increase productivity by making tasks easier and reducing worker fatigue. They can also improve product quality and decrease injury and absenteeism rates. The document then summarizes several studies that analyzed specific workstations and identified improvements like adjusting workstation layouts, adding adjustable components, or implementing job rotation to reduce physical stresses.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car on five tables with rotations of five chairs. The time taken was observed and production rates were calculated and compared. The results showed that the taller student was more comfortable and efficient with the given chair-table combinations. Ergonomics aims to design workspaces that balance worker characteristics and task demands to enhance productivity, safety, and well-being. Consideration of anthropometrics and posture is important for office furniture to properly fit its users.
Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomicallyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ergonomics is concerned with making the workplace efficient, safe, and comfortable. Effective application of ergonomics in work system design can balance worker characteristics and task demands, enhancing productivity, safety, well-being, and satisfaction. This document analyzes the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights to determine the effects of non-ergonomic components on productivity. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car unit on five tables with five chairs of incrementally varying heights. The time taken was observed and production rate analyzed to determine which student was more comfortable and efficient with the given table-chair combinations. The results showed the taller student was more comfortable and efficient for that specific setup.
Design and Analysis of Runout Measuring Machine using Feaijtsrd
Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes. While industrial engineering is a traditional and longstanding engineering discipline subject to and eligible for professional engineering licensure in most jurisdictions, its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business oriented disciplines such as operations management. Depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as, or overlap with, operations management, management science, operations research, systems engineering, management engineering, manufacturing engineering, ergonomics or human factors engineering, safety engineering, or others, depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user. For example, in health care, the engineers known as health management engineers or health systems engineers are, in essence, industrial engineers by another name. Mr. Sandip Subhash Narkhede | Mr. Vijay Liladhar Firke | Mr. Dhruvakumar B. Sharma "Design and Analysis of Runout Measuring Machine using Fea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28028.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/28028/design-and-analysis-of-runout-measuring-machine-using-fea/mr-sandip-subhash-narkhede
This document summarizes research on improving workplace ergonomics in modern organizations. It discusses how industrial work environments are becoming more complex, integrating new technologies and supporting diverse work styles. This poses challenges for maintaining employee health and performance. The document reviews literature on ergonomic injuries like musculoskeletal disorders and their relationship to seating, posture and workstation design. It then evaluates different tools for assessing ergonomic risks in the workplace, prioritizing issues, and applying ergonomic guidelines to modify equipment and work areas. Finally, it discusses innovative approaches organizations are taking to workplace ergonomics, such as engaging employees, integrating ergonomics into design processes, and addressing unique challenges of office environments.
Computer Assisted System for Enhancing the Application of Ergonomics in Manuf...Waqas Tariq
The current paper focuses on the need and a plan for the development of a Computer Assisted Interactive and Intelligent Ergonomics System which, through a user friendly consulting mode presents the guidelines and formalized procedures for the application of ergonomics knowledge and data in manufacturing organizations. The system is expected to allow a production engineer or supervisor or even a worker with minimal ergonomics knowledge, to understand, analyze and find solutions to problems related to industrial ergonomics. A survey which is conducted in this regard is also described in this paper and through the out come of the survey it is shown that the poor acceptance and application of ergonomics is due to lack of exposure to ergonomics knowledge and non-availability of ergonomics knowledge in a suitable form for its application in manufacturing systems. 10
1) The document describes a case study conducted at a paper conversion machinery manufacturing plant to analyze the impact of implementing the 5S methodology on worker productivity and physical workload.
2) Time and energy expenditure were measured for two workers, a lathe operator and assembler, before and after implementing 5S practices like organizing tools and components.
3) The results showed that after 5S implementation, the time taken and energy expended by the workers significantly decreased, indicating improved productivity and reduced physical stress. Proper organization of the workplace through 5S led to savings in both time and energy.
A Review on Application of Ergonomic Principles for Work related Injuries in ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review on the application of ergonomic principles to address work-related injuries in construction projects. It discusses how construction is physically demanding and hazardous, leading to various injuries. The objectives are to study ergonomic aspects among construction workers, suggest safety improvements, improve work efficiency, and minimize waste. A literature review covers previous research identifying ergonomic risk factors and efforts to increase productivity and health. The methodology discusses identifying key factors affecting construction project ergonomics through a questionnaire survey of workers.
The document discusses the 5S methodology, which originated in Japan and aims to establish workplace order and standardization. It describes the five steps of 5S - Sort, Set In Order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain. The 5S methodology helps eliminate waste and improve efficiencies by creating a well-organized visual workplace with standardized processes through these five steps. It was popularized in 1980 and derived from the Japanese words for the five steps. The document provides details on how to implement each step of 5S.
Design of workplace for the assembly of monoblock pumpeSAT Journals
Abstract
Productivity is an important aspect of every industrial firm as well as for the economic growth of the country. High productivity means completing a quantum of work with minimum possible time and fewer amounts of resources. Work-study is required for designing the work system, which identifies the effective means of completing the work. Also, it is known that the workers suffer from fatigue and injury during long hours of monotonous work when proper workplace/working environment is absent. This may indirectly contribute to decreased productivity in an industry. Human factor issues arise in simple systems and in consumer products as well. Hence the ergonomic principles are to be considered while designing both consumer and industrial products. One of the most prevalent types of work-related injuries is musculoskeletal disorder. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) results in continuous pain, functional capability loss and disability to work, but the prevailing disorder diagnosis is difficult because they are mainly based on complaints of pain and other symptoms. Hence a proper workplace is to be designed to overcome the above issues or to reduce them considerably. This research aims at improving the existing and proposed ways of doing work with Ergonomics and Anthropometric considerations, thereby improving the productivity rate. Keywords: Productivity, Work study, Ergonomics, Anthropometry, and Monoblock pump.
This document summarizes the design of a workplace for assembling monoblock pumps. It begins with introducing the importance of productivity and ergonomics. It then describes conducting a work study which involves time motion study and anthropometric measurements of workers. Ergonomic analysis using CATIA software and RULA method revealed high risk postures. The analysis identified tasks like picking up heavy components and carrying assembled pumps over long distances as issues. Recommendations include redesigning worktables to suit smaller workers and implementing mechanical aids to reduce physical stresses.
This document discusses how applying ergonomic principles can improve safety, health, quality, and productivity in industry. It examines common ergonomic issues for welders like inhaling fumes, eye injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders from awkward postures. Applying ergonomics means designing tools and tasks to fit human capabilities and limitations. This can lead to fewer injuries, higher quality work, increased productivity, and cost savings from reducing workplace injuries over time. Examples show how simple design changes like adding handles to equipment or adjustable workstations can significantly improve worker comfort and performance.
This document provides an overview and summary of the book "Engineering Metrology and Measurements" by authors N.V. Raghavendra and L. Krishnamurthy. The book covers topics in both engineering metrology and mechanical measurements for undergraduate mechanical engineering students. It is divided into three parts - the first part covers various aspects of engineering metrology, the second part focuses on mechanical measurement techniques, and the third part details nanometrology techniques and instrumentation. The book is designed to comprehensively cover these topics in a clear, lucid manner supported by illustrations and includes examples, exercises and resources to aid teaching and learning.
Ergonomist 544-October 2015 Information Security LeadershipDr. Ann Bicknell
This document summarizes several articles from the October 2015 issue of The Ergonomist, the journal of the Chartered Institute of Ergonomics & Human Factors.
The first article describes a collaboration between ergonomists and engineers at BlackBerry Ltd. to better integrate human factors into the product design process. Key steps included ergonomists learning engineering processes, aligning human factors with organizational goals, participating directly with engineers, and adapting existing design tools to incorporate human factors metrics.
The second article discusses two studies: one finding that high-risk drivers prioritize motivated goals over safety when faced with conflicting goals, and another finding that personalization is important for online gambling site success based on how site atmosph
This document provides an overview and summary of the book "Engineering Metrology and Measurements" by authors N.V. Raghavendra and L. Krishnamurthy. The book covers topics in both engineering metrology and mechanical measurements for undergraduate mechanical engineering students. It is divided into three parts - the first part covers various aspects of engineering metrology, the second part focuses on mechanical measurement techniques, and the third part details nanometrology techniques and instrumentation. The book is designed to meet the needs of undergraduate engineering students and provides resources like examples, exercises and online materials to aid teaching and learning.
IRJET- Applications of Process Industrial Engineering in Food IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses the applications of industrial engineering in the food industry. It begins with an abstract that outlines how industrial engineering deals with optimizing complex processes and systems to eliminate waste. It then discusses how the authors applied several industrial engineering tools at a food production organization, including time study, layout analysis, and 5S. They identified areas for improvement, collected data, analyzed it, and developed new methods. This increased productivity at the organization by 7.11%. The document provides details on the methodology used and presents analysis of the layout study and time motion study conducted. It also discusses challenges with the existing material flow and opportunities to improve productivity.
Productivity improvement at assembly station using work study techniqueseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on improving productivity at an assembly station through work study techniques. The study involved observing the existing assembly process, identifying non-value added activities like transportation and delays, and proposing a new layout and process flow. Data was collected through manual time studies and video work studies. Analysis using Work Pro software showed the proposed method reduced cycle time from 45.49 to 30.94 minutes, improving productivity from 20 to 30 units per day. Ergonomic evaluation tools RULA and REBA also showed reduced risk of injury with the proposed method. The changes resulted in increased productivity while improving workplace ergonomics and safety.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
1. 1
“WORK STATION DESIGNING”
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted for PBL in Industrial Engineering(FST3003)
By
R PRIYANGA(16BFT1004);
N SARANYA(16BFT1006);
RITUPARNA MODAK (16BFT1012);
P AMIRTHA VARSHINI(16BFT1015).
Slot:C1
Name of faculty: Ms. N Gayathri
VIT FASHION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
March, 2019
2. 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project work entitled “WORK STATION DESIGNING” submitted
byR.Priyanga(16BFT1004),N.Saranya(16BFT1006), Rituparna Modak (16BFT1012), P.Amirthavarshini
(16BFT1015)to VIT University, Chennai Campus, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree B.Tech in Fashion Technology undertaken by her under my supervision for the subjectIndustrial
Engineering(FST3003).The project completed the requirements as per the regulations of this Institute and inmy
opinionthe necessary standards for submission. Itis a record of bonafide work done under my supervision. The
contents of this Project work have not been submitted for any other PBL course.
Signature of Faculty: Prof. N Gayathri
3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and the final outcome of this project required of guidance and assistance from many people and we
are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our project work. Whatever we have done is
only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to thank them. I respect and thank Prof. N
Gayathri for giving us an opportunity to do this project and providing us all the support and guidance which
made us complete the project on time. We are extremely grateful to them for providing such nice support and
guidance. We would also like to thank VIT University, Chennai for giving us an opportunity to do this project.
This project cannot be completed without the effort and cooperation of our group members. Last but not the
least we would like to thank our friends for helping us in completion of the project within the limited time
frame.
Place: Chennai R PRIYANGA(16BFT1004);
Date: 3/04/2019 N SARANYA(16BFT1006);
RITUPARNA MODAK (16BFT1012);
P AMIRTHA VARSHINI(16BFT1015).
4. 4
ABSTRACT
India is agreed to carve a name for it as a hub for export oriented garment manufacturing centre globally. Many
researches prove that the garment industry is the largest manufacturing sector in India. Reports also state that
the workers in the apparel hub go through a lot of enck pain, lower back pain etc. Thus a good ergonomics is
very important for the workers to experience so that they can they can work effectively and make the apparel
hub as the leading hub in the world. Through literature review done based on the works carried out majorly in
India, it is found that the poorly designed workstation contribute to give trauma disorders which involves
musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs, shoulders and neck. The main aim of this paper is to reflect upon
the work station designs which directly relates to the good ergonomics so that the workers can work efficiently.
Good ergonomics makes it very better for the workers to work very efficiently which again relates to numerous
factors that should be improved so that the efficiency can be increased. To recognize ergonomics risk factors in
the work place is an essential step in correcting the hazards and improving worker protection. For the worker
protection factors like proper layout of the work station, proper arrangement of the table and chair, arrangement
of the machines etc should be considered while effectively designing the work station.
5. 5
1. INTRODUCTION:
Work Station is a place where operators perform their job. It is the place where operators find their equipments
to finish their task. Thus the work of the operators completely depends upon the work station that is the facility
and the environment that the operator has to work for. A well designed work station is very important for the
productivity of the work that is done by the operators. The work station should be designed according to the
needs of the individual workers depending upon the type of workers and the task that they do. The work station
should be designed keeping in mind the machineries that are used and the machines that are continuously
operated by the workers. A well-organised work station should be well-lit, free from the noise, chemical
hazards. That provides comfort zone for the workers to work, involves minimal material handling and thereby
reduces fatigue and increases the efficiency of the workers. To design the work station several factors are
considered. The layout is the major factor of work station design which involves the design of the arrangement
of the workstation like the placement of the machineries, chairs, tables, support for the body parts while
working in the machines, equipments arrangements ets. There are different types of layout used in apparel
industry such as process layout, line layout, combination layout, u-shaped layout etc. According to the layout
chosen the required arrangements can be done, so that the operators can frequently use the tools in the usual
work area and can reach without stretching. The tools such as nippers and scissors that are used frequently can
be attached to the machine. The other small items such as buttons, hooks etc can be kept in a separate place with
a label on each section for clear identification. The sitting position of the operators is a major factor of lower
back pain, nekc pain etc that can be improved by a good work station design by providing a backrest and a
comfortable foot rest so that workers get it easy to work on the machines. There should be adequate leg room as
well so that workers can change their leg position every time they want. To consider the height of the work
benches, it should be designed in such a way so that workers can keep their arms low and elbows close to the
body. Appropriate lighting is very essential for the workers to work in the sewing machine. Lighting should be
bright to an extent so that it allows an easy and clear visibility for the workers rather than glaring at the workers
eyes. Ventilation is an important part so that there does not occur suffocation when the workers are working.
Along with the light bulbs that are used there should be provision for the natural light to pass through as this
gives comfort to the eyes during the early morning hours. Waste clearance provision should be there in the
apparel industry due to high accumulation of sewing wastes when inhaled causes lungs and breathing problems.
Features in the garment industry can be improved by communication, involvement among the employees in
decision making, education and training of employees and management on prevention strategies and the
ergonomics conditions at the plant. The clothing industry is generally seen as a safe place to work when it is
taken in comparison to other industries. Thus the factors that can relate to reduce the injury rates includes
empowerment of the workforce, higher seniority of the workforce, safety protocols, better house keeping and
active role of top management so that the designed work station efficiently functions to increase and continue
the productivity of the industry.
6. 6
2.LITERARURE REVIEW:
“The paper proposes a literature review on workplaces ergonomic effective design in the manufacturing systems
and industrial plants sector. The main objective is to provide the reader with an accurate overview on the main
scientific approaches proposed (during the last decades) by researchers and scientists working in this specific
area. The paper passes through the description of several research works as they run through the literature. The
initial search identifies a huge number of articles which were reduced to about 50 studies based on content and
quality. The descriptive analysis of the literature reveals heterogeneity in the content of the scientific
approaches due to the different principles, methods and tools applied for improving the interaction between
humans and their working environment. Workstation partitions are used in open plan offices for many reasons
and come in a wide variety of materials, types, and shapes. The position, height, and orientation of partitions
affect the amount and distribution of daylight entering a building as well as all forms of thermal transfer through
windows. However, these potential impacts cannot be determined if not adequately addressed in guidelines and
standards, and could mislead decision-making during design stages and hamper the refinement of office
furniture manufacturing. This study outlines exploring partition design, open offices, lighting and daylighting
quality, and codes and standards in detail which helps draw attention to the possible partition layouts that are
both effective and economical to overcome glare and visually uncomfortable conditions in open plan offices.
More widespread application of daylight-based partition design in open plan offices could result in a better
understanding of their performances, as well as improvements in their overall efficiency.”
-shikdar, (2004),
“Workplaces traditionally have been designed to move products or support machines efficiently. Since
people have always seemed so adaptable, how they fit into the workplace has received less attention. The
increasing number of injuries caused by repetitive motion, excessive force and awkward postures, ergonomics
has become a critical factor in workplace safety. According to Hagberg et al. [9], ergonomics and human factors
are often used interchangeably in workplaces. Both describe the interaction between the worker and the job
demands. The difference between them is ergonomics focuses on how work affects workers, and human factors
emphasize designs that reduce the potential for human error. While Bongers et al [10] stress that by addressing
traditional and environmental risk factors, it can keep workers injury free. Risk and risk factors are common
concepts used in safety and applied ergonomics literature. Risk includes a component of how likely or what the
probability of an event is and the seriousness of the consequence or what the severity is if something does occur.
Risk is often defined on how many injuries or accidents resulted for a given exposure. At the extremes, injury
risk can be viewed as very low probability but extremely high consequence (e.g.: multiple fatalities) or higher
probability but less severe consequence (e.g.: a worker slipping and tripping. Risk is also intuitively relative
within and across work settings. Risk implies a probability for injury, and the odds of an injury are a function of
the level of risk and worker exposure time. It is possible for workers at a site not to have injuries for a period of
time. The absence of injuries does not imply the absence of risk .Risk factors are defined as actions or
conditions that increase the likelihood of injury to the musculoskeletal system. Applied ergonomics literature
recognizes a small set of common physical risk factors across many occupations and work settings [11]. The
relationship between risk factor exposures and the level of musculoskeletal injury risk is not easily defined.
Although physical risk factors are important first-line risk factors, there are other plausible factors such as
organizational and psychosocial factors that may provoke a disorder or indirectly influence the effect of
physical risk factors. Three categories of risk factors are identified which are biomechanical exposures,
psychosocial stressors and individual risk factors. Biomechanical exposures include factors such as poorly
designed workplaces and biomechanical exposures such as repetitive motion, high forces and deviations from
neutral body alignments [12]. Psychosocial stressors at work include factors such as high-perceived workplaces
stress, low-perceived social support, low perceived job control, and time pressure [13].Individual factors
include gender (female), age, negative stress reactions-especially stomach reactions, and unsatisfactory leisure
time and/or additional domestic workload.Ergonomics hazards are workplace conditions and physical stressors
that cause a risk of injury or illness to the worker's musculoskeletal system (NIOSH, 1995). Of specific interest
7. 7
are those hazards that pose a cumulative effect on the workers and which are called cumulative trauma disorders
(CTD) or work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). They are also known as repetitive strain injury
(RSI) in Canada and the United Kingdom and cervicobrachial syndrome or occupational cervicobrachial
disorder in Japan and Sweden.”
-chandra, p. chandna& s. deswal, (2011)
“Ergonomics involves workstation set-up and design, body posture, prevention of computer related
injuries and more. Material Handling is the field concerned with solving the pragmatic problems involving the
movement, storage, control and protection of materials, goods and products throughout the processes of
cleaning, preparation, manufacturing, distribution, consumption and disposal of all related materials, goods and
their packaging. The objective of the project is to implement proper ergonomics and material handling in the
industry. Bossomaier, et al. The authors provide the readers with an accurate overview of the main scientific
approaches proposed (during the last two decades) by researchers and scientists working in this specific area. In
particular, two main scientific approaches have been identified. The first approach is based on the direct
analysis of the real workstations, while the second one uses computerized models to design workstations
ergonomically. Each scientific approach will be presented through a detailed description of the research works it
involves. The initial search identifies a huge number of articles which were reduced to about 60 studies based
on content and quality. Note that the research works description represents the core part of this literature review.
Mahatme, et al. (2014) provided detailed ergonomic analysis and workstation design for sheetmetal disc, teeth
cutting operation on a power press. Presently the operation under consideration is manual. The worker manually
picks the disc from the input bin and places it onto a press bed for teeth cutting and after completion, removes
the disc and places it into an output pin. For studying the ergonomic conditions of the worker, a detailed RULA
and REBA analysis of the work is carried out. A conceptual CAD model is developed for this purpose. The
simulation of the CAD model is done, which verifies its workability. The design of the CAD model is done. The
software used for RULA analysis and CAD model development and simulation is CATIA V5R19. For REBA
analysis REBA assessment worksheet is used. Wanave, et al. (2014) had shown that the evaluation of the
workstation to improve the productivity by reducing the back pain, shoulder injury, fatigue, etc. In
industrialized countries, upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders (ULWMSDs) are the most common
form of occupational diseases. It is shown that the suggested workstation improves working posture and results
in reduced postural stress on operators’ bodies and, consequently, reduce the prevalence of MSDs symptoms.
Charnes, et al. (1996) provide a review on awareness of Virtual Reality with respect to simulation. A brief
tutorial will be presented to clarify the terminology employed in the field. Examples of applications in a range
of fields will be given, using Virtual Reality software combined with a variety of simulation engines. Virtual
Reality devices will be available, affording attendees to experience different modes of involvement with the
simulated environment. Dufort, et al. (1999) studied that the development and reliability evaluations of a
checklist for measuring the state of housekeeping in the industry. This study involves the development and
reliability evaluations of a checklist for measuring the state of housekeeping in the industry. The instrument was
tested in fifty nine companies in the transportation equipment and machinery manufacturing sector in Quebec,
Canada each employing between twenty and sixty workers. The checklist, walk through procedure usually
required under thirty minutes. Choi, et al. (2002) had discussed the initial efforts to implement simulation
modeling as a visual management and analysis tool at an automotive foundry plant manufacturing engine block.
The foundry process was modeled using Pro Model to identify bottlenecks and evaluate machine performance,
cycle times and production data (total parts, rejects, throughput, products/HR) essential for efficient production
control. Results from the current system identified an assembly machine work area as the bottleneck (although
utilization was greater than 95% for two assembly machines) resulting in high work-in-process (WIP) inventory
level, low resource and machine utilization. Based on these results, optimum numbers were identified through
the use of scenarios by varying the number of assembly machines and processing time of each machine. Shinde,
et al. (2012) study was conducted on assembly workstation of the welding shop. Ergonomic study of this
assembly workstation was done by using motion study. Observations were made by studying each element of
motion film recorded by the video recorder. The results from this study shown that there is a need to modify
8. 8
workstation layout according to ergonomic principles. Wilson, et al. (2012) covered a review of the evidence
for the physical and cognitive factors that characterize an ageing workforce in manufacturing. From an
ergonomics and human factors (E/HF) perspective, characteristics of manufacturing tasks and the effects of
ageing provide an insight into how the industry will have to adapt to support the user needs of the older worker
in the future. The approach taken is drawn from an Ilmarinen’s framework of age, experience, and work
performance, from which specific E/HF issues are explored. Fang, et al. (2007) investigated the risk factors of
WMSDs for hairdressers by identifying the body regions associated with significant discomfort. Twelve
professional Taiwanese hairdressers were invited to join this pilot study in Taiwan using a hairdresseroriented
musculoskeletal questionnaire to develop the study. The results from the study show that 91.7% of subjects
reported shoulder discomfort as the most frequent problem followed by discomfort in the lower back (83.3%)
and in the neck region (75%). The Objective of the study reveals that the effects of ageing could increase
discomfort levels in the lower back and lower leg. Trentin, et al. (2012) had shown that thermography as a
means to make an ergonomic evaluation of a job in metal casting, an area that involves activities that are energy
sapping wearisome and uncomfortable for workers. Use was made of the method of macroergonomic analysis
of work proposed by Guimarães (1998), in a medium sized industry, in the sectors of manual molding and
finishing. 27 workers were evaluated. Based on this method and statistical analysis, the finishing sector was
identified as the most critical one, in which thermograms were collected during the work activity of a volunteer.
The results indicate that the analysis of thermograms assists in the evaluation of work activities, as the physical
exertion expended is quantified.”
-Arijit Sengupta New Jersey Institute of Technology | NJIT · Department of Engineering Technology
“Global competition has initiated aggressive industrial and economic progress. This trend demands
higher productivity levels in manufacturing sector. Workers in this sector are set with high output targets in
developing countries like India. Not only intense competition in businesses lead to severe physical and mental
stresses on workers but also human factors and occupational health related issues in these workplaces have
become complicated and pushing these issues to a backstage (Saiyed and Tiwari, 2004). This is true in all type
industries, demanding the attention of ergonomic interventions, in current scenario. The following contributions
from various fields covering agriculture, engineering, medical, etc. bring forward the importance of ergonomic
studies. Nag et al (1992) have examined the work stresses of 107 women who were engaged in sewing machine
operation in small garment manufacturing units. The study identifies that about 68% of the women have
complain of back pain. Among them, 35% have reported a persistent low back pain. Piercing of the needle
through the fingers particularly the right forefingers is another common sewing work accident reported in this
study. Burdoff and Duuren (1993) have conducted a survey among operators in the woodworking industry to
study the effect of machine 10 characteristics on exposure to mechanical load. Work postures and external load
have been analyzed with the help of Ovako working posture analysis system. The analysis have indicated the
beneficial effects achieved by various ergonomic improvements. Bao et al (1996) have rationalized the system
in an assembly plant with deliberate ergonomic implications and evaluated the impact of the rationalization on
the physical work load of operators. The work load has been assessed before and after the changes using expert
observations, company records and direct technical measurements. The results have showed that the physical
work load on operators after the change has reduced. Brause and Pietruschka (1998) have identified the
problems in a rubber industry and proposed an adaptive solution for process control.”
- M. Dufort, C. I. Rivard, (1999)
9. 9
3. METHODOLOGY:
Workplace design refers to the process of designing and organizing a workplace to optimize worker
performance and safety. It is an important health and safety issue
for workers in both high-risk environments (such as construction sites) and low-risk
Workplaces (such as offices). Workplace design principles involve efforts to optimize the safety and health
conditions of regular work activities Workplace measures such as ergonomic seating and temperature control,
as well as efforts to protect workers in high-risk industries Through measures like designing safe navigation
routes through construction sites. Some workplaces use detailed aesthetic designs to reduce worker stress.
Industrial design principles can involve a variety of different safety-focused practices, such as designing a work
floor so that workers have enough space to move around dangerous equipment or by ensuring that safety
equipment is easily accessible.
WORKPLACE STRATEGIES:
“Performance = Ability x Motivation x Opportunity”
Ten workplace design considerations:
Ten fundamental design elements can positively impact the workplace environment and support the work being
done,
1. Thermal Comfort and Temperature
2. Access to Nature, Views and Daylight
3. Sensory Change and Variability
4. Color
5. Noise Control
6. Crowding
7. Human Factors and Ergonomics
8. Indoor Air Quality
9. Choice
10. Employee Engagement
There are numerous factors that come into consideration while considering the workstation deign. Here we have
taken into account some of the factors which plays an important part in workstation design. To analyze those
factors we have done some experiments in our garment construction laboratory and took observations as per the
requirement.
10. 10
LIGHT
Natural Light:
Open spaces at the perimeter of the floor allow light to penetrate deeper into the floor plate, providing access to
daylight for interior spaces. It is a must to maintain the light exposure in a optimum way as too much and too
little of it is always a hinderance. This was well tested and feedbacks are taken while recording the set of
activities performed while working. The various feedbacks and experimentations are,
Is able to sew without any hinderance due to optimum light exposure. This lessens the strain to the eyes and
also provides ease of operation.
Dim Light
When working in a dim light or not sufficient lighting, eye sight gets disturbed and it causes difficulties in doing
a job. This later on leads to decrease in productivity. Thus, enforcing the need for optimum lighting.
The observation was taken for three workers for a time period of 60 minutes to check the productivity of the
workers with the condition of sufficient light and with the condition of insufficient light.
S.No Sufficient light(no of workers) Work done Insufficient light(no of workers) Work done
1. Worker 1 60 mins Worker 1 15 mins
2. Worker 2 60 mins Worker 2 12 mins
3. Worker 3 60 mins Worker 3 18 mins
From the observed data we can find that sufficient light is very much required for the students to work in the
sewing machine as it does not put stress on their eyes and they work in ease, rather than insufficient with leads
to headache and dizziness.
11. 11
NOISE
Phone rooms dispersed throughout the workplace support the open environment and provide opportunities for
private phone conversations or heads-down work.High traffic areas by large conference spaces, breakout space,
and reception, are located at the entrance to the floor, consolidating activity and noise to minimize disruption to
individual workplaces. Separating open workstations with enclosed spaces helps to maintain noise. Too many
open workstations create a feeling of overcrowding and can be too noisy.
The observation was taken for three workers for a time period of 30 minutes to check the productivity and
comfort zone of the workers with the condition of opening the lab door and with the condition of closing the
door.
S.No Door open (no of workers) Work done Door closed (no of workers) Work done
1. Worker 1 Incomplete Worker 1 Complete
2. Worker 2 Incomplete Worker 2 Complete
3. Worker 3 Incomplete Worker 3 Complete
From the observed data we can find that students need an environment where there is no noise or less noise that
does not drive their concentration, rather than extreme noise where putting concentration and completion of
work becomes difficult.
SEATING ARRANGEMENT:
The seating arrangement of the workers is very much important as it directly affects the productivity of the
workers. We tried analyzing the seating facilities with few chairs and the outcome is as follows.
Lab Chair
Extra tall that would cause disgaze, also no backrest, hence causes severe discomfort and makes the worker
quickly tired.
“I couldn’t work with it. My leg barely supported the pedal and I couldn’t balance myself as comfortably as
needed. My back started paining within few minutes. I don’t find this comfortable at all”.
12. 12
Rolling Chair:
Keeps on moving, thus making it difficult to maintain a posture and working on it.
“It wasn’t easy to sew sitting on a rolling chair. I have to pause every second minute to adjust the posture and to
keep the chair in position.”
Normal Chair:
Easy to work, posture friendly, prevents back ache.
“The chair is quite comfortable. It was convenient and I would prefer using it in comparison to the other
chairs.I couldn’t work with it. My leg barely supported the pedal and I couldn’t balance myself as comfortably
as needed. My back started to pain within few minutes. I don’t find this comfortable at all.”
The observation was taken for three workers for a time period of 30 minutes with a condition of seating on
tool(lab chair), on rolling chair, on normal plastic chair.
S.No Tool(no.of
workers)
Work done Rolling Chair(no.
of workers)
Work done Normal
Chair(no. of
workers)
Work done
1. Worker 1 6 mins Worker 1 10 mins Worker 1 18 mins
2. Worker 2 4 mins Worker 2 13 mins Worker 2 20 mins
3. Worker 3 5 mins Worker 3 10 mins Worker 3 17 mins
From the observed data we can find that the students were not comfortable to work while seating on tool and
rolling chair and they couldn’t sit for a longer time and stitch in comparison to the normal plastic chair. But
while seating on plastic chair and working their back starting paining after some time. Thus the students were
comfortable seating on metal chair that is put in the lab and find it quite comfortable for their back to rest.
13. 13
THE LAYOUT:
By observation among the students we find that the U-shaped layout will be more comfortable.
The next important thing after ergonomics that plays an important role in maintaining the ambience and
improving the productivity in the company is its layout and its way of arrangement.
U-Shaped layout:
The U-line is actually quite famous in lean manufacturing. Often it is praised as the best possible line layout.
This U-shaped line is indeed quite nifty, but it is not a universal solution for anything.The U-line is used mostly
for manual manufacturing lines. A U-line is less ideal for fully or mostly automated lines. The main benefit
exists if multiple operators are within the “U” of the line. All the operators are within the “U,” while the
material is supplied from outside of the “U.” This of course requires devices and tools to bring the material
across the line from the outside to the inside. Slides and chutes are often used to bring material over the line,
and roller conveyors for material from underneath of the line. Often, a separate operator (usually called a
“point-of-use provider”) is in charge of refilling these devices from the outside using material provided by
logistics. Overall, refilling material in an U-line is not as easy as with an I-line, but often other benefits make
this effort worthwhile.
ADVANTAGES:
The ability of workers to tend multiple processes within the line. Since not only the adjacent workstations but
also the workstation “on the other side” are close by, the worker can manage multiple work stations. Therefore
this type of line is well suited for multi-machine handling.An additional benefit is that a worker can tend to both
the beginning and the end of a line. If the line has a breakdown or problem, the worker can tend to the section in
trouble and can temporarily neglect the other end of the line. Overall, breakdowns and other problems may be
fixed faster than in other lines.
In this line, the operator loads the machines and starts the process before moving to the next machine(s). The
machine works independently and ejects the part afterward before the worker loops back to the machine.
Automating ejection from a machine is much easier than placing a part in a machine.
Since an operator can tend to multiple machines without excessive walking distances, this type of line is well
suited to be scaled up and down by adding or removing workers.
If demand is very high, you put a worker at every workstation and the total output goes up.
If demand is lower, you reduce more and more workers from the line, until at the end only a single worker
handles all the processes, producing only a few parts. Of course you would have to ensure that the machines are
fast enough, and that the workers in the different settings all have similar workloads to avoid waiting times of
operators.
14. 14
4.RESULTS
A well organized work station minimizes the material handling and also improves efficiency and reduces the
fatigue of workers. Thus after analyzing the different factors that are related to the work station design, we have
found that the U shaped layout works well in terms of designing the work station as it effectively increases the
productivity and the work continues in a smooth manner along with the layout the different conditions are also
considered while making the work station. There should be possible comfortable conditions so that the working
environment becomes convenient for the workers to work and thereby grow the productivity of the industry.
The derivations include:
Comfortable seating position
Proper lighting
Proper setup of the work table
Good ventilation
Appropriate foot rest
Noise management
15. 15
5. CONCLUSION
The study thereby brought to light many issues which were effecting the workers health as well as leading to
many health issues. It is also found that ergonomics awareness is very less in the industry and thus we need to
be aware of the fact so that it does not cause any obstacle in terms of working activities of the workers. The
information that is gained after a lot of research on the work station design focused our attention on areas where
working conditions can be improved. The ample scope of improvement involves the work station design,
machine layout, working conditions that comes with the objective of providing maximum comfort to workers to
enhance their health and well being.