Drug absorption from git , Drug absorption from git , DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION , Transcellular / intracellular , transport , .Passive Transport Processes , Passive diffusion , Pore transport , Ion- pair transport , Facilitated or mediated diffusion
, Active transport processes , Primary , Secondary , Symport (Co-transport) , Antiport (Counter transport) , Paracellular / Intercellular Transport , Permeation through tight junctions of epithelial cells , Persorption , Vesicular or Corpuscular Transport (Endocytosis) , Pinocytosis , Phagocytosis , FACTORS INFLUENCING ABSORPTION OF DRUGS , DRUG DISSOLUTION , Factors affecting dissolution rate , DISSOLUTION APPARATUS , IVIVC (In vitro- in vivo correlation) , ROLE OF DOSAGE FORM , Transport model , pH Microclimate , Intracellular pH environment , Tight junction complex
Drug absorption from git , Drug absorption from git , DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION , Transcellular / intracellular , transport , .Passive Transport Processes , Passive diffusion , Pore transport , Ion- pair transport , Facilitated or mediated diffusion
, Active transport processes , Primary , Secondary , Symport (Co-transport) , Antiport (Counter transport) , Paracellular / Intercellular Transport , Permeation through tight junctions of epithelial cells , Persorption , Vesicular or Corpuscular Transport (Endocytosis) , Pinocytosis , Phagocytosis , FACTORS INFLUENCING ABSORPTION OF DRUGS , DRUG DISSOLUTION , Factors affecting dissolution rate , DISSOLUTION APPARATUS , IVIVC (In vitro- in vivo correlation) , ROLE OF DOSAGE FORM , Transport model , pH Microclimate , Intracellular pH environment , Tight junction complex
Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacodynamics is often referred to as “what the drug does to the body”.
In order to exert their effects, drugs usually interact in a structurally specific way with a protein receptor or act on physiological processes within the body. This activates a secondary messenger system that produces a physiological effect. Drugs do not create new action but they can only modify (alter) the functions of cells or tissues in body. The drug–receptor complex initiates alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity of a cell by a process called signal transduction.
A presentation given by a group of students of Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
This presentation discussed with different physiolgical factors of drug absorption, structure of membrane the drug crosses, different transport mechanism etc
The amount of drug that enters the body from site of administration to the systemic circulation is known as absorption. The rate of absorption affects the onset, duration and intensity of drug action.
Absorption involves several phases. First, the drug needs to be introduced via some route of administration and in a specific dosage form such as a tablet, capsule, and so on.
Absorption is a primary focus in drug development and medicinal chemistry, since the drug must be absorbed before any pharmacological effects can take place.
Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug AbsorptionSURYAKANTVERMA2
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of the drug products.
It's about how toxins affect our body and how our body build as defense mechanism to fight it. Biotransformation is a process when these toxins are converted into useful metabolites.
PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS RELATED TO DRUG ABSORPTIONN Anusha
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen has a large impact on how fast the drug is taken up and how much of it arrives at its destination in an active form.
MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY
The cell membrane also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
GSTERO-INTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY
AGE
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of drug molecules in the body. It includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Pharmacokinetics is the study of what happens to drugs once they enter the body (the movement of the drugs into, within, and out of the body). For a drug to produce its specific response, it should be present in adequate concentrations at the site of action. This depends on various factors apart from the dose.
Four pharmacokinetic properties determine the onset, intensity, and the duration of drug action (Figure 1.6.1):
• Absorption: First, absorption from the site of administration permits entry of the drug (either directly or indirectly) into plasma.
• Distribution: Second, the drug may then reversibly leave the bloodstream and distribute it into the interstitial and intracellular fluids.
• Metabolism: Third, the drug may be biotransformed by metabolism by the liver or other tissues.
• Elimination: Finally, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body in urine, bile, or feces.
In short, pharmacokinetics means what the body does to the drug.
Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacodynamics is often referred to as “what the drug does to the body”.
In order to exert their effects, drugs usually interact in a structurally specific way with a protein receptor or act on physiological processes within the body. This activates a secondary messenger system that produces a physiological effect. Drugs do not create new action but they can only modify (alter) the functions of cells or tissues in body. The drug–receptor complex initiates alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity of a cell by a process called signal transduction.
A presentation given by a group of students of Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
This presentation discussed with different physiolgical factors of drug absorption, structure of membrane the drug crosses, different transport mechanism etc
The amount of drug that enters the body from site of administration to the systemic circulation is known as absorption. The rate of absorption affects the onset, duration and intensity of drug action.
Absorption involves several phases. First, the drug needs to be introduced via some route of administration and in a specific dosage form such as a tablet, capsule, and so on.
Absorption is a primary focus in drug development and medicinal chemistry, since the drug must be absorbed before any pharmacological effects can take place.
Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug AbsorptionSURYAKANTVERMA2
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of the drug products.
It's about how toxins affect our body and how our body build as defense mechanism to fight it. Biotransformation is a process when these toxins are converted into useful metabolites.
PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS RELATED TO DRUG ABSORPTIONN Anusha
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen has a large impact on how fast the drug is taken up and how much of it arrives at its destination in an active form.
MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY
The cell membrane also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
GSTERO-INTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY
AGE
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of drug molecules in the body. It includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Pharmacokinetics is the study of what happens to drugs once they enter the body (the movement of the drugs into, within, and out of the body). For a drug to produce its specific response, it should be present in adequate concentrations at the site of action. This depends on various factors apart from the dose.
Four pharmacokinetic properties determine the onset, intensity, and the duration of drug action (Figure 1.6.1):
• Absorption: First, absorption from the site of administration permits entry of the drug (either directly or indirectly) into plasma.
• Distribution: Second, the drug may then reversibly leave the bloodstream and distribute it into the interstitial and intracellular fluids.
• Metabolism: Third, the drug may be biotransformed by metabolism by the liver or other tissues.
• Elimination: Finally, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body in urine, bile, or feces.
In short, pharmacokinetics means what the body does to the drug.
This is the material for the 2nd week meeting on Food and Drugs Interaction for Nutrition students. This topic will cover the drug metabolism, looking at the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Presentation covers the basics of pharmacokinetic. Mechanism for the transport of drug molecule. Absorption, factors affecting on absorption of drugs. Concept of bioavailability. Distribution, plasma protein binding, tissue binding, barriers.
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure (medications for the sake of this article). This is closely related to but distinctly different from pharmacodynamics, which examines the drug’s effect on the body more closely. The four main parameters generally examined by this field include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Wielding an understanding of these processes allows practitioners the flexibility to prescribe and administer medications that will provide the greatest benefit at the lowest risk and allow them to make adjustments as necessary, given the varied physiology and lifestyles of patients.
When a provider prescribes medication, it is with the ultimate goal of a therapeutic outcome while minimizing adverse reactions. A thorough understanding of pharmacokinetics is essential in building treatment plans involving medications. Pharmacokinetics, as a field, attempts to summarize the movement of drugs throughout the body and the actions of the body on the drug. By using the above terms, theories, and equations, practitioners can better estimate the locations and concentrations of a drug in different areas of the body.
The appropriate concentration needed to obtain the desired effect and the amount needed for a higher chance of adverse reactions is determined through laboratory testing. Using the equations given above, a clinician can easily estimate safe medication dosing over a period of time and how long it will take for a medication to leave a patient’s system. These are, however, statistically-based estimations, influenced by differences in the drug dosage form and patient pathophysiology. This is why a deep understanding of these concepts is essential in medical practice so that improvisation is possible when the clinical situation requires it.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
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Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
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Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
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We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...
Word de farmacologia de ingles
1. “MEDICAL ENGLISH ”
TEACHER:
Dra. Rosa Gonzales Llontop
STUDENTS:
Failoc Rojas Virgilio
Fuentes Muro Oscar
Gonzales Yovera Jhean
Mas Golac Ciro
Plasencia Dueñas
Esteban Alberto
Sajami Puertas Jhonatan
2. INTRODUCTION
The Biochemistry is a science that studies the chemistry of living organisms, especially
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids, and other small molecules in cells and also the
chemical reactions that these compounds (metabolism) allowing perform to obtain energy
(catabolism) and generate biomolecules (anabolism).
The Pharmacology is a branch of the Biochemistry; this science studies the drug action.
More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and
chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function.
Actually the pharmacology has a great impact in medicine as in biochemistry, because
the different types of drugs produce different effects in the same person, according with many
factors as for example: the wheater and the emotional aspect.
3. BIOCHEMISTRY OF DRUG ABOSORCIÓN
DRUG TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES:
Any movement of a drug molecule within the body requires passage through biological
membranes. This affects both the absorption mechanisms as in the distribution or elimination.
There are two mechanisms:
(A) through intercellular clefts: Filtration
(B) through cell membranes
Filtration depends on:
1) Molecular weight of the drug: the more Pm, more difficult to pass.
2) Concentration gradient: the drug passes from where there is more concentration where there
is less.
3) Distance between cells.
4) Pressure on either side of the wall: hydrostatic pressure, which makes the drug between, and
osmotic pressure, which causes him to stay.
The transport across cell membranes depends on:
Pm of the drug.
Concentration gradient.
Liposolubility
Degree of ionization
4. DISTRIBUTION OF A MEDICAMENT
The distribution is the transport of the medicament for the blood up to the place where he
exercises his action. In the blood the molecules of medicament can go of three forms:
- Dissolved in the plasma.
- Inside certain cells.
- Joined plasmatic proteins: the interaction with plasmatic proteins is very frequent, though it is
variable according to the medicaments. With much it is the albumen the protein that has major
capacity of fixation. The union with the protein is realized generally by ionic bonds, though also
covalent bonds exist, such as the forces of Walls Goes der. It is a chemical union that follows the
law of action of masses: Medicament (F) + Protein (P) FP
DISPOSAL OF A DRUG
The excretion study ways to remove
a drug and its active and inactive
metabolites from the body to the outside.
Routes of excretion: they all
contribute physiologically to expel the
liquid and organic substances.
The drugs are excreted in the
following ways: mainly by the kidney after
biliary-enteric by.
The kidney: it is the most important
route of excretion of drugs. Its importance
in pharmacology decreases when a drug is metabolized in its entirety, and only eliminated by the
kidney inactive metabolites.
Filtration and secretion are the duties of the kidney that help, not surprisingly, an
increase in the amount of drug in the urine and the reabsorption opposite.
Both secretion and reabsorption by active transport occur or by passive diffusion.
Biliary excretion: the drug is metabolized in the liver, biliary system passes, then the
intestine and out through the feces. Sometimes part of the drug that goes by the gut and goes
back to be reabsorbed back due to the movement leading to enterohepatic circulation (drug out
through the bile, reabsorbed in the intestine through the portal system and again the liver,
causing a vicious circle)
5. Pulmonary excretion: some drugs are excreted in the breath, such as alcohol and general
anesthetics.
MECHANISMS OF ACTION ANTIBIOTICS
Some antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by interrupting the
process at different stages and union transpeptidation of the peptidoglycan cell wall that are, eg
penicillins, cephalosporins.
Agents that act by inhibiting the functions of the membrane permeability alter the
bacterial cell membrane, eg the polymyxin, the polyenes.
The antimicrobials may inhibit bacterial protein synthesis reversiblede usually in the
form of the following ways:
- For the selective inhibition of DNA synthesis or replication of bacteria (nadilíxico acid,
griseofulvin, metronidazole, etc.).
- By inhibiting RNA polymerase, affecting nucleic acid metabolism and preventing the synthesis
of all forms of bacterial RNA, eg rifampicin.
According to the site of the antimicrobial action of these include:
Inhibitors of folate synthesis eg sulfonamides.
Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis example, lactams.
Inhibitors of RNA polymerase enzyme eg Rifampicin.
Cell membrane inhibitors eg ketoconazole.
Protein synthesis inhibitors eg aminoglycosides, tetracyclines.
Inhibition of bacterial metabolism
6. MECHANISMS OF ACTION VIRICO
Virused are composed of genetic material and, sometimes, some enzymes, enveloped by
a capsule made of protein, and rarely covered by a lipid layer. Viruses can not reproduce
themselves and spread kidnapping cells to do the job for them.
To develop the first antiviral, researchers cultured cell populations and infected with the
virus target. Then chemicals are introduced, and which seemed to have an effect, were selected
for further study.
This test procedure was time consuming and error, in the absence of good knowledge of
how the virus target is not very effective for the discovery of antivirals that have few side effects.
It was not until the 1980's, when they began to be described the complete genetic sequences of
viruses, the researchers began to learn its operation in detail exactly what kind of molecules are
needed to attack the structure of the virus.
Bibliography
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/what-is-pharmacology/what.htm
http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/421137_1
Cathedra of scientist Medicals "Manuel Fajardo" [Side Web] Mechanisms of action [Available]
http://www.uvfajardo.sld.cu/Members/Eneida/plonearticlemultipage.2007-07-
19.0062603604/mecanismos-de-accion