This document provides an overview of women entrepreneurship in India, with a focus on Andhra Pradesh. It discusses how socioeconomic factors influence women starting businesses. While money is not the sole objective, training and awareness have benefited women entrepreneurs. The development of women's entrepreneurship can increase economic participation and opportunities. However, women still face challenges like inadequate access to capital and skills. Globally, women-owned businesses are growing but India lags behind. Overall, the emergence of women entrepreneurs is significant for women's empowerment and securing their place in society.
Women today are forming the indispensable part of the society, we are talking about women empowerment, we are talking about breaking the glass ceiling, yet there are many issues that need to be addressed. Learn the insights about women entrepreneurs with a key focus in Indian ecosystem.
The Story Exchange presents “The Passionate & Purposeful,” list of stand-out women entrepreneurs who have turned their passions and desires for purpose beyond themselves into successful, impactful organizations.
Project on women enterpreneurship in indiaPoorvee Batra
This document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It provides background on the history and development of women entrepreneurs in India. Specifically, it notes that women are increasingly participating in business ownership and professional careers. It discusses key traits of successful women entrepreneurs in India, including being ambitious and innovative. The document aims to study women entrepreneurship in India and provide suggestions to further support its growth.
Challenges Faced By Women Entrepreneurs In IndiaLatha setna
In the current business world, women entrepreneurs are playing a vital role and they have become important part of the economic development and social progress. Development Compared to other countries the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India. The educated women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women entrepreneurs stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. This paper focuses on women entrepreneurs, reasons women become entrepreneurs, the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs.
the women are creating a new world where they can say that yes we are the one who also start there business and become a successful entrepreneur or start up..
This Presentation will let you know about the Women Entrepreneurship in India over the last decade. This presentation will also let you know about the Factors, Causes, etc. regarding Women Entrepreneurship in India
Meaning, definition, Characteristics of Women Entrepreneurship,Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a woman or a group of women who initiate, organise and run a business concern., A woman with a passion for becoming an entrepreneur should try to develop the above mentioned traits, cross the hurdles with a determined mind and she is sure to have a successful tomorrow., Indian Women Entrepreneurs Characters
Purpose of making this presentation was to explain how is the scope of women entrepreneurship in India. What all are the issues presented in the system which affect women entrepreneurs in India. Ho Indian women entrepreneurs are different than others. What is the total contribution of women entrepreneurs on overall trade practices. It also explains the suggestions to enhance and promote the women entrepreneurs in India.
I hope this will help students to understood the issue well and give them few insights for their own research
Data collection is completely from the secondary sources.
Women today are forming the indispensable part of the society, we are talking about women empowerment, we are talking about breaking the glass ceiling, yet there are many issues that need to be addressed. Learn the insights about women entrepreneurs with a key focus in Indian ecosystem.
The Story Exchange presents “The Passionate & Purposeful,” list of stand-out women entrepreneurs who have turned their passions and desires for purpose beyond themselves into successful, impactful organizations.
Project on women enterpreneurship in indiaPoorvee Batra
This document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It provides background on the history and development of women entrepreneurs in India. Specifically, it notes that women are increasingly participating in business ownership and professional careers. It discusses key traits of successful women entrepreneurs in India, including being ambitious and innovative. The document aims to study women entrepreneurship in India and provide suggestions to further support its growth.
Challenges Faced By Women Entrepreneurs In IndiaLatha setna
In the current business world, women entrepreneurs are playing a vital role and they have become important part of the economic development and social progress. Development Compared to other countries the development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India. The educated women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women entrepreneurs stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. This paper focuses on women entrepreneurs, reasons women become entrepreneurs, the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs.
the women are creating a new world where they can say that yes we are the one who also start there business and become a successful entrepreneur or start up..
This Presentation will let you know about the Women Entrepreneurship in India over the last decade. This presentation will also let you know about the Factors, Causes, etc. regarding Women Entrepreneurship in India
Meaning, definition, Characteristics of Women Entrepreneurship,Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a woman or a group of women who initiate, organise and run a business concern., A woman with a passion for becoming an entrepreneur should try to develop the above mentioned traits, cross the hurdles with a determined mind and she is sure to have a successful tomorrow., Indian Women Entrepreneurs Characters
Purpose of making this presentation was to explain how is the scope of women entrepreneurship in India. What all are the issues presented in the system which affect women entrepreneurs in India. Ho Indian women entrepreneurs are different than others. What is the total contribution of women entrepreneurs on overall trade practices. It also explains the suggestions to enhance and promote the women entrepreneurs in India.
I hope this will help students to understood the issue well and give them few insights for their own research
Data collection is completely from the secondary sources.
This document discusses women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. It provides statistics showing that women are entering entrepreneurship for reasons such as additional income and independence. The most common types of businesses started by women include handicrafts, beauty parlors, boutiques, and clothing businesses. However, women entrepreneurs face challenges such as lack of access to financing, competition from men, and lack of skills. To address these issues, the document recommends providing women entrepreneurs with more education, training, family support, access to financial resources, and assistance from support organizations in Bangladesh.
This document provides a project report on the analysis of the IT industry in India. It was submitted by 7 students to Savitribai Phule Pune University in partial fulfillment of their MBA program. The report contains 5 chapters that analyze the IT industry in India, including prominent companies like Wipro, Infosys, and TCS. It discusses the industry's origins, market size and structure, financial performance, and future prospects. The report provides an in-depth analysis of the IT sector in India and the role played by its major players.
The document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It defines women entrepreneurs and their characteristics, including being imaginative, hard working, and able to take risks. It outlines the importance of promoting women entrepreneurs for economic and social development. Common reasons women become entrepreneurs include a desire for independence, confidence, and freedom. The document also discusses challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in India as well as government and private support programs available.
This document provides a project report on women entrepreneurship in India. It includes an introduction discussing the increasing role of women in business ownership in India. It then outlines the objectives, traits, roles and problems faced by women entrepreneurs. The report also includes a literature review, research methodology, data analysis and interpretation on the topic. It finds that women entrepreneurs represent an important source of economic growth but still face barriers. It concludes by providing recommendations to further support women entrepreneurship development in India.
The document defines women entrepreneurs as women who initiate, organize, and operate business enterprises. It discusses the qualities of women entrepreneurs, factors affecting them, categories of women entrepreneurs in India, and examples of successful women entrepreneurs. It also covers problems faced by women entrepreneurs such as dual roles, lack of access to technology and training, and financial issues. Suggestions for growth include changes in attitudes, increasing mobility and training, and developing professional and marketing skills.
This document provides an overview of the dairy industry in India and Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) in Dharwad, Karnataka. It discusses the development of the dairy industry in India, key statistics on milk production and consumption, and the growth of organized dairy sector processing millions of liters of milk per day. The document also outlines KMF's executive summary, objectives, scope, location and duration of an organizational study being conducted at their Dharwad facility.
This document is an internship project report submitted by Jayesh Darji to BK School of Business Management in partial fulfillment of an MBA program. The report details Darji's summer internship at Parle Products Private Ltd, where they studied accounting and auditing practices. It includes an acknowledgements section, objectives, data collection methods, an executive summary of key findings, an industry overview of the biscuit sector, an overview of Parle Products, descriptions of accounting and auditing processes, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of the Aditya Birla Group, a $43 billion Indian conglomerate founded in 1857. It discusses the group's history starting as a jute manufacturing company, vision to be a premium global conglomerate, and operations across 35 countries with over 120,000 employees from 42 nationalities. The document also outlines the group's major sectors and companies, with a focus on Aditya Birla Capital Limited and Aditya Birla Fashion, including their brands, products, and locations.
The document provides an overview of the e-commerce industry in India. It discusses the growth of the industry in recent years driven by increasing internet and smartphone penetration. It outlines the major segments of the industry including travel (the largest segment), e-tailing, classifieds, and others. It also profiles the major players in various segments like Flipkart, Snapdeal, Amazon in e-tailing; MakeMyTrip, Yatra, and IRCTC in travel; and Quikr, Zomato, and BharatMatrimony in classifieds. The document traces the evolution and growth of the industry from early players in 2000 to the present landscape dominated by large retailers and ongoing consolidation.
Human:
Women entrepreneurship has been recognised as an important source of economic growth. Women entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others and also provide society with different solutions to management, organization and business problems. However, they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs often face gender-based barriers to starting and growing their businesses, like discriminatory property, matrimonial and inheritance laws and/or cultural practices; lack of access to formal finance mechanisms; limited mobility and access to information and networks, etc
This document is a project study report submitted for a Master's degree. It examines customer awareness of retail banking products at IDBI Bank. The report includes an introduction, background on the organization, research methodology, analysis and findings from surveys conducted, as well as conclusions and recommendations. It discusses nationalizing India's banking sector in 1969 and the liberalization of the 1990s that increased competition. The report aims to analyze customer satisfaction with IDBI Bank's products and services and identify opportunities to improve awareness of their wealth management offerings.
This document is a summer training project report submitted by Avinash Jaiswal for his MBA program. It examines stock exchange online share trading at Nirmal Bang in Lucknow, India. The report has two parts: Part A provides background information on stock exchanges and online share trading in India. Part B profiles Nirmal Bang, its products/services, and details the research methodology used in the report, which includes analyzing Nirmal Bang's strategies and customer satisfaction through interviews. The summary provides high-level information about the topic and structure of the report.
This document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It provides an overview of the increasing number of women-owned businesses in India and various other countries. It also discusses some of the key reasons for women entering business ventures, including skills, knowledge, adaptability, and personal and economic independence. However, Indian women entrepreneurs still face several constraints such as lack of confidence, socio-cultural barriers, market risks, lack of motivation, knowledge in business administration, and lack of awareness about financial assistance. The document concludes by emphasizing the need to encourage more educated women in managing their own businesses and utilizing their talents.
Project on SBI -
I would like to acknowledge a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Hitesh Rawat, Senior Manager of State Bank of India at Kalbadevi Road, Mumbai for giving me the opportunity & time to work on this project and given me all vital input which has led to completion of this project. Without their guidance this project would have remained in pipe dream.
I am also thankful to State Bank of India employees, who directly & indirectly extended their co-operation and invaluable support to me
Recruitment and Selection Summer Internship Project ReportRahul Maheshwari
The document provides a summary of an internship project on recruitment and selection processes at Videocon Industries Limited. It includes an introduction to the company and internship details. The objectives of the study are to understand Videocon's recruitment and selection procedures, identify areas for improvement, and analyze HR factors. As an intern, the individual's job duties involve supporting recruitment tasks like file updates, written exam coordination, and assisting new employees. The recruitment process involves needs assessment, candidate identification and screening, interviews, and onboarding. Overall, the environment is positive but some areas could be improved like expanding space for written exams.
The document discusses the problems faced by women entrepreneurs in India and proposes remedial measures. It outlines 10 key problems women entrepreneurs face including lack of independence, scarce raw materials, stiff competition, social attitudes limiting mobility, low literacy, dual home/work responsibilities, low risk-bearing ability, lack of access to financing, marketing challenges, and limited mobility. It proposes 8 remedial measures such as vocational training, entrepreneurship education, improving access to information, financing, technology, simplifying regulations, supporting women's cooperatives, and targeting rural markets.
PPT on Vijay Shekhar Sharma Biography - The Founder Of PaytmKishanSarvaiya6
I am presenting this PPT on Vijay Shekhar Sharma Biography - The founder of Paytm. In this PPT I have shown you the story of the creator of destiny Vijay Shekhar Sharma. His Early Life, Family background, Education, how he started Paytm, and success story of Paytm.
Women entrepreneurship new horizon for bangladesh 1Nazmul Alam
This keynote speech discusses women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. It provides background on women comprising half the population and outlines constitutional obligations for women's participation. Statistics are presented on female population and workforce participation. Challenges for women entrepreneurs are explored, including social barriers, lack of capital/training, work-family balance issues, and supply-side constraints from financial institutions. Factors for success include education, hard work, and perseverance. The government has undertaken initiatives like a women's ministry and policy to promote advancement.
Mr. Azim Premji is an Indian business tycoon and philanthropist who transformed his family's vegetable oil company Wipro into a global IT giant. He was the richest man in India from 1999 to 2005. Premji took over Wipro at a young age of 21 and diversified it from vegetable oils into consumer products and then IT services. Under his leadership, Wipro became one of the largest IT companies based in India. Premji is also a renowned philanthropist who has pledged $2 billion to improve school education in India through his Azim Premji Foundation. He believes in empowering others and building highly motivated teams to achieve success.
This document is a project report submitted for a Master's degree in Business
Administration. It examines the human resources practices and policies of ICICI Prudential
Life Insurance company. The report includes an introduction, chapters on the insurance
industry, ICICI Prudential's company profile, implementing HR practices, research
objectives and methodology, data analysis, suggestions, and conclusions. It was submitted
to fulfill degree requirements, under the supervision of a research advisor.
The t-test is used to determine if there are significant differences between the means of two groups. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment of male and female employees. The t-test results showed a significant difference in affective commitment between males (M=3.49720) and females (M=3.38016), but no significant differences in continuance commitment or normative commitment between the two groups.
A Study on the Factors Influence Women Entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli DistrictArul Edison
This document summarizes a study on factors influencing women entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli District, India. It finds that factors such as socioeconomic/cultural factors, government policies, family status, personal characteristics, financial resources, motivations, and market/networks influence women entrepreneurs. Some key findings include:
1. Women entrepreneurs with business licenses scored higher on factors like government policies, personal characteristics, and overall influencing factors compared to those without licenses.
2. Marital status, education level, and other income influenced the factors. Divorced women scored highest on some factors while married women scored lowest. Higher education levels correlated with higher factor scores.
3. Financial resources was the most influential
This document discusses women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. It provides statistics showing that women are entering entrepreneurship for reasons such as additional income and independence. The most common types of businesses started by women include handicrafts, beauty parlors, boutiques, and clothing businesses. However, women entrepreneurs face challenges such as lack of access to financing, competition from men, and lack of skills. To address these issues, the document recommends providing women entrepreneurs with more education, training, family support, access to financial resources, and assistance from support organizations in Bangladesh.
This document provides a project report on the analysis of the IT industry in India. It was submitted by 7 students to Savitribai Phule Pune University in partial fulfillment of their MBA program. The report contains 5 chapters that analyze the IT industry in India, including prominent companies like Wipro, Infosys, and TCS. It discusses the industry's origins, market size and structure, financial performance, and future prospects. The report provides an in-depth analysis of the IT sector in India and the role played by its major players.
The document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It defines women entrepreneurs and their characteristics, including being imaginative, hard working, and able to take risks. It outlines the importance of promoting women entrepreneurs for economic and social development. Common reasons women become entrepreneurs include a desire for independence, confidence, and freedom. The document also discusses challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in India as well as government and private support programs available.
This document provides a project report on women entrepreneurship in India. It includes an introduction discussing the increasing role of women in business ownership in India. It then outlines the objectives, traits, roles and problems faced by women entrepreneurs. The report also includes a literature review, research methodology, data analysis and interpretation on the topic. It finds that women entrepreneurs represent an important source of economic growth but still face barriers. It concludes by providing recommendations to further support women entrepreneurship development in India.
The document defines women entrepreneurs as women who initiate, organize, and operate business enterprises. It discusses the qualities of women entrepreneurs, factors affecting them, categories of women entrepreneurs in India, and examples of successful women entrepreneurs. It also covers problems faced by women entrepreneurs such as dual roles, lack of access to technology and training, and financial issues. Suggestions for growth include changes in attitudes, increasing mobility and training, and developing professional and marketing skills.
This document provides an overview of the dairy industry in India and Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) in Dharwad, Karnataka. It discusses the development of the dairy industry in India, key statistics on milk production and consumption, and the growth of organized dairy sector processing millions of liters of milk per day. The document also outlines KMF's executive summary, objectives, scope, location and duration of an organizational study being conducted at their Dharwad facility.
This document is an internship project report submitted by Jayesh Darji to BK School of Business Management in partial fulfillment of an MBA program. The report details Darji's summer internship at Parle Products Private Ltd, where they studied accounting and auditing practices. It includes an acknowledgements section, objectives, data collection methods, an executive summary of key findings, an industry overview of the biscuit sector, an overview of Parle Products, descriptions of accounting and auditing processes, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of the Aditya Birla Group, a $43 billion Indian conglomerate founded in 1857. It discusses the group's history starting as a jute manufacturing company, vision to be a premium global conglomerate, and operations across 35 countries with over 120,000 employees from 42 nationalities. The document also outlines the group's major sectors and companies, with a focus on Aditya Birla Capital Limited and Aditya Birla Fashion, including their brands, products, and locations.
The document provides an overview of the e-commerce industry in India. It discusses the growth of the industry in recent years driven by increasing internet and smartphone penetration. It outlines the major segments of the industry including travel (the largest segment), e-tailing, classifieds, and others. It also profiles the major players in various segments like Flipkart, Snapdeal, Amazon in e-tailing; MakeMyTrip, Yatra, and IRCTC in travel; and Quikr, Zomato, and BharatMatrimony in classifieds. The document traces the evolution and growth of the industry from early players in 2000 to the present landscape dominated by large retailers and ongoing consolidation.
Human:
Women entrepreneurship has been recognised as an important source of economic growth. Women entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others and also provide society with different solutions to management, organization and business problems. However, they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs often face gender-based barriers to starting and growing their businesses, like discriminatory property, matrimonial and inheritance laws and/or cultural practices; lack of access to formal finance mechanisms; limited mobility and access to information and networks, etc
This document is a project study report submitted for a Master's degree. It examines customer awareness of retail banking products at IDBI Bank. The report includes an introduction, background on the organization, research methodology, analysis and findings from surveys conducted, as well as conclusions and recommendations. It discusses nationalizing India's banking sector in 1969 and the liberalization of the 1990s that increased competition. The report aims to analyze customer satisfaction with IDBI Bank's products and services and identify opportunities to improve awareness of their wealth management offerings.
This document is a summer training project report submitted by Avinash Jaiswal for his MBA program. It examines stock exchange online share trading at Nirmal Bang in Lucknow, India. The report has two parts: Part A provides background information on stock exchanges and online share trading in India. Part B profiles Nirmal Bang, its products/services, and details the research methodology used in the report, which includes analyzing Nirmal Bang's strategies and customer satisfaction through interviews. The summary provides high-level information about the topic and structure of the report.
This document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It provides an overview of the increasing number of women-owned businesses in India and various other countries. It also discusses some of the key reasons for women entering business ventures, including skills, knowledge, adaptability, and personal and economic independence. However, Indian women entrepreneurs still face several constraints such as lack of confidence, socio-cultural barriers, market risks, lack of motivation, knowledge in business administration, and lack of awareness about financial assistance. The document concludes by emphasizing the need to encourage more educated women in managing their own businesses and utilizing their talents.
Project on SBI -
I would like to acknowledge a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Hitesh Rawat, Senior Manager of State Bank of India at Kalbadevi Road, Mumbai for giving me the opportunity & time to work on this project and given me all vital input which has led to completion of this project. Without their guidance this project would have remained in pipe dream.
I am also thankful to State Bank of India employees, who directly & indirectly extended their co-operation and invaluable support to me
Recruitment and Selection Summer Internship Project ReportRahul Maheshwari
The document provides a summary of an internship project on recruitment and selection processes at Videocon Industries Limited. It includes an introduction to the company and internship details. The objectives of the study are to understand Videocon's recruitment and selection procedures, identify areas for improvement, and analyze HR factors. As an intern, the individual's job duties involve supporting recruitment tasks like file updates, written exam coordination, and assisting new employees. The recruitment process involves needs assessment, candidate identification and screening, interviews, and onboarding. Overall, the environment is positive but some areas could be improved like expanding space for written exams.
The document discusses the problems faced by women entrepreneurs in India and proposes remedial measures. It outlines 10 key problems women entrepreneurs face including lack of independence, scarce raw materials, stiff competition, social attitudes limiting mobility, low literacy, dual home/work responsibilities, low risk-bearing ability, lack of access to financing, marketing challenges, and limited mobility. It proposes 8 remedial measures such as vocational training, entrepreneurship education, improving access to information, financing, technology, simplifying regulations, supporting women's cooperatives, and targeting rural markets.
PPT on Vijay Shekhar Sharma Biography - The Founder Of PaytmKishanSarvaiya6
I am presenting this PPT on Vijay Shekhar Sharma Biography - The founder of Paytm. In this PPT I have shown you the story of the creator of destiny Vijay Shekhar Sharma. His Early Life, Family background, Education, how he started Paytm, and success story of Paytm.
Women entrepreneurship new horizon for bangladesh 1Nazmul Alam
This keynote speech discusses women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. It provides background on women comprising half the population and outlines constitutional obligations for women's participation. Statistics are presented on female population and workforce participation. Challenges for women entrepreneurs are explored, including social barriers, lack of capital/training, work-family balance issues, and supply-side constraints from financial institutions. Factors for success include education, hard work, and perseverance. The government has undertaken initiatives like a women's ministry and policy to promote advancement.
Mr. Azim Premji is an Indian business tycoon and philanthropist who transformed his family's vegetable oil company Wipro into a global IT giant. He was the richest man in India from 1999 to 2005. Premji took over Wipro at a young age of 21 and diversified it from vegetable oils into consumer products and then IT services. Under his leadership, Wipro became one of the largest IT companies based in India. Premji is also a renowned philanthropist who has pledged $2 billion to improve school education in India through his Azim Premji Foundation. He believes in empowering others and building highly motivated teams to achieve success.
This document is a project report submitted for a Master's degree in Business
Administration. It examines the human resources practices and policies of ICICI Prudential
Life Insurance company. The report includes an introduction, chapters on the insurance
industry, ICICI Prudential's company profile, implementing HR practices, research
objectives and methodology, data analysis, suggestions, and conclusions. It was submitted
to fulfill degree requirements, under the supervision of a research advisor.
The t-test is used to determine if there are significant differences between the means of two groups. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment of male and female employees. The t-test results showed a significant difference in affective commitment between males (M=3.49720) and females (M=3.38016), but no significant differences in continuance commitment or normative commitment between the two groups.
A Study on the Factors Influence Women Entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli DistrictArul Edison
This document summarizes a study on factors influencing women entrepreneurs in Tiruchirappalli District, India. It finds that factors such as socioeconomic/cultural factors, government policies, family status, personal characteristics, financial resources, motivations, and market/networks influence women entrepreneurs. Some key findings include:
1. Women entrepreneurs with business licenses scored higher on factors like government policies, personal characteristics, and overall influencing factors compared to those without licenses.
2. Marital status, education level, and other income influenced the factors. Divorced women scored highest on some factors while married women scored lowest. Higher education levels correlated with higher factor scores.
3. Financial resources was the most influential
The document provides an overview of basic statistics and research methodology, focusing on study designs. It discusses observational studies like cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies as well as experimental studies like clinical trials. For each study design, it describes the key elements including temporal sequence, intervention, sampling methods, and how they differ from one another. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate study design based on the research question and highlights factors to consider like ability to determine causation, study of rare diseases, costs and time involved.
Cher Wang is a Taiwanese businesswoman and the co-founder and chairwoman of HTC Corporation, a leading smartphone manufacturer. She studied economics at UC Berkeley and worked at First International Computer before co-founding VIA Technologies in 1987. In 1997, at age 39, she launched HTC along with associates to develop mobile devices. Under her leadership, HTC has grown into one of the biggest players in mobile technology, designing the first Microsoft 3G phone in 2005 and the first Android smartphone in 2008. Wang believes entrepreneurs must continually learn and adapt to changing technologies to remain successful. She is also known for her philanthropic donations to education.
Here are the steps I would take to analyze this data using exploratory factor analysis:
1. Check assumptions
- Sample size of 300 is adequate
- Most correlations are between .3 and .8
2. Extract initial factors using principal axis factoring
- Kaiser's criterion suggests 4 factors with eigenvalues > 1
3. Rotate factors orthogonally using varimax rotation
- This will make the factor structure more interpretable
4. Interpret the factors based on which items have strong loadings
- Factor 1 relates to anxiety about learning SPSS
- Factor 2 relates to anxiety about using computers
- Factors 3 and 4 may reflect other aspects of statistics anxiety
5. Compute factor scores if desired to use in further
The document describes how to perform a student's t-test to compare two samples. It provides steps for both a matched pairs t-test and an independent samples t-test. For a matched pairs t-test, the steps are: 1) state the null and alternative hypotheses, 2) calculate the differences between pairs, 3) calculate the mean difference, 4) calculate the standard deviation of the differences, 5) calculate the standard error, 6) calculate the t value, 7) determine the degrees of freedom, 8) find the critical t value, and 9) determine if there is a statistically significant difference. For an independent samples t-test, similar steps are followed to calculate means, standard deviations, the difference between
The chi-square test is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can test goodness of fit, independence of attributes, and homogeneity. The test involves calculating chi-square by taking the sum of the squares of the differences between observed and expected frequencies divided by expected frequencies. For the test to be valid, certain conditions must be met regarding sample size, expected frequencies, independence, and randomness. The test has some limitations such as not measuring strength of association and being unreliable with small expected frequencies.
The document outlines key aspects of research methodology including:
1. The objectives of research such as defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, and testing conclusions.
2. The different types of research including descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
3. The methods of collecting data including primary methods like questionnaires, observations, interviews, and schedules and secondary methods of collecting published and unpublished data from various sources.
Student's T-test, Paired T-Test, ANOVA & Proportionate TestAzmi Mohd Tamil
This document discusses various statistical tests including the T-test, ANOVA, and proportionate tests. It provides details on the independent T-test, paired T-test, ANOVA, and examples of using each test. Key concepts covered include the Student's T-test, its assumptions, and how to perform manual calculations and analyze data using SPSS.
This document discusses women's empowerment in India. It begins by noting that historically, women have faced inequality and lacked economic freedom. However, awareness has now motivated more women to become entrepreneurs and contribute to family income. The document then examines indicators of gender equality and empowerment. It outlines challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, such as lack of education, family responsibilities, and societal attitudes. Finally, the document concludes that government efforts are helping to strengthen women's roles in India by promoting entrepreneurship and empowerment.
This document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It provides background on the importance of entrepreneurship for economic development and women's increasing participation globally. In India, women face many socio-economic constraints as entrepreneurs. The objectives of the study are to examine women's empowerment growth, trends in women entrepreneur development, and understand empowerment at various levels. It then reviews literature on women entrepreneurs and their success and challenges. Major challenges discussed are lack of access to capital, networks, and balancing work and family. The document also discusses government schemes and types of industries promoted by women entrepreneurs in India. It provides examples of powerful women entrepreneurs in India such as Indra Nooyi of PepsiCo.
Women Entrepreneurship in Ranchi - Problems and Prospectsijtsrd
The educated Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. She has competed with man and successfully stood up with him in every walk of life and business is no exception for this. These women leaders are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard work, diligence and perseverance. The present paper endeavors to study the concept of women entrepreneur“Reasons women become entrepreneurs -Reasons for slow progress of women entrepreneurs in India - suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs-Schemes for promotion & development of women entrepreneurship in India-Case study of a women entrepreneur of Ranchi. Dr.Ritushree Narayan | Dr. Valeria Lakra"Women Entrepreneurship in Ranchi - Problems and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11673.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/11673/women-entrepreneurship-in-ranchi---problems-and-prospects/drritushree-narayan
Problems and Prospects of Woman Entrepreneurship – A Review of LiteratureIOSRJBM
Any nation, to grow today in the world of intense competition, requires entrepreneurs at the core of the economic development. Entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneurship has been dominated by males since ages. However, in the era of information technology, the women have become more aware and better educational facilities have enabled them to venture into this male dominated space. The women today have emerged as a key player in economic development of the nations. However this transformation of society is far from over and the women entrepreneurs not only face difficulties while starting up an enterprise but also during the running phase. Globally, they have become a key player in sustaining both social development and economic growth. However, in a country like India where almost 50% of population is made up of women, the number of enterprises run by women entrepreneurs is only 7.36% or out of 361.76 Lakh enterprises in the MSME sector, only 26.61 Lakh have women at the top. There are a number of socio-economic hurdles faced by the women while they attempt to venture into setting up and running their own enterprises. Hence, the paper discusses the status of the Women Entrepreneurs and their importance. Also, an attempt is made to identify the challenges faced by these women entrepreneurs, by reviewing various literatures and provide some suggestion for overcoming these obstacles
Women Empowerment in Relation to Indian Economyijtsrd
While the Indian government left no stone unturned in overhauling the economy and providing the much needed impetus to MSMEs, we read stories of both the resilience and the struggle of women entrepreneurs wading through a sea of problems and yet refusing to give up. Therefore, it is our social and moral obligation to facilitate an enabling environment for women desirous of entering the workforce by rendering them equal opportunities and opening up new avenues for them to thrive. Despite India’s general progress in terms of the number of women entrepreneurs in the country, there still remains a considerable gender gap that needs to be closed. Currently, women only account for 13.56 per cent in the entrepreneurial space and have a significantly disproportionate presence in the labour force. Though the government has been making continuous efforts to empower women in India, they continue to be, by and large, hobbled by disempowerment, financial dependency and inequalities. As per the India SDG Index, India has secured a score of 42 on a scale of 100 on the indicator of “Gender Equalityâ€. The figures from the latest Periodic Labour Force Survey also lay bare the vast gender inequality An abysmal 19.7 per cent rural women and 16.1 per cent of women in urban areas were found to be in the labour force. To plug these gaps and work towards an inclusive society, every stakeholder has to do more. Dr. Namita Verma "Women Empowerment in Relation to Indian Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51696.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/51696/women-empowerment-in-relation-to-indian-economy/dr-namita-verma
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Quality of Work Life of Women Employee Problems in Banking Sector: A Study in...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study on the quality of work life for women employees in the banking sector in Warangal District, Telangana, India. It finds that most women employees have a graduate level education and hold officer or clerk positions. The majority earn between 36,000-45,000 rupees per month and have over 15 years of experience. The biggest problems women face are physical strain from long hours, balancing family responsibilities, and fear of transfers disrupting family life. While women play an important role in caring for children and parents, balancing work and family remains challenging.
The document discusses various aspects of women's empowerment in Pakistan. It notes that historically women's access to resources like property, education and employment has been lower than men's due to Pakistan's patriarchal society. However, it also discusses improvements over time, with women now participating in fields like education, politics, arts and services. It emphasizes the importance of education in particular for empowering women with skills and confidence. Other discussed aspects of empowerment include land rights, political participation, microfinance opportunities, and challenging traditional gender roles and responsibilities.
Gender separation actually continues in India and parcel all the more should be done in the field of Women’s education in India. The hole in the male-female education rate is only a basic indicator.
Gender separation actually continues in India and parcel all the more should be done in the field of Women’s education in India. The hole in the male-female education rate is only a basic indicator.
This document discusses women's empowerment and safety in India. It outlines several challenges women face, including lack of education, poverty, health issues, and barriers to entrepreneurship such as lack of access to financing and discrimination. It then provides an action plan to address these issues through improving public safety, increasing education and rights awareness for women, promoting women's leadership, organizing women's groups, providing financial services and health services, halting child marriage, prosecuting violence against women, and supporting women's entrepreneurship. The overall goal is to protect women and empower them economically and socially.
Challenging Factors of Rural Women Entrepreneurs in West BengalNabarun Chakraborty
This study unfolds the significance of various
factors of women entrepreneurship in West Bengal. It also intends to explore some
measures that can be taken to uplift the women entrepreneurship.
This document discusses women entrepreneurship in India. It finds that women entrepreneurs represent a potentially emerging resource for the 21st century economy. However, women face many challenges in entrepreneurship in India, including lack of balance between family and career obligations, lack of financial freedom and ownership of property, lack of access to finance, lack of confidence and role models, and cultural and social restrictions. The document concludes that overcoming traditional mindsets and addressing the challenges women face will be important to further develop women entrepreneurship in India.
The document discusses the role and empowerment of women globally and in India. It notes that traditionally women have been subordinate to men but empowerment involves giving women rights, responsibilities, and the ability to influence decisions. It outlines issues facing women like violence, lack of access to education and jobs, and domestic abuse statistics. It also discusses women's roles in agriculture and milestones in empowering women in India through programs and legal measures, while more progress is still needed.
Women in India have faced challenges from a male-dominated society throughout history. Despite some progress, women's status remains low compared to men due to social and economic inequalities. Women are largely excluded from public decision-making roles due to beliefs that their place is only in the private domestic sphere. While the constitution provides for women's equality and empowerment, rural women in particular remain deprived and marginalized. Further efforts are still needed to improve women's socioeconomic conditions and participation in governance.
Educational Empowerment of Women and their Sustainability in 21st Century wit...Mohammad Rafee
This document discusses educational empowerment of women in urban India in the 21st century. It provides background on the history of women's education in India. The literacy rate has risen significantly but remains below the global average. Studies have found that access to education and employment empower women but societal attitudes are also important. Government programs aim to encourage women's education but factors like domestic violence, gender inequality, and restrictions in some communities still hinder literacy. The document presents objectives to assess women's empowerment and the impact of schemes in urban India through a study analyzing the relationship between income, education spending, health spending, and food spending.
Educational empowerment of women and their sustainability in 21st century wit...mohammad Rafee
This document discusses educational empowerment of women in urban India in the 21st century. It provides background on the history of women's education in India. The literacy rate has risen from 8.6% at independence to 65.5% currently, though it has not reached the global average. Studies discussed found that access to education and employment enable empowerment, but societal attitudes are most important. Government programs aim to encourage women's education. Higher education allows women to utilize their skills and contribute to the economy. The study aims to assess women's empowerment status and how government schemes contribute. It analyzes the relationship between women's income, education spending, health spending, and food spending. A positive correlation was found between spending on
The basic objective of this presentation is to examine the changing role of women in Indian society. This concern is not merely academic but is central to the process of emerging development in India. There is a need to critically evaluate the various plans/programmes undertaken for emancipation of women in India and also make a SWOT analysis of the position of women in India at present.
A Review on Women’s Role in Economic Development in IndiaAnuragSingh1049
In preparation of the Survey on theRole of Indian Women in Development, collaboration was maintained with members of the United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE), including, inter alia, the International Labour Organization; the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; Population Division of the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs; the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs; the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; and the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime. IANWGE members provided substantive inputs, commented on several drafts, and guided the formulation of recommendations. The International Organization on Migration also contributed substantively.Looking at the above opportunities, India has also supported many women entrepreneurs by providing loans and advances, helping them to establish their business, making them self-sufficient by providing vocational skills, and creating many jobs for other women in the respective areas. These opportunities are need-based in India, and many factors are driving these forces.
Similar to WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA (A CASE STUDY IN ANDHRA PRADESH) (20)
Promoting Women Economic Empowerment through Enterprise Development & Investm...Dr. Akansha Jain
- Women entrepreneurs in India face many challenges including lack of confidence, socio-cultural barriers, market risks, lack of business knowledge, and lack of awareness of financial assistance programs.
- The government and support institutions provide various programs to promote women's entrepreneurship such as financial support, training programs, and associations.
- Successful women-led businesses in India show that with the right support, women can overcome challenges and build thriving enterprises, as seen in the stories of organizations like Lijjat Papad and Sakthi Masala.
This document summarizes a study on whether successful women entrepreneurs differ from men. The study found that:
1) Successful men and women entrepreneurs are similar in almost every respect, with only small gender differences.
2) Women rated prior experience, professional networks, and business networks as more important to chances of success compared to men.
3) Protecting intellectual capital was cited more by women as a top entrepreneurship challenge.
This document profiles programs that provide financing and support to women entrepreneurs around the world. It finds that successful programs are generally large in scale, provide a wide range of services beyond capital, have strong leadership and partnerships, and collect gender-disaggregated data to measure outcomes. Notable programs highlighted include Wells Fargo's women's business services in the US, Access Bank's gender empowerment program in Nigeria, and BRAC's microfinancing in Bangladesh, which has helped thousands of women build businesses. Common elements of effective programs include scale, scope, sustainability, and effectiveness.
Case studyWomen Empowerment through Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of Guwahat...Dr. Akansha Jain
1) The study examines women entrepreneurship in Guwahati, India through a survey of 50 women entrepreneurs.
2) It finds that most women entrepreneurs are between 25-45 years old and have at least a high school education. The majority are married.
3) Annual incomes range widely, with most between 70,000-120,000 rupees. Entrepreneurship generates over 150 jobs total.
4) The biggest challenges for women entrepreneurs are lack of financing, marketing difficulties, and domestic responsibilities. Support comes mainly from family and banks.
The document discusses key aspects of the Sale of Goods Act of India including:
1) A contract of sale involves the transfer of property in goods from a seller to a buyer for a price.
2) For a valid contract of sale, there must be two competent parties, goods, a price in money, and a transfer of ownership.
3) The Act distinguishes between absolute sales where ownership transfers immediately and agreements to sell where ownership transfers later.
4) Remedies available to buyers and sellers under the Act include suits for damages, price, interest, and specific performance.
The document discusses the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881 and provides details about negotiable instruments such as promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It defines key terms like negotiable, instrument, and discusses the essential characteristics of valid negotiable instruments including being in writing, unconditional, for a certain sum, and more. Examples of valid and invalid promissory notes are also provided.
The document discusses the definitions and key concepts of accounting. It provides definitions from the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the American Accounting Association, describing accounting as identifying, measuring, recording, classifying, and communicating financial information about an organization. The document also discusses the process of accounting which includes identifying economic events, measuring transactions, recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing, interpreting and communicating information to interested users.
These days, when we surf in T.V. channels, zapping one channel to another, we find news flashing; rupee hitting new low, rupee down in early trade, rupee free fall to raise crude prices, rupee to slip further. Many questions arises in layman’s mind…….why is rupee depreciating? Are we going into recession? How are we affected by rupee fall?
This presentation provides an overview of how the currency movement is determined? What path rupee had followed since 1991? What is the current scenario of rupee v/s dollar? What are the reasons behind depreciation of rupee? What is the impact of rupee depreciation; the losers and the gainers, RBI’s corrective role and why it has failed and last but not the least the suggestions to improve.
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA (A CASE STUDY IN ANDHRA PRADESH)
1. The Journal of Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3
ISSN: 2218-8118, 2220-6043
Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, PAKISTAN
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA (A CASE STUDY IN
ANDHRA PRADESH)
Dr.S.Tarakeswara Rao1 , Prof.G.Tulasi Rao and in the society. They discover new sources of
Mr.M.P.Suri Ganesh supply of materials and markets and establish
new and more effective forms of organisation.
Abstract Entrepreneurs perceive new opportunities and
In India, entrepreneurship among women is of seize them with super normal will power and
recent origin. Socio – economic background is an energy, essential to overcome the resistance that
important factor that influences the woman to social environment offers2.
start their business. Money is not the sole
objective among woman entrepreneurs to enter Development of entrepreneurship among
in to the business. The studies relating to women is a major step to increase women
woman entrepreneurs in rural areas further participation in the process of economic
reveal that training and awareness regarding development. It will speed up economic
different agencies have proved beneficial for growth, and provide employment opportunities
women entrepreneurs in building confidence. for women resulted in improving the economic
Since entrepreneurship development involves independence. Provision of economic
provision of additional channels of funds in the opportunities for women can also improve the
form of working capital and credit, training, social, educational and health status of women
management skill etc., DWCRA with an and their families. In advanced countries, there
entrepreneurial development of women provides is a phenomenon of increase in the number of
all these inputs by considering women as self – employed women after the World War II.
critical to development. This intervention aims In U.S.A, women own 25 per cent of all business,
at not only raising the income of rural women of even though their sales on an average are less
poor households, but also enabling organized than two – fifths of those of other small
participation of groups in the programme of business3. In Canada, one-third of small
credit, skill training and infrastructure support business is owned by women and in France it is
for self employment in groups who cannot take one – fifth.
up economic activities, individually as their
own. A similar trend is noticed even among the
developed nations in Asia. Women constitute
INTRODUCTION 40 per cent of the total workforce in these
countries5. It has been seen that women
Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the outnumber men by at least two times
most important factors contributing to the particularly when it comes to starting business
economic development of the society. in China. There are over five million women
Entrepreneurs have been considered entrepreneurs constituting one-fourth of all the
instrumental in initiating and sustaining socio- entrepreneurs in China6. In Japan to a similar
economic development. There are evidences to trend has been noticed. Unfortunately, the trend
believe that countries which have in India does not go along the same lines. The
proportionately higher percentage of 1991 census shows that the proportion of
entrepreneurs in their population have enterprises setup and run by women in India
developed much faster as compared to was approximately a fraction of one per cent7.
countries, which have lesser percentage of them
The total number of women in India is a
1 whopping figure of 526 million. This female
Faculty Member – Dept. of Commerce & Mgt.
population is larger than the combined total
Studies, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University –
populations of Canada, USA and the Russian
Srikakulam- Andhra Pradesh – INDIA. Email: federation. Unfortunately a very small
taraksivvala@gmail.com percentage of the woman population belonging
43
2. Women Entrepreneurship in India (A case study in Andhra Pradesh)
to the elite, educated and upper – middle class independence of women. These views are
especially in the cities, has been exposed to antagonistic to the laws of Manu written early in
issues on Women‟s roles, career options and the Christian era which stress the need to
jobs. At the same time women are under – control women because of the „evils „ of female
represented in government and decision – character. The following lines reflect the age-old
making positions. At present, less than eight idea of keeping women dependent.
per cent of parliamentary seats, less than six per
cent of cabinet positions and less than four per A woman is never independent. In childhood a
cent of seats in High Courts and the Supreme female must be subjected to her father, in youth
Court are occupied by women less than three to her husband, when her lord is dead to her
per cent of administrators and managers are sons. A woman must never be independent.
women. The not – so – fortune sister of the glam
doll urban and rural women consumer battle Women are often described as the better half of
their day with inadequate wages, poverty, man. But the actual condition of women in the
female feticide, sexual harassment, lack of world does not tally with this description. In no
education and job skills, HIV infection etc. country have women achieved equality with
men. Of the world‟s 1.4 billion poor people it is
The emergence of women on the economic scene estimated that nearly 70 per cent are women.
as entrepreneurs is a significant development in Between 75 and 80 per cent of the world‟s 30
the emancipation of women and securing them million refugees are women and children.
a place in the society, which they have all along Educational backwardness is a major reason of
deserved. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials women lagging behind men. Of the world‟s one
of women have gradually been changing with billion illiterate adults, two thirds are women.
the growing sensitivity to the role and economic Two-thirds of the 150 million children
status in the society. Women are increasingly worldwide who are not in schools are girls.8
becoming conscious of their existence, their
rights and their work situations. Today women On the other hand history also records that
entrepreneurs represent a group of women who women in Vedic age have played an important
have broken away from the beaten track and are part in religious and social functions. The
exploring new avenues of economic position of wife was an honored one as no
participation. Among these reasons for women religious ceremony could be performed by the
to run organized enterprises are their skill and husband alone. The third millennium B.C.
knowledge, their talents and abilities in business Harappan and Mohanjodoro culture indicates
and a compelling desire of wanting to do that Indian women enjoyed a comparatively
something positive. high status, which surpassed that of
contemporary civilizations in ancient areas,
What makes their arrival as well as Mesopotamia or Egypt. The Rugveda too
achievements even more significant and provides evidence to prove the concept of
commendable are the struggles they have to put equality of women with men as regards the
up, frustrations they have to experience and the access to knowledge, even to the knowledge of
multiple handicaps they have to overcome to the absolute. There have always been
emerge as entrepreneurs at the early stage and outstanding women who have risen alone
subsequently achieving success in business at despite the constraints of their time.
the stage of managing their enterprises. Unfortunately, due to social, economic and
political changes later on women lost their
Status of women freedom depends on economic position in education and other fields.
conditions even more than political. If a woman Economically women became completely
is not economically free and self-earning, she dependent on men.9
will have to depend on her husband or someone
else, and dependents are never free. These were Although a lot has been done to ameliorate the
the ideas of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first condition of womankind, “International
Prime Minister of India, who vividly Women‟s Day”, which falls on March 8, reminds
highlighted the importance of economic us every year that much more needs to be done
to ensure a better deal for the female half of the
44
3. The Journal of Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3
ISSN: 2218-8118, 2220-6043
Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, PAKISTAN
humanist. The fourth world conference on skill and knowledge, their talents and abilities in
women held in Beijing in 1995, resulted in business and a compelling desire of wanting to
agreement by 189 delegations on a five year plan do something positive.
to enhance the social, economic and political
empowerment of women, improve their health, Over the last few decades, while women have
advance their education and promote their come forward to establish their own enterprises,
reproductive rights. Over 100 countries have their numbers remain few and far between. The
announced new initiatives to further the entrepreneurial world is still male dominated. In
advancement of women as a result of Beijing developed countries women tend to perform
conference. The 1979 UN convention on the secretarial or low-level managerial jobs in the
elimination of all forms of discrimination corporate sectors – indeed, less than five per
amongst women, often described as the bill of cent of senior management portions are held by
rights for women, has now been ratified by 154 women in the USA. In developing countries
countries. such as India even in the small-scale sector, less
than seven per cent of the enterprises have been
“When women move forward, the families set – up by women. But probably what is
moves, the village moves”. These words of noteworthy is that women have plunged into
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru are often repeated the field of entrepreneurship and have been
because it is an accepted fact that only when the found effective in emerging social, economical
women are in the mainstream of progress can role. Women had been a manager since long,
any economic and social development be from the time the concept of living in a family
meaningful. emerged. She had been an entrepreneur within
the four walls where she was innovative in
In India from the very beginning, women have terms of budgeting with the limited income
been managers of the kitchen and have solely resources used the waste material for making
dominated the area of household activities. So some useful products. With the changing role
deep has been the impact of this, that the that women accepted ever since mid- eighties,
general attitude of the people about women the role of entrepreneurship amongst women
entrepreneurs is that they are makers of pickles, has gained a considerable importance.
papads, masalas, and other household goods.
Today non – traditional enterprises are easily The 1991 Industrial Policy has envisaged special
managed by women and are done so excellently training programmes to support women
with them as the decision – makers. They are entrepreneurs. Accordingly women
flourishing well as leading consultants, entrepreneurs are receiving training through
publishers, exporters of machinery, Entrepreneurship Development Programmes
manufactures of electric goods, exporters of (EDPS) conducted by various institutions and
garments, designers, interior decorators and the organizations both at central and state levels.
like. The Small Industries Development Organisation
(SIDO), with its field offices all over the country
The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women has been carrying out development programmes
have gradually been changing with the growing for women entrepreneurs and is providing
sensitivity to the role and economic status in technical schemes for setting up of SSI units. In
society. Women are increasingly being conscious view of the changing outlook for the promotion
of their existence, their rights and their work of women enterprises, the SSI Board in 1991
situation. And yet the middle class strata revised the definition of women enterprises by
women have accepted their role and are not omitting the condition of employing 50 per cent
ready to alter for fear of a social backlash. of women workers. This provided a boost to
Today, woman entrepreneurs represent a group women entrepreneurs to take up business and
of women who have broken away from the avail all facilities / concessions as are applicable
beaten track and are exploring new avenues of to a SSIs.
economic participation. Among the reasons for
women to run organized enterprises are their
45
4. Women Entrepreneurship in India (A case study in Andhra Pradesh)
“Women in business” is considered a recent manufacturing, knitting and tailoring,
phenomenon in India. The fact that almost half readymade garments, herbal, medicines
the population of this large country comprises of manufacturing, etc. Indeed, a large number of
females while businesses owned and operated Indian women are engaged in such
by them constitute less than five per cent is a supplementary income generating activities. The
reflection on social, cultural as well as economic base of most such activities has been „home‟ and
distractions in the decades of development.12 those have been direct or indirect extensions of
Indeed, women‟s participation in economic the usual household chores of an Indian woman,
activity and production of goods and services is something a woman is good at in the kitchen or
far greater than formal statistics might reveal, as a housewife.
since much of it takes place in the informal
sector as also in the households. But despite these numerous barriers and
tangible obstacles women are, entering in to the
As education spread and compulsions for field of business in increasing numbers. What
earning have grown more and more women makes their arrival as well as achievements even
have started to go out of the homes and opt more significant and commendable are the
either for wage employment or self employment struggles they have to put up, frustration they
/ entrepreneurial career. In case of woman, have to survive and the multiple handicaps they
however, handicaps to entry into business have to overcome to emerge as entrepreneurs at
ownership have been for too many given the the entry stage and subsequently achieving
traditional, conservative, orthodox Indian success in business at the stage of managing
society. The process of breaking many of these their enterprises.
shackles has been rather slow. However,
changes have started taking place as far as role The women entrepreneur of today is neither a
of women in economic development is rare orchid nor a voiceless heroine with
concerned and strides have been made by playback support rather she embodies a
women in setting up and managing business; a compelling urge for self-expression, which
fairly large number has „graduated‟ out of the needs encouragement from everyone concerned
initial phase of going out of the home to work with the progress of the nation.
for somebody. Employment to self –
employment has been a employment has been a STUDIES CONDUCTED AT
noticeable phenomenon in the emergence of NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
new women entrepreneurs. Many of them not LEVEL
only own small business but have set up and
run manufacturing enterprises. Which is Studies conducted in Poland highlights that
ultimate in the entrepreneurship movement. women entrepreneurs are involved in
And by doing so successfully, they have traditional and non-traditional business.
unquestionably established the fact that women However they are successful because of the
can be as capable and successful entrepreneurs formal training they took before the start of the
as men in business and industry. business. In Jamaica, women have been
involved in areas, which require less capital and
And yet, the society at large continues to suffer
extension of household activities. Household
from a various misconceptions (myths)
responsibility plays a significant role in choice of
apprehensions and suspicions about women
economic activity. Comparative studies of
entrepreneurs in business and industry. This is
women entrepreneurship in India and U.K.
the result of inadequacies of literature about
reveals that the share of women entrepreneur in
Indian women in business and industry. The
business is relatively more in U.K. than in India
dearth of documentation, information and
since better facilities are available to women in
publications about women entrepreneurs has
U.K. In both the countries family responsibility
allowed a stereo type image of women in
is the main concern faced by them.
business to persist. Typically women have been
portrayed as those undertaking business of
predictable lines – the papad – pickle
46
5. The Journal of Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3
ISSN: 2218-8118, 2220-6043
Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, PAKISTAN
Woman enterprise challenge to the government, funding agencies
and non-government organisations. It is
A woman entrepreneur is an adult who owns important for these people to focus on the
and runs an enterprise, especially a commercial limitations faced by the women and to plan
one, often at personal financial risk. A recent supporting systems to enhance the women
ILO-Indian study of woman entrepreneurs gave entrepreneurship in India.
the definition of women‟s enterprise as „a small
unit where one or more women entrepreneurs Need and importance of women
have not less than 50 per cent financial entrepreneurs
holdings.13
It is imperative to note the participation of
The concept of women entrepreneurship is
women in economic activities as self-employed
becoming a global phenomenon playing a vital
individuals. Many of the traditional occupations
role in the business community. In India women
open to women were mainly based on caste,
have made a comparatively late entry into
creed and the nature of self-employment based
business scenario mainly due to the orthodox
on the standard of living. Presently, women are
and traditional socio-cultural environment.
generating employment for themselves in an
Although women face various problems in the
unorganized sector and another category of
process of establishing, developing and running
women who provide employment for others.
their enterprise, nevertheless, their scope of
development is very high in India, especially in The country needs to mobilize and utilize fully
rural areas with more women making all its resources including human resources. The
development – oriented programme viz. participation of women in economic activities is
Development of Women and Children in Rural necessary not only from a human resource point
Areas, (DWCRA) launched in and being of view but also is essential even from the
implemented in 1982-83. In what follows, an objective of raising the status of women in the
attempt is made to analyze the success of such a society. The economic status of the women is
scheme in terms of its survival, growth and now accepted as an indicator of a society‟s stage
development of women entrepreneurs and of development and therefore it becomes
identify the problems faced by the women imperative for the government to frame policies
entrepreneurs. for development of entrepreneurship among
women. The long-term objectives of the
Woman Entrepreneurship in India development programmes for women should
aim to raise their economic and social status in
Around 50 per cent of India‟s population is order to bring them into the mainstream of
women. Yet, business spheres such as trade, national life and development. For this, due
commerce and industry, is still considered a recognition has to be accorded to the role and
male preserve. Entrepreneurial work has also contribution of women in the various social
been a predominantly a man‟s world in India. economic and political and cultural activities.
This is based on the fact that only seven per cent
of the total entrepreneurs in India are women. Factors influencing women
Indian women are in no way inferior to men in entrepreneurs
all walks of life and they can be as good
The following are the major factors influencing
entrepreneurs as men in the country. Therefore,
the women entrepreneur.
it is essential to exploit the potentials of Indian
Economic independence.
women. Women‟s participation in trade,
Establishing their own creative idea.
industry and commerce, requiring
Establishing their own identity.
entrepreneurship, is still poor mainly because of
Achievement of excellence.
the problems associated with their gender roles.
Therefore, promotion of entrepreneurship and Building confidence.
economic empowerment of women poses a Developing risk-taking ability.
47
6. Women Entrepreneurship in India (A case study in Andhra Pradesh)
Motivation. Since entrepreneurship development involves
Equal status in society. provision of additional channels of funds in the
Greater freedom and mobility form of working capital and credit, training,
management skill etc., DWCRA with an
The concept of developing women entrepreneurial development of women
entrepreneurship lays emphasis of the provides all these inputs by considering women
productive utilization of women labour force to as critical to development. This intervention
generate income and output. The programme aims at not only raising the income of rural
for developing women entrepreneur would women of poor households, but also enabling
make a dent to alleviate poverty. The Sixth Five organized participation of groups in the
Year Plan for the first time highlighted the programme of credit, skill training and
problem of women integration in economic infrastructure support for self employment in
development in India and emphasized need to groups who cannot take up economic activities,
expand women employment in the household individually as their own.
sector by providing adequate support in the
areas of technology upgradation, training, CONCLUSION
credit, raw material requirements and
development of financing loans. For this The main objective of the scheme is to improve
purpose, sincere efforts have been taken under the economic, health, educational and social
various plans, policies, programmes for the status of rural women by providing them
development of women entrepreneurship since assistance and creating employment
1990‟s. opportunities. The specific objectives of the
scheme are:
The DWCRA groups (also known as SHGs) is
considered as a viable organisation of the rural 1. To help and promote self-employment
poor particularly women for delivering micro among the rural women, who are below
credit in order to undertake entrepreneurial the poverty line, by providing skill
activities. Some of the studies on these groups training in vocations which are
particularly those managed by women acceptable to the beneficiaries, by
successfully demonstrated how to mobilize and encouraging productivity in their
manage thrift activities, appraise credit needs, existing vocations and by introducing
enforce financial discipline, maintain credit new activities hitherto undertaken;
linkages with banks and effectively undertake 2. To organize the beneficiaries in groups,
income generating activities etc.16 These studies activity-wise and promote economic
also showed that the poor as a group are quite and social self-reliance.
creditworthy and repayment of loan is quite 3. To generate income for the rural poor
satisfactory. by creating avenues for production of
goods and services;
Women Entrepreneurship in AP: A 4. To organize production enhancing
case SHGs programmes in rural areas; and
5. To provide for care of the children of
The scheme, Development of Women and the workingwomen by providing an
Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) launched in improved environment, care and food
1982-83 (presently called as SHGs), inaugurated by establishing crèches / balwadis.
an era for systematically organizing women in
groups for providing them opportunities of self- The programme called for formation of groups
employment on a sustained basis. Several of 10-15 women who could collectively engage
thousands of rural women from the length and in an activity. One woman amongst the
breadth of the country participate in this members functions as the group organizer who
programme and they have taken up a number of helps in the choice of activity, procurement of
trades under DWCRA banner. raw materials, marketing of products etc.
A revolving fund of Rs. 15,000/- (subsequently
increased to Rs.20, 000/-) was made available to
48
7. The Journal of Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3
ISSN: 2218-8118, 2220-6043
Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, PAKISTAN
each group for credit and administrative needs. N. Rajendran, OP. Cit. P – 40.
The programme is implemented by the District Kumar K.P. “Role of SHG‟s in promoting
Rural Development Agency (DRDA) at the Micro Enterprises through Micro
district level. SHG is the only programme of its Credit: An empirical study” Journal of
kind, which aims at empowering the rural poor Rural Development Vol.21 (2) P 232.
women by inculcating entrepreneurial skill. It Manimekalai and Rajeswari: 2000; Myrada:
seeks to encourage collective action in the form 1995; NABARD; 1989; and Dinakar Rao
of group activities, which are known to work 1992.
better than individual efforts.
Self-employment is emerging to be a very
important source of livelihood for women in
Asia and South East Asia. This is due to paucity
of employment opportunities. There is an
additional factor that many types of paid
employment are felt to be more suitable to males
than females.
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