This document discusses different types of wiring systems, including cleat wiring and batten wiring. It provides details on cleat wiring, such as the materials used, how the wires are supported on cleats, and advantages and disadvantages. Batten wiring is also described, noting the materials used, how wires are clipped to battens, and advantages like easy installation and lower short circuit risk. The document outlines factors to consider when selecting a wiring system and different ways power is distributed to consumers.
Design considerations of electrical installationsvishalgohel12195
Design considerations of electrical installations
Types of Loads
Estimation of load
Demand factor
Load factor
Diversity factor
Electric supply system
Overhead supply system
Underground cable system
Selection of type of wiring
Durability
Appearance
Cost
Safety
Accessibility
Maintenance cost
System of wiring
Design considerations of electrical installationsvishalgohel12195
Design considerations of electrical installations
Types of Loads
Estimation of load
Demand factor
Load factor
Diversity factor
Electric supply system
Overhead supply system
Underground cable system
Selection of type of wiring
Durability
Appearance
Cost
Safety
Accessibility
Maintenance cost
System of wiring
Interior Wiring types and their applications, factors to be considered while selecting the type
of wiring system, materials required for Interior wiring and their specifications, Code of
Practice for Lighting Installations, method of deciding the number of sub-circuits, calculating
the quantity of wiring materials and accessories for the Interior Wiring, load calculations for
a residential buildings, size of conductors, main switch, sub switches and protective devices.
Draw wiring plan for AEH Installation, concept of horizontal run, vertical rise and vertical
drop. Prepare the schedule of materials for providing lighting and heating circuits and their
estimates. Procedure for converting lighting to AEH installation.
This paper reviews in brief about solar radiation and pyranometer to measure the same.In order
to assess the availability of solar energy arriving on the earth, measurement of solar radiation at some locations
is essential. From measurements, empirical models are developed to predict the availability of solar energy at
other locations.[8] The common, commercial pyranometer design uses a thermopile, setting up a voltage
proportional to the radiation based on temperature readings. This necessitates temperature
compensation.Using photovoltaic silicon cells, instead of thermocouples, the global irradiance as well as its
direct and diffuse components to great accuracy can be measured. Pyranometer is basically just comprised of
two solar cells and a voltage amplifier.
The aim of this paper to review the applications of photovoltaic panels in different areas in
different manner.Off grid,grid connected and hybrid method of application are most widely used.Depending
upon locations and requirement of power,they are used.The benefits of solar power is described here in brief.
Huge demand of silicon in photovoltaic cells caused a shortage of silicon which results in demand
for new technology in this field and so another revolutionary cheap method is innovated namely thin film solar
cell. In this paper, various types of thin film solar cells are reviewed. They have less efficiency and also low cost
compared to 1st generation solar cell. They are based on silicon Thin film implies that less material is used
which makes the solar cells cheaper.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Wiring estimation costing and contracting suitable for diploma electrical engineering course
1.
2.
3. POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE SELECTING ANY
SYSTEM OF WIRING
1. life of installation
2. future extension or alterations
3. construction of building
4. fire hazards or other special conditions
5. corrosive fumes
6. dampness
7. type of wire and material used
8. nature of load (lighting of power)
9. safety of the system
10. cost of wiring system
4. TYPES OF WIRING
SYSTEMS
(1) Cleat wiring system :
Normally VIR/PVC or other
recommended wire is used
Suitable for temporary wiring only
Not advisable for permanent home wiring
Insulated conductors are supported
on wooden cleats.
6. 1. Two cleats are spaced half meter apart
2. The cleats have two halves one
base and the other cap.
3. The cables are placed in the
grooves provided in the base and
then the cap is placed.
4. Both are fixed securely on the
walls by long screws.
7. CLEAT WIRING SYSTEM :
Only one wire should placed in
one slot.
While fitting cleats, Make sure
insulation is not pressed badly.
Not advisable for fixing at
lower height.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Advantages of cleat wiring:
1. It is easy to fault detection.
2. It is easy to repair.
3. This is the temporary wiring
system.
4. It is the cheapest for internal
wiring.
14. Disadvantages of cleat wiring:
1.It has a bad appearance.
2.It is not looking good.
3.This wiring system is not safe and
durable.
4.It is a chance to shock or fire.
5.It is not a sustainable wiring system.
6.It is used only low-temperature places.
15. 2. BATTEN WIRING SYSTEMS
1. Wires sheathed in tough rubber(TRS) are used
which are quite flexible.
2. Clipped on wooden battens with brass clips and
fixed on to the walls by flat head screws.
3. Moisture and chemical proof.
4. Suitable for damp climate but not suitable for
outdoor use in sunlight.
5. Suitable for lightning in low voltage installations
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. Advantages
Easy installation and is durable
Lower risk of short circuit.
Cheaper than casing and capping
system of wiring
Gives a good appearance if properly erected.
Disadvantages
Danger of mechanical injury.
Danger of fire hazard.
Should not be exposed to direct sunlight.
Skilled workmen are required
21. VARIOUS SYSTEMS BY WHICH POWER IS
DISTRIBUTED TO THE DOMESTIC CONSUMERS
Single-phase two-wire system
Three-phase three-wire system
Three-phase four-wire system
23. CLEAT WIRING
Cleat wiring is normally used for temporary
wiring purpose.
Ex..functions, marriages…etc.
In this type of wiring vulcanized india
rubber(V.I.R) or polyvinyl chloride(PVC)
insulated wires are used as conductors.
Wires are held by the help of porcelain cleat which
are placed 6mm off the walls or ceilings.
24. CLEAT WIRING
As shown in dia. Grooves are provided in the base
portion of the cleat for accommodating the wires.
wiring is done as shown in figure.
25. CLEAT WIRING
Advantages
Cheapest system of internal wiring
Installation and dismantlement is easy
and quick
Material is recoverable after the
dismantlement
Inspection, alternations and additions
can be easily made
Skill required is little
26. CLEAT WIRING
Disadvantages
it is not looking good
quit temporary and perishes quickly
wire are exposed to mechanical injury
oil and smoke are injurious to V.I.R insulation
not suitable for domestic premises
27. CLEAT WIRING
Field of application
The wiring of this type is suitable for temporary
installations in dry places.
This is also accepted where appearance is not so
important and cheapness is the main consideration
28. WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING
This is one of the cheapest type of wiring
and is commonly used for house wiring.
The cable used in this type of wiring is
either V.I.R or P.V.C or any approved
insulated cables.
Casing consist of V-shaped grooves and is
covered by rectangular strip of teak wood
known as capping.
This type of wiring adopted up to 250 V in
dry places and in places where no risk of
fire.
31. WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING
WIRING
Advantages
Better appearance than cleat wiring
Cheap in cost
Easy to install and rewire
Easy to inspect by opening the capping
32. WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING
Disadvantages
Not suitable in damp places
Risk of fire
This type of wiring can only be used on
surface and can not be concealed in plaster.
Since it requires better workmanship , labour
cost is more
33. WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING
Field of application
This type of wiring is suitable for low voltage domestic
installations in dry places and where there is no risk of
fire hazards