This document discusses the future of wireless standards and the landscape of organizations involved in standardization. It analyzes how boundaries between technologies are blurring as standards converge. Historically separate organizations for short-range wireless, local networks, and telecommunications are now competing as new standards provide wider ranges and higher speeds. The mobile broadband category combines WMAN, WWAN and 4G, with IEEE 802 and 3GPP developing competing standards.
Mobile WiMAX is a wireless broadband technology that uses OFDMA and MIMO to provide high-speed Internet access over long distances. It supports both TDD and FDD duplex modes and uses OFDM to divide the wireless signal into multiple sub-carriers. MIMO implements space-time coding to improve link robustness and reduce fade margin. Mobile WiMAX also features advanced security, mobility support with fast handovers, and dynamic allocation of uplink and downlink resources.
4G broadband services can address different market segments like broadband internet, video surveillance, smart power grids, and more. WiMAX offers benefits like bandwidth, spectral efficiency, and future-proofing for machine-to-machine applications. Key requirements for 4G solutions include being affordable, using open standards, supporting flexible spectrum and diverse networks/devices, and ensuring quality of service. WiMAX 2 advances the technology with wider channels, higher order MIMO, and backwards compatibility while maintaining the benefits of WiMAX like spectral efficiency and simple network architecture.
WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) or (broadband wireless access to everyone ) is the commercial name for products based on the IEEE 802.16 standard as trade marked by the WiMAX Forum, an association of companies representing the ecosystem of the WiMAX technology.
The document discusses broadband evolution and spectrum challenges. It provides an overview of du's broadband portfolio including fixed wireless broadband, HSPA+, and LTE technologies. Key points include du being the first in the UAE to deploy DC-HSPA+ nationwide. The document also discusses evolutions in fixed wireless broadband using OFDM technology, enhancements to HSPA+ through MIMO and dual carrier implementations, and du's LTE deployment strategy focusing on improved peak rates, coverage, and average throughput compared to HSPA.
There are two main cellular network technologies: GSM and CDMA. Major carriers like Sprint, Verizon, and T-Mobile use one or the other. Understanding the differences between GSM and CDMA, such as coverage, data speeds, and roaming capabilities, allows consumers to choose the preferable network for their needs.
The document discusses digital footprints and the evolution of communication technologies. It begins by defining a digital footprint as the trail of data left through interactions in the digital world. It then discusses how personal data is collected through various technologies like TVs, phones, internet use, and sensors. This data is dispersed across databases and used for purposes like targeted advertising. The document outlines how communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks to current 4G networks. It also discusses how communication cells have decreased in size over time to increase bandwidth and user localization as networks transitioned to use smaller microcells, picocells and femtocells. The future may include an all-IP 5G network with shared infrastructure and the
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, including its goals of drastically increasing data transfer speeds and reducing transmission interruptions when moving between networks. It discusses technologies that fall under the 4G umbrella such as UMTS, OFDM, MIMO, and WiMAX. It also outlines some problems with 4G including potential interference with other devices and an inability to keep up with demand growth.
5G wireless technologies will provide broadband internet speeds of 10Gbps or more to mobile phones and enable using a mobile as a internet hotspot for other devices. 5G aims to enable "Any rate, Anytime, Anywhere and Affordable" connectivity. It will utilize frequency bands of 3-300GHz and bandwidths of 1Gbps or higher. 5G is expected to fully connect the wireless world and provide very high quality of service for applications.
Mobile WiMAX is a wireless broadband technology that uses OFDMA and MIMO to provide high-speed Internet access over long distances. It supports both TDD and FDD duplex modes and uses OFDM to divide the wireless signal into multiple sub-carriers. MIMO implements space-time coding to improve link robustness and reduce fade margin. Mobile WiMAX also features advanced security, mobility support with fast handovers, and dynamic allocation of uplink and downlink resources.
4G broadband services can address different market segments like broadband internet, video surveillance, smart power grids, and more. WiMAX offers benefits like bandwidth, spectral efficiency, and future-proofing for machine-to-machine applications. Key requirements for 4G solutions include being affordable, using open standards, supporting flexible spectrum and diverse networks/devices, and ensuring quality of service. WiMAX 2 advances the technology with wider channels, higher order MIMO, and backwards compatibility while maintaining the benefits of WiMAX like spectral efficiency and simple network architecture.
WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) or (broadband wireless access to everyone ) is the commercial name for products based on the IEEE 802.16 standard as trade marked by the WiMAX Forum, an association of companies representing the ecosystem of the WiMAX technology.
The document discusses broadband evolution and spectrum challenges. It provides an overview of du's broadband portfolio including fixed wireless broadband, HSPA+, and LTE technologies. Key points include du being the first in the UAE to deploy DC-HSPA+ nationwide. The document also discusses evolutions in fixed wireless broadband using OFDM technology, enhancements to HSPA+ through MIMO and dual carrier implementations, and du's LTE deployment strategy focusing on improved peak rates, coverage, and average throughput compared to HSPA.
There are two main cellular network technologies: GSM and CDMA. Major carriers like Sprint, Verizon, and T-Mobile use one or the other. Understanding the differences between GSM and CDMA, such as coverage, data speeds, and roaming capabilities, allows consumers to choose the preferable network for their needs.
The document discusses digital footprints and the evolution of communication technologies. It begins by defining a digital footprint as the trail of data left through interactions in the digital world. It then discusses how personal data is collected through various technologies like TVs, phones, internet use, and sensors. This data is dispersed across databases and used for purposes like targeted advertising. The document outlines how communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks to current 4G networks. It also discusses how communication cells have decreased in size over time to increase bandwidth and user localization as networks transitioned to use smaller microcells, picocells and femtocells. The future may include an all-IP 5G network with shared infrastructure and the
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, including its goals of drastically increasing data transfer speeds and reducing transmission interruptions when moving between networks. It discusses technologies that fall under the 4G umbrella such as UMTS, OFDM, MIMO, and WiMAX. It also outlines some problems with 4G including potential interference with other devices and an inability to keep up with demand growth.
5G wireless technologies will provide broadband internet speeds of 10Gbps or more to mobile phones and enable using a mobile as a internet hotspot for other devices. 5G aims to enable "Any rate, Anytime, Anywhere and Affordable" connectivity. It will utilize frequency bands of 3-300GHz and bandwidths of 1Gbps or higher. 5G is expected to fully connect the wireless world and provide very high quality of service for applications.
The document discusses data offloading strategies using Wi-Fi networks to reduce congestion on cellular networks. It describes how the ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function) specification allows for dynamic data offloading between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks like Wi-Fi. The Greenpacket solution uses an intelligent client that enforces operator policies in real-time to selectively shift data traffic from 3G to Wi-Fi networks based on factors like location, time of day, application type, and network conditions to improve the user experience while balancing network load. The ability to control which applications remain on cellular and which shift to Wi-Fi allows operators to better manage quality of experience and retain visibility of traffic patterns.
This document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE technology. It discusses the evolution of 3GPP standards and the advancement needed for high data rates, including the use of OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA. It provides a brief introduction to LTE including its radio interface architecture, downlink and uplink transmissions, and cell search procedure. Relevant 3GPP specifications for LTE are also listed.
The document discusses WiMAX technology and its use of OFDM to address bottleneck problems in high-speed networks. It describes how WiMAX uses OFDM to efficiently allocate bandwidth and share it between connecting nodes based on their data request sizes, in order to prevent data loss. It also provides background on WiMAX architecture and management, and how it can support high-speed point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections with optimized handover and security features.
Future Technologies and Testing for Fixed Mobile Convergence,SAE and LTE in C...Going LTE
This white paper discusses future technologies for fixed-mobile convergence including LTE and SAE. It defines fixed-mobile convergence as providing consistent services via any fixed or mobile access point. The paper describes the motivation for convergence including mobility and consistent services. It outlines the LTE/SAE introduction and technologies including the evolved packet core and all-IP architecture. Key aspects of LTE such as physical layer channels and protocols are also summarized. The purpose is to support an integrated network through the IP Multimedia Subsystem for high-speed mobile experiences comparable to fixed broadband.
3g Wireless Technology Paper Presentationguestac67362
Third generation (3G) wireless technology will provide real-time, online connectivity through mobile devices, allowing immediate access to location-specific information and services. 3G aims to shift mobile services from voice-centric to supporting multimedia like voice, data, video and fax. This increased capability is driven by demand for remote access to personalized data and wireless applications. 3G standards will optimize data transport over mobile networks and increase bandwidth to support growing usage of wireless Internet and data services.
MOBILE VIRTUAL NETWORK OPERATOR STRATEGY FOR MIGRATION TOWARDS 4GNishmi Suresh
This document discusses mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) and their business models. It compares earlier mobile network generations to 4G and describes the value chain and challenges for MVNOs. The document proposes that MVNOs should adopt a multi-mobile network operator model with always-best-connected capability to control infrastructure and flexibility. It also suggests that MVNOs could pursue opportunities in machine-to-machine communications, content services, and cloud computing to reduce costs over time.
1) The document discusses 5G mobile technology and the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key aspects of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks including their data speeds and capabilities.
2) It proposes a new "mix-bandwidth data path" model for 5G that allows multiple wireless networks to provide service simultaneously to mobile nodes as they move between different network coverage areas.
3) The mix-bandwidth model includes bandwidth management and selection components to dynamically monitor available bandwidth on each path and determine optimal transmission rates across multiple networks.
IRJET- Reduction of Packet Data Loss in Wireless Mesh Network using Path Mech...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a path mechanism approach to reduce packet data loss in wireless mesh networks. The paper emphasizes developing a path protocol where the minimum possible packet drop occurs. Wireless mesh networks are vulnerable to denial of service attacks that can cause packet dropping at the routing layer. Evaluating the performance of wireless mesh networks under various levels of packet dropping based on throughput and data packet loss is discussed. Developing an efficient path mechanism is proposed to minimize packet loss and improve network performance.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies from 3G to 4G. 4G provides significantly faster mobile broadband internet access compared to 3G, enabling applications like high-definition mobile TV and video conferencing. Key technologies that support 4G include LTE, WiMax, and UMB. While LTE promises download speeds up to 100 Mbps, WiMax's speeds are lower around 3-46 Mbps. Many countries have already launched 4G networks, while India is working to introduce 4G after fully implementing 3G. 4G will deliver truly high-speed wireless connectivity without wires.
WWAN definition
A wireless wide area network(WWAN) refers to a wireless network that covers the whole country or the world and provides wireless access over a larger range.
Compared with wireless personal area networks(WPAN), wireless local area networks(WLAN), and wireless metropolitan area networks(WMAN), wide emphasizes fast mobility.
GSM mobile communication system and satellite communication system, the current global wireless wide area network (WWAN) mainly uses two major technologies, namely GSM and CDMA technology. These two sets of technologies will develop at an equal pace and gradually transition to 3G and super 3G technologies, which can reach 384K. 2Mbps.
The speed of cellular technology is not high, and it cannot provide wide access technology similar to wireless personal area network (WPAN), zero-line local area network, and wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN). Wireless meets the needs of multimedia and other applications.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Small cells and femtocells are needed to address increasing mobile traffic demands and provide better coverage and service. They offer several benefits:
1) They provide more network capacity and better performance by offloading traffic from the macro network. This keeps pace with exponentially growing traffic demands.
2) They enable lower capital and operating expenses compared to traditional macro cells by reducing costs of site acquisition, installation, and power/maintenance needs.
3) They improve the user experience indoors where most data is used by enhancing service availability, data rates, and quality of service in bandwidth-constrained areas.
This document discusses WiMAX technology and its applications. It begins by defining WiMAX and comparing it to other wireless technologies such as WiFi, DSL, and cable. It then addresses whether WiMAX will replace these existing broadband technologies. While WiMAX provides broadband wireless access not available in all areas, DSL and cable will likely continue to be deployed where infrastructure allows. The document goes on to describe the IEEE 802.16 standard that defines WiMAX and how it has evolved. It also explains WiMAX system models including point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and mesh topologies. Finally, it covers WiMAX's use as a metro-access option and details its physical layer technology which is based
This document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 5G, including:
- 2G networks provided limited data and were circuit-switched, while 2.5G networks like GPRS used packet switching. 3G aimed to support higher speeds up to 2Mbps but faced challenges.
- 4G networks are IP-based and aim to provide broadband access and seamless global roaming. Technologies like HSPDA and IMS help support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- 5G is envisioned to fully support wireless internet applications through technologies enabling flexible dynamic ad-hoc networks, with speeds over 100Mbps. It represents both evolutionary improvements and revolutionary capabilities like
This presentation is based on the book "Building the Mobile Internet", the central theme being that the lack of a true session layer in the TCP/IP stack causes problems with mobility. The presentation addresses different ways of dealing with that problem on the various layers of the TCP/IP stack.
A PROFITABLE WIMAX BUSINESS STARTS WITH THE MODEMGreen Packet
This document discusses how cost-effective modems can help WiMAX operators expedite profitability. It analyzes usage patterns in emerging and developed markets to show that basic, economical modems are sufficient to meet user needs without compromising performance. This allows operators to offer affordable packages and reach profitability faster by subsidizing cheaper modems. The document also presents simulations showing that acquiring more subscribers or increasing ARPU can hasten the timeline to profitability for WiMAX operators.
This document discusses 4G technology and its advantages over previous generations of wireless networks. 4G networks will provide significantly higher data rates of up to 1 Gbps for stationary users and 100 Mbps for mobile users. They will be fully IP-based and allow seamless integration of various wireless technologies including cellular, WiFi, and Bluetooth. Key technologies enabling 4G networks include OFDM, MIMO, and adaptive modulation and coding. 4G will support multimedia applications like mobile TV, video chat, and provide anytime, anywhere access to services like voice, data, GPS. Some examples of 4G applications mentioned are virtual presence, virtual navigation, and telemedicine.
This document provides an overview of considerations, best practices, and requirements for deploying a virtualized mobile network. It discusses NFV reference architectures and requirements for network orchestrators. It also covers topics like virtualized network security, carrier grade reliability, migration, performance benchmarking, and vertical interoperability. The document aims to outline the key steps mobile operators should take to adopt NFV technology.
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
The authors survey the emerging IEEE 802.20 standard, also known as Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA). They provide an introduction to the activities with regard to this standard, including its purpose and scope. The IEEE 802.20 will fill the gap between cellular networks (low bandwidth and high mobility) and other IEEE 802 wireless networks (high bandwidth and low mobility) currently in use. It will provide seamless integration between different domains, allowing users to have a single connection for their networking needs wherever they go.
Microsoft's view of the Internet of Things (IoT) by Imran ShafqatAllied Consultants
Credits to Imran Shafqat, an x-colleague who presented this in the Allied Consultants office and then in MIC in Lahore
More IoT blogs on http://www.alliedc.com/blog/core-services/application-integration/iot/
Internet of Things is an idea under development. It is the future connecting the Smart devices to the Internet. Interested to know more about the current developments and the future road map of this project then this presentation is for you.
The document discusses data offloading strategies using Wi-Fi networks to reduce congestion on cellular networks. It describes how the ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function) specification allows for dynamic data offloading between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks like Wi-Fi. The Greenpacket solution uses an intelligent client that enforces operator policies in real-time to selectively shift data traffic from 3G to Wi-Fi networks based on factors like location, time of day, application type, and network conditions to improve the user experience while balancing network load. The ability to control which applications remain on cellular and which shift to Wi-Fi allows operators to better manage quality of experience and retain visibility of traffic patterns.
This document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE technology. It discusses the evolution of 3GPP standards and the advancement needed for high data rates, including the use of OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA. It provides a brief introduction to LTE including its radio interface architecture, downlink and uplink transmissions, and cell search procedure. Relevant 3GPP specifications for LTE are also listed.
The document discusses WiMAX technology and its use of OFDM to address bottleneck problems in high-speed networks. It describes how WiMAX uses OFDM to efficiently allocate bandwidth and share it between connecting nodes based on their data request sizes, in order to prevent data loss. It also provides background on WiMAX architecture and management, and how it can support high-speed point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections with optimized handover and security features.
Future Technologies and Testing for Fixed Mobile Convergence,SAE and LTE in C...Going LTE
This white paper discusses future technologies for fixed-mobile convergence including LTE and SAE. It defines fixed-mobile convergence as providing consistent services via any fixed or mobile access point. The paper describes the motivation for convergence including mobility and consistent services. It outlines the LTE/SAE introduction and technologies including the evolved packet core and all-IP architecture. Key aspects of LTE such as physical layer channels and protocols are also summarized. The purpose is to support an integrated network through the IP Multimedia Subsystem for high-speed mobile experiences comparable to fixed broadband.
3g Wireless Technology Paper Presentationguestac67362
Third generation (3G) wireless technology will provide real-time, online connectivity through mobile devices, allowing immediate access to location-specific information and services. 3G aims to shift mobile services from voice-centric to supporting multimedia like voice, data, video and fax. This increased capability is driven by demand for remote access to personalized data and wireless applications. 3G standards will optimize data transport over mobile networks and increase bandwidth to support growing usage of wireless Internet and data services.
MOBILE VIRTUAL NETWORK OPERATOR STRATEGY FOR MIGRATION TOWARDS 4GNishmi Suresh
This document discusses mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) and their business models. It compares earlier mobile network generations to 4G and describes the value chain and challenges for MVNOs. The document proposes that MVNOs should adopt a multi-mobile network operator model with always-best-connected capability to control infrastructure and flexibility. It also suggests that MVNOs could pursue opportunities in machine-to-machine communications, content services, and cloud computing to reduce costs over time.
1) The document discusses 5G mobile technology and the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key aspects of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks including their data speeds and capabilities.
2) It proposes a new "mix-bandwidth data path" model for 5G that allows multiple wireless networks to provide service simultaneously to mobile nodes as they move between different network coverage areas.
3) The mix-bandwidth model includes bandwidth management and selection components to dynamically monitor available bandwidth on each path and determine optimal transmission rates across multiple networks.
IRJET- Reduction of Packet Data Loss in Wireless Mesh Network using Path Mech...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a path mechanism approach to reduce packet data loss in wireless mesh networks. The paper emphasizes developing a path protocol where the minimum possible packet drop occurs. Wireless mesh networks are vulnerable to denial of service attacks that can cause packet dropping at the routing layer. Evaluating the performance of wireless mesh networks under various levels of packet dropping based on throughput and data packet loss is discussed. Developing an efficient path mechanism is proposed to minimize packet loss and improve network performance.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies from 3G to 4G. 4G provides significantly faster mobile broadband internet access compared to 3G, enabling applications like high-definition mobile TV and video conferencing. Key technologies that support 4G include LTE, WiMax, and UMB. While LTE promises download speeds up to 100 Mbps, WiMax's speeds are lower around 3-46 Mbps. Many countries have already launched 4G networks, while India is working to introduce 4G after fully implementing 3G. 4G will deliver truly high-speed wireless connectivity without wires.
WWAN definition
A wireless wide area network(WWAN) refers to a wireless network that covers the whole country or the world and provides wireless access over a larger range.
Compared with wireless personal area networks(WPAN), wireless local area networks(WLAN), and wireless metropolitan area networks(WMAN), wide emphasizes fast mobility.
GSM mobile communication system and satellite communication system, the current global wireless wide area network (WWAN) mainly uses two major technologies, namely GSM and CDMA technology. These two sets of technologies will develop at an equal pace and gradually transition to 3G and super 3G technologies, which can reach 384K. 2Mbps.
The speed of cellular technology is not high, and it cannot provide wide access technology similar to wireless personal area network (WPAN), zero-line local area network, and wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN). Wireless meets the needs of multimedia and other applications.
The study LiFi (Light Fidelity) demonstrates about how can we use this technology as a medium of communication similar to Wifi . This is the latest technology proposed by Harold Haas in 2011. It explains about the process of transmitting data with the help of illumination of an Led bulb and about its speed intensity to transmit data. Basically in this paper, author will discuss about the technology and also explain that how we can replace from WiFi to LiFi . WiFi generally used for wireless coverage within the buildings while LiFi is capable for high intensity wireless data coverage in limited areas with no obstacles .This research paper represents introduction of the Lifi technology,performance,modulation and challenges. This research paper can be used as a reference and knowledge to develop some of LiFitechnology.
Small cells and femtocells are needed to address increasing mobile traffic demands and provide better coverage and service. They offer several benefits:
1) They provide more network capacity and better performance by offloading traffic from the macro network. This keeps pace with exponentially growing traffic demands.
2) They enable lower capital and operating expenses compared to traditional macro cells by reducing costs of site acquisition, installation, and power/maintenance needs.
3) They improve the user experience indoors where most data is used by enhancing service availability, data rates, and quality of service in bandwidth-constrained areas.
This document discusses WiMAX technology and its applications. It begins by defining WiMAX and comparing it to other wireless technologies such as WiFi, DSL, and cable. It then addresses whether WiMAX will replace these existing broadband technologies. While WiMAX provides broadband wireless access not available in all areas, DSL and cable will likely continue to be deployed where infrastructure allows. The document goes on to describe the IEEE 802.16 standard that defines WiMAX and how it has evolved. It also explains WiMAX system models including point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and mesh topologies. Finally, it covers WiMAX's use as a metro-access option and details its physical layer technology which is based
This document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 5G, including:
- 2G networks provided limited data and were circuit-switched, while 2.5G networks like GPRS used packet switching. 3G aimed to support higher speeds up to 2Mbps but faced challenges.
- 4G networks are IP-based and aim to provide broadband access and seamless global roaming. Technologies like HSPDA and IMS help support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- 5G is envisioned to fully support wireless internet applications through technologies enabling flexible dynamic ad-hoc networks, with speeds over 100Mbps. It represents both evolutionary improvements and revolutionary capabilities like
This presentation is based on the book "Building the Mobile Internet", the central theme being that the lack of a true session layer in the TCP/IP stack causes problems with mobility. The presentation addresses different ways of dealing with that problem on the various layers of the TCP/IP stack.
A PROFITABLE WIMAX BUSINESS STARTS WITH THE MODEMGreen Packet
This document discusses how cost-effective modems can help WiMAX operators expedite profitability. It analyzes usage patterns in emerging and developed markets to show that basic, economical modems are sufficient to meet user needs without compromising performance. This allows operators to offer affordable packages and reach profitability faster by subsidizing cheaper modems. The document also presents simulations showing that acquiring more subscribers or increasing ARPU can hasten the timeline to profitability for WiMAX operators.
This document discusses 4G technology and its advantages over previous generations of wireless networks. 4G networks will provide significantly higher data rates of up to 1 Gbps for stationary users and 100 Mbps for mobile users. They will be fully IP-based and allow seamless integration of various wireless technologies including cellular, WiFi, and Bluetooth. Key technologies enabling 4G networks include OFDM, MIMO, and adaptive modulation and coding. 4G will support multimedia applications like mobile TV, video chat, and provide anytime, anywhere access to services like voice, data, GPS. Some examples of 4G applications mentioned are virtual presence, virtual navigation, and telemedicine.
This document provides an overview of considerations, best practices, and requirements for deploying a virtualized mobile network. It discusses NFV reference architectures and requirements for network orchestrators. It also covers topics like virtualized network security, carrier grade reliability, migration, performance benchmarking, and vertical interoperability. The document aims to outline the key steps mobile operators should take to adopt NFV technology.
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
The authors survey the emerging IEEE 802.20 standard, also known as Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA). They provide an introduction to the activities with regard to this standard, including its purpose and scope. The IEEE 802.20 will fill the gap between cellular networks (low bandwidth and high mobility) and other IEEE 802 wireless networks (high bandwidth and low mobility) currently in use. It will provide seamless integration between different domains, allowing users to have a single connection for their networking needs wherever they go.
Microsoft's view of the Internet of Things (IoT) by Imran ShafqatAllied Consultants
Credits to Imran Shafqat, an x-colleague who presented this in the Allied Consultants office and then in MIC in Lahore
More IoT blogs on http://www.alliedc.com/blog/core-services/application-integration/iot/
Internet of Things is an idea under development. It is the future connecting the Smart devices to the Internet. Interested to know more about the current developments and the future road map of this project then this presentation is for you.
This document discusses Internet of Things (IoT) and how to actualize IoT. It begins with defining IoT as connecting physical devices to the internet and exchange data. It then discusses how to actualize IoT through instrumented devices, gateways, cloud platforms, and analytics. The document also discusses relevant protocols like MQTT and implementing IoT platforms and solutions. Finally, it discusses the relevance of IoT for the energy sector in enabling applications like remote monitoring and optimization of power generation and distribution.
The document discusses Internet of Things (IoT) and provides an overview in three main points:
1. IoT involves connecting physical objects/things to the internet so they can communicate and transfer data without human interaction. This allows the objects to collect and share information.
2. Current trends show efforts to connect 26 billion objects by 2020, with healthcare, transportation and manufacturing leading the way. Common communication methods for connecting objects include WiFi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee.
3. IoT provides benefits like real-time analytics and control, but also faces challenges regarding security, adoption rates, compatibility and power constraints. Main application areas include home automation, smart cities, manufacturing and automotive.
This document provides an introduction to IoT including: defining IoT as connecting physical items to the internet via sensors to collect and communicate data; discussing how IoT can benefit businesses through optimizing workflows and lowering costs; and describing common IoT devices and technologies like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Intel Edison, Bluetooth LE, WiFi and distributed computing networks. The next session will focus on setting up the Raspberry Pi with an OS, using it for development, running Java programs, and controlling GPIO pins.
A management introduction to IoT - Myths - Pitfalls - ChallengesSven Beauprez
An introduction of what The Internet of Things is based on an overview of our society, how an implementation of The Internet of Things looks like from a bird eye view and some pitfalls and challenges that come with IoT.
This presentation was given on several occasions to C-Level management, lawyers, students, techies,...
This document is an introduction to IoT that was created by Yong Heui Cho of Mokwon University. It refers to and gives credit to a 2015 slideshare on IoT by Imran Shafqat. The document covers definitions of IoT, examples of IoT growth from 2010 to 2014, core IoT activities, the relationship between IoT and cloud computing, an IoT architecture diagram, and examples of the Intel Galileo GEN 2 and Samsung ARTIK IoT boards.
As new technologies are emerging, It is giving rise to immersive and seamless interactions between devices and systems. This in turn giving rise to different use cases which has brought about many disruptions and innovations in last couple of years. Internet of things (IOT) has given a new outlook in which systems are getting developed, integrated and delivered.
www.facebook.com/iotians
Blockchain: The Information Technology of the FutureMelanie Swan
The blockchain concept may be one of the most transformative ideas to impact the world since the Internet. Cryptocurrencies like bitcoin are merely one application of the blockchain concept. The blockchain is a public transaction ledger built in a decentralized network structure based on cryptographic principles so that any kind of trading, buying and selling of assets does not need to go through a centralized intermediary. Any kind of asset may be encoded into the blockchain and transacted, validated, or preserved in a much more efficient manner than at present including ideas, health data, financial assets, automobiles, and government documents. Venture Capitalists are calling the blockchain the next big investment wave.
This document provides an introduction to Internet of Things (IoT) and smart cities. It discusses Kevin Ashton who coined the term "Internet of Things" and his vision for using data to increase efficiency. Key enabling technologies for IoT like cheap sensors, bandwidth, processing and wireless coverage are outlined. Examples of IoT applications in various sectors like manufacturing, transportation, agriculture and smart cities are provided. The document also discusses challenges in making sense of the large amounts of data generated by IoT devices and the importance of a citizen-centric approach to building smart cities by leveraging crowdsourcing and citizen engagement.
IOT is connecting every physical object in the world using wireless technologies to track and control them from every where in the world...Every object is uniquely identified using ip addresses(IPv6)
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) in 3 sentences:
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects physical objects through sensors, software and network connectivity which allows these "things" to collect and exchange data between other devices. The document outlines what IoT is, how it works, current applications and challenges, and the future potential of a world where many everyday objects are connected to the internet and able to send and receive data. The increasing interconnectivity of physical objects through technologies like RFID, sensors and networking promises both benefits and risks relating to privacy, security, and how IoT may influence human behavior.
The document provides information about WiMAX including:
1) WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband internet access over long distances, as an alternative to cable and DSL. It uses towers and receivers to connect devices to the internet.
2) A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a large area of up to 3,000 square miles using connections to other towers. This allows WiMAX to service remote rural areas.
3) WiMAX can provide both non-line-of-sight and line-of-sight services using different frequency ranges. It is suitable for applications like broadband access, connecting WiFi hotspots, and providing backup internet connections for businesses.
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless technology, including its network architecture, hardware, software, vision, features, challenges and development stages. It compares 1G to 5G technologies and discusses usage patterns. Key concepts discussed include a unified global standard, ubiquitous computing using cognitive radio, and high altitude platform stations. The document outlines the METIS project and stages of 5G development in Europe, South Korea, and by companies such as Samsung, Huawei, and NTT DoCoMo.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband access over long distances. It can deliver high-speed internet access to both fixed and mobile users. WiMAX uses radio signals to transmit data between an antenna mounted on a structure like a tower and a wireless device. This allows it to provide broadband connectivity to areas where cable or DSL internet is unavailable or too expensive. WiMAX has advantages over WiFi like greater range, higher speeds, and less interference. While it promises high speeds and long ranges, its real-world performance depends on factors like line of sight, number of users, and environmental conditions. WiMAX can help provide emergency communications networks that are difficult to disrupt.
This document discusses a seminar report on wireless technology submitted by Gaurav Kumar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report provides an introduction to wireless technology, describing its history and advantages such as mobility and lower installation costs compared to wired networks. Examples of common wireless technologies are discussed, including cellular phones, GPS, WiFi, and Bluetooth.
Design and Implementation of Wireless Embedded Systems at 60 GHz Millimeter-W...IJMER
ABSTRACT: Globally, there is a burning desire for a communication system that provides high quality, high capacity and
high speed information exchange and we need to develop an extremely spectrum-efficient transmission technology for the
same. This paper describes a realistic capacity and BER comparison of a robust and secured multiple access schemes and
develops a wireless embedded system at 60 GHz Millimeter-Wave using WiMAX waveform. The system is tested at the
laboratory with multimedia transmission and reception but yet to be tested after mounting on the vehicles. Technical
expertise are developed towards Simulink programming, methods of poring to VSG, IF and millimeter wave hardware, RTSA
use, Data Acquisition and DSP. With proper deployment of this 60 GHz system on vehicles, the existing commercial
products for 802.11P will be required to be replaced or updated soon. Simulation and implementation of the results will
elucidate that a significant amelioration in the spectral efficiency parameter can be achieved using the proposed WiMAX at
60GHz which provides both frequency diversity and spectral efficiency to yield a powerful and affordable solution for superhigh speed/4G transmission and ever-increasing requirement of high throughput in wideband multimedia communications
and ITS in vehicular communication.
Keywords: AWG, C2C-CC, MC-CDMA, VSA, WiMAX and WMAN, 4G
WiMAX is a wireless broadband technology that provides high-speed internet access over long distances. It uses the IEEE 802.16 standard and operates in both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. The document discusses the evolution of WiMAX standards to support both fixed and mobile access. It also describes different types of wireless networks including WLANs, WMANs, and WWANs, and explains how WiMAX can be used for various applications such as broadband internet access, connecting Wi-Fi hotspots, and providing mobile data services.
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The document discusses a paper on frontiers in wireless technology. It describes how wireless transmission has reached billions of bits per second and mobile services have become internet-based. Emerging technologies like dynamic spectrum access, software-defined radio and MIMO have the potential to increase radio link speeds from MBps to GBps and support new networking concepts. The paper examines the impact of these wireless techniques on audiovisual and multimedia applications.
The document provides an overview of wireless communication technologies including Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association (IrDA), HomeRF, IEEE 802.11 WiFi, 802.16 WiMax, and wireless hotspots. It defines wireless communication as the transfer of information between two or more points not connected by an electrical conductor using radio waves. Key aspects of various wireless standards are discussed, such as operating frequency and speed, range, and security features. Limitations of wireless technologies including a finite radio spectrum and potential for interference are also noted.
Frontiers of Wireless and Mobile CommunicationsSai Varrshini
This document discusses emerging wireless technologies and their impact. It provides an overview of key technologies like MIMO, cooperative communications, and dynamic spectrum access. It summarizes the evolution of radio technologies from 2G to 4G standards and increasing link speeds. It also examines short-range wireless technologies and research challenges in building cognitive radios and software-defined radios to efficiently utilize spectrum.
EMERGING BROADBAND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES: WIFI AND WIMAXcscpconf
Now-a-days there is high demand for broadband mobile services. Traditional high-speed
broadband solutions depend on wired technologies namely digital subscriber line (DSL). Wifi
and Wimax are useful in providing any type of connectivity such as the fixed or portable or
nomadic connectivity without the requirement of LoS (Line of Sight) of the base station. Mobile
Broadband Wireless Network (MBWN) is a flexible and economical solution for remote areas
where wired technology and also terminal mobility cannot be provided. The IEEE Wi-Fi and
Wi-Max/802.16 are the most promising technologies for broadband wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) and these are capable of providing high throughput even on long distances with varied QoS. These technologies ensure a wireless network that enables high speed Internet access to residential, small and medium business customers, as well as Internet access for WiFi hot spots and cellular base stations. These offer support to both point-to-multipoint (P2MP) and multipoint-to-multipoint (mesh) nodes and offers high speed data (voice, video) service to the customers. In this paper, we study the issues related to, benefits and deployment of these technologies.
The document discusses wireless networks and their use in libraries. It provides definitions of wireless networks and explains how they allow data transfer without cables by using radio waves. It describes the advantages wireless networks provide for users and libraries, such as mobility, easy access to information, and simplified network configuration. The document also discusses common wireless network standards and security measures used. Overall, the document conveys that wireless connectivity in libraries offers convenient access to library resources and services for users regardless of their location.
This document compares 4G and 5G networks and their performance for different use cases. It discusses that 4G networks provide speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps while 5G aims to offer speeds over 1Gbps. 5G aims to integrate different networks to create a unified wireless solution. The document outlines several key features of 5G including higher speeds, lower latency, massive connectivity and customized services. It then compares 4G and 5G on aspects like speed, bandwidth and applications. In conclusion, it states that 5G will provide a more reliable and affordable wireless solution compared to previous technologies.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances, aiming to provide a wireless alternative to cable and DSL. It uses the IEEE 802.16 standard and operates similarly to WiFi but over greater ranges of up to 30 miles and faster speeds of up to 70 megabits per second. A typical WiMAX system includes a base station and WiMAX-enabled devices. WiMAX is predicted to provide wireless broadband access to rural areas and see increasing adoption in India.
Lec 1 introduction to wireless communication(1)Ravi Patel
This document provides an overview of wireless communication technologies and concepts. It begins with a brief history of wireless technologies from the late 19th century to present. Key topics covered include the differences between wired and wireless channels, how wireless overcomes interference challenges, and major wireless concepts like OFDM and MIMO. Modern wireless systems like 802.11, 3G, and WiMAX are introduced. The document also discusses wireless networking architectures, protocols, and standards for technologies like satellite, cellular, cordless, and wireless local area networks. It concludes with the growth and future potential of wireless communication.
This whitepaper discusses the next decade for WiMAX technology. It summarizes that WiMAX has evolved through several releases to support increased mobility and integration with LTE. While LTE deployment has increased, WiMAX still has applications in fixed wireless, rural broadband, and vertical industries. The whitepaper outlines ITU's vision for 4G networks, including seamless handovers between different wireless technologies to provide "always best connected" service to users across various network layers from personal to cellular networks.
This document discusses wireless technology and WiMAX. It begins with an introduction to wireless technology and its characteristics like mobility, reachability, maintainability and simplicity. It then discusses different wireless network topologies and technologies classified by range, including WWAN, WPAN, WLAN and WMAN. The document introduces WiMAX as a wireless broadband technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standard that supports broadband speeds up to 75 Mbps within a range of up to 50 km. It compares WiMAX to other wireless technologies and discusses WiMAX's vision of providing broadband everywhere as well as its benefits like replacing copper wire networks and providing high-speed connectivity.
The document discusses 4G and 5G networks. It provides an introduction to 4G technology, describing its capabilities and drawbacks. It then discusses the vision and key features of 5G networks, including expected speeds of up to 1Gbps. The document compares 4G and 5G, and covers topics like 5G architecture, standards, hardware/software requirements, applications and concludes that 5G will provide a more reliable and affordable wireless solution.
1) The mobile phone market has grown rapidly with over 1.3 billion users globally and mobile networks expanding to reach more of the world's population. 2) Various wireless technologies are being developed and tested to deliver broadband internet access to both fixed and mobile users. These include 3G, WiFi, WiMax and other proprietary standards. 3) Different wireless technologies have advantages for different use cases depending on required data rates, range, mobility and other factors. Integration of these technologies into a common IP-based network is seen as key to delivering flexible multi-service connectivity.
5G networks will offer faster speeds and more reliable connections than previous generations of mobile technology. 5G will require hundreds of thousands of new small cell antennas and use new spectrum bands like millimeter waves. Technologies like beamforming and full duplexing will help 5G networks transmit targeted signals and increase capacity. While 5G promises major benefits, some are concerned about potential health risks from increased exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
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* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
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#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
1.
No Strings Attached
‐the future of wireless standards
2009‐08‐19
Dr Mattias Ganslandt
Research assistants:
Evelina Persson
Niklas Lindblom
Martin Sutinen
2. Table of Contents
Table of contents ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Wireless communications technologies .................................................................................................. 3
The landscape for Wireless Communications Standardization ............................................................... 4
Discussion ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Appendix: A survey of standard‐setting organizations for wireless communications technologies ...... 8
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association (IEEE SA) ....................... 8
Universal Serial Bus Implementers Forum (USB‐IF) ............................................................................. 9
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) ....................................................................................... 11
Wi‐Fi Alliance ..................................................................................................................................... 11
WiMAX Forum ................................................................................................................................... 11
WiMedia Alliance .............................................................................................................................. 11
ZigBee Alliance .................................................................................................................................. 12
Telecommunications sector ............................................................................................................... 12
The European Telecom Standards Institute (ETSI) ............................................................................. 12
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ................................................................................. 13
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) ............................................................................ 13
GSM Association (GSMA) .................................................................................................................. 14
CDMA Development Group (CDG) ..................................................................................................... 14
International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU‐T) ....... 14
Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) ............................................................................................................. 14
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) ............................................................................... 15
.
2
4. Historically, devices have been designed to use only one wireless communication technology. This is
now changing. New mobile device, for example the Apple iPhone, can use WPAN, WLAN or WWAN
for its operations and selects according to which offers the best connection.
Correspondingly, with a wider deployment of fast local and metro area networks the previous
position of mobile networks is now being threatened. As a reaction the telecom industry is
developing new standards for long range communications, e.g. Long Term Evolution (LTE), which will
rival the speed of WLAN and WMAN and give mobile broadband a new meaning. This development is
still some years into the future and we have yet to see how well it plays out.
With the convergence of wireless technologies, making several different connections available to
users, it is well worth taking a closer look at the organizations standing behind the different
standards of wireless communications.
The landscape for Wireless Communications Standardization
One dominant feature of standardization in wireless technologies is the separation of specification
development and standard promotion and certification into different organizations.
While IEEE standards are the basis for essentially all short range communications networks, most if
not all wireless communication standards have their own interest groups which take on responsibility
for marketing the specifications and provisioning of testing, validation and certification of
implementations. These organizations are not affiliates of IEEE, but IEEE does not discourage the
formation of such groups since it gives them a greater presence and a larger uptake of produced
standards.
The landscape for standardization of wireless communication, as presented in Diagram 2 below, is
thus a hybrid of cooperation and rivalry between technologies and standards. This combination of
coordination and competition has resulted in some fragmentation, sometimes frustrating to end
users, but mostly contributed to valuable differentiation and a fast pace of innovation.
In the telecom sector, intense rivalry has dominated the landscape for over a decade as the
organizations GSMA and CDG have been the marketing alternative platforms based on standards
developed under the GSM and CDMA respectively. This situation may now change as the next
standard for the telecommunications industry will be a joint development project between the two
branches rather than a continuation of the two separate lines. While potentially carrying some static
benefits, e.g. increased interoperability, it remains to be seen if the rapid rate of innovation can be
maintained without head‐to‐head competition.
Wireless standards can be categorized in two dimensions: application and procedure. In the
application‐dimension standards can be broadly grouped in five categories; short range wireless
communications (PAN and LAN), long range telecommunications (2G and 3G mobile communication)
and mobile broadband, which combines the concepts of WMAN, WWAN and 4G mobile technology
into one single sector, i.e. high speed wireless communication for mobile devices. New standards are
under way in the mobile broadband area; both LTE and IEEE 802.20 will fall in this category.
4
5. USB‐IF ZigBee
Personal Area
Network
Bluetooth
WiMedia SIG
IEEE
Local Area
Network
Wi‐Fi
Broadband
Wireless
WiMax
OMA
Telecom
3GPP
3G
3GPP2
CDG
TIA ETSI ITU‐T
USA EU
Telecom
2G
GSM‐A
Vendor led Collaborative Regional SDO International SDO
consortia consortia
Diagram 2. Overview of the standard setting landscape
The great influence of IEEE is evident from the network map presented above. IEEE has published
standards for most of the organizations developing personal, local and metro wireless network
systems. As such, IEEE is supposedly the most influential organization in standardizing wireless (as
well as wired) communications through its IEEE 802 standards family. The only widely used
technology that does not have a connection to IEEE is USB, which have a standalone development
and is entirely industry driven.
Among the mobile telecom standards there are currently just two organizations developing
standards, 3GPP and 3GPP2. With the coming joint development of LTE among the
telecommunication organizations, the number of large standard organizations in the wireless sector
is basically reduced to two, IEEE and 3GPP with USB being a smaller but significant independent
player focusing on personal area networks.
The standardization of wireless technologies is largely driven by collaborative organizations and by
vendor consortia for supplying market oriented activities and uptake.
ITU‐T is the ISO equivalent for the telecom sector and it is commonly the final destination for
standards with mobile telecom applications. In 2007, WiMAX – essentially developed from
technologies used for stationary wireless communication – was accepted as a telecom standard by
ITU‐T. This highlights the fact that developments within IEEE (stationary wireless) and 3GPP/3GPP2
(mobile wireless) are now converging on mobile broadband communications.
5
6. Discussion
One of the most interesting features of wireless technology standards is the fact that the previous
barriers between different usage areas are becoming blurred. This happens because of two primary
reasons. First off, new standards are being developed, which are able to provide greater speed,
better signal ranges and/or higher reliability. This means that IEEE standards, which have traditionally
centered around computer applications, are able to compete with telecom standards thanks to
development of both greater range (in the case of WiMAX) and deployment (the number of Wi‐Fi hot
spots in the world have increased significantly, providing greater network coverage).
At the same time telecom standards have begun to allow for greater transmission speeds, which
have enabled such things as streamed media, seamless web connection and video calls, functions
that were previously not available through mobile devices and in which the wireless spectrum was
only provided by Wi‐Fi network connections.
Second, the emergence of new devices which comply with several wireless specifications reduces
switching costs and increases substitutability.
Telecom standards development has historically been a battle between competing technologies.
New developments might however change this picture. The camps behind 3GPP and 3GPP2 have
decided to develop a uniform standard for 4G telecommunications, i.e. the Long Term Evolution
standard. This might put an end to a standards war that has been ongoing for two decades. However,
this might also signal the start of a new battle, that between mobile broadband standards from IEEE
and those originating from the telecom industry.
The concept of mobile broadband is rapidly changing the way consumers use wireless technology.
With devices now being able to connect to the internet anywhere at any time, new standards will
have to be developed which take this functionality further and since there are several solutions
available or soon to be available (Wi‐Fi, WiMAX, 3G telecommunications standards and LTE for
example) the ability of these different standards to attract widespread use might shape the outcome
of which standards will be dominant in the future.
Greater network coverage for Wi‐Fi and WiMAX could potentially threaten the telecommunication
hegemony for CDMA and GSM technology. Up until now, the latter have had the competitive
advantage of being the only ones with wide enough networks to allow wireless communication
regardless of location.
WiMAX has an important lead time and is already being deployed whereas LTE is still some years into
the future. While LTE receives broad support in the mobile industry, any delays of the standard might
put WiMAX in such a favorable position that LTE will find it hard to catch up.
It is quite possible that the future of the mobile broadband will be determined by governments
rather than by the market. At least two important factors point in this direction: the significant
economies of scope and public involvement in the telecom sector and the need for radio spectrum
ultimately controlled and allocated by governments.
6
7. On the other hand, increasing competition between standards both in the WPAN area (USB and
Bluetooth) and for mobile broadband (LTE and WiMAX) suggests that markets still have an important
role to play in determining what technologies that are preferred by users.
7
8. Appendix: A survey of standardsetting organizations for wireless
communications technologies
The wireless communication standards are to a large extent developed in a symbiotic fashion
between standards developing organizations and promoter groups. Among the more common
standards only wireless USB diverges from this set‐up. Vendors and operators thereby gain a large
influence over the standardization process with a strong standing in the development organizations
and especially the promoter organizations. This is more pronounced among the telecom standards
which have rather closed development organizations compared to IEEE. The openness of the
standardization within wireless communications is thereby dependent on how IEEE will fare in the
increasingly competitive wireless standards domain. This might in turn also impact on the extent to
which governments and third party interests can have an influential role in the standardization
process.
The three organizations discussed in further depth in this report are all concerned with development
of wireless standards. USB‐IF is the most dissimilar of these three since it is a pure industry
organization, developing its own set of standards and combining the development with support
activities of testing, validation and certification. USB‐IF covers the whole spectra of the
standardization ecosystem while ETSI and IEEE are primarily concerned with the development of new
standards within wireless communication. While IEEE produces their own standards ETSI however
partakes in 3GPP and uses this platform for development of new telecom standards. The three
organizations as such utilize different approaches to standardization, all of which have so far been
successful.
Both IEEE and ETSI have been active in wireless communications for an extended period whereas
USB‐IF is a recent actor in the area. The wireless USB specification was finalized as late as 2005, with
the first devices shipped in 2007. The role of wireless USB is therefore not clear‐cut as of yet but
given the wide success of traditional USB there is no reason to suspect that wireless USB will be
much less successful, especially since there are currently no comparable PAN standards in terms of
speed.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association
(IEEE SA)
Website: http://standards.ieee.org/
IEEE Standards Association (IEEE‐SA) is the standards developing organization which creates industry
standards for IEEE. IEEE is a professional association with more than 375 000 members from over 160
countries. The acronym stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers but the
organization has grown to such an extent that the original name is no longer fitting. The members of
the association are active in a wide range of fields, such as aerospace systems, computers,
telecommunications, biomedical engineering, electric power and consumer electronics. Membership
in IEEE‐SA is open for anyone, both individuals and organizations. In 1999 the organization IEEE‐ISTO
(Industry Standards and Technology Organization) was formed in cooperation with IEEE and IEEE‐SA.
This organization is dedicated to facilitate industrial cooperation for development of IEEE standards
8
9. and also to facilitate the worldwide adoption and implementation of IEEE standards and best
practices.
The development of an IEEE standard is a complex process which starts when anyone with a
proposition is able to get one of the subgroups within IEEE to sponsor the proposition. The New
Standards Committee within IEEE‐SA then makes a decision on whether to approve the proposition
as an authorized project. If approved, a working group which anyone is allowed to participate in is
appointed and given the task to produce a draft. Once a draft is produced a ballot is held. In this
ballot, anyone is allowed to vote provided the payment of a minor ballot fee. Each year,
approximately 200 such ballots are held. Approval requires at least 75 percent positive votes and the
participation of at least 75 percent of the members who paid the ballot fee. If approved, the draft is
sent to the Standards Review Committee, which conducts a review of the draft before sending a
recommendation to the IEEE‐SA Standards Board, which takes the final decision on whether or not to
approve the draft as a new IEEE standard.
Once published, a standard shall be maintained and supported by the subgroup which initially
sponsored the proposition. That group is also required to conduct a review of the standard at least
once every fifth year. If needed, the sponsor shall revise the standard, following the same procedure
as the development of a new standard.
The IPR to all standards and specifications is owned by IEEE by way of a binding contract. Published
standards are made available for purchase in a document shop. However, many standards are
available for free courtesy of the sponsor to the IEEE standard. Issues related to third party IPR are
handled by a specific Standards Patent Committee within the IEEE‐SA. In situations where the IPR to
essential technologies is held by a third party, IEEE requires an assurance from the patent holder that
licenses will be available under Fair, Reasonable and Non‐Discriminatory (FRAND) terms.
The total number of supported IEEE standards and standards under development by IEEE‐SA is
approximately 1 300 and the IEEE‐SA also strategically cooperate with many other standards
development organizations such as ANSI, IEC, ISO and ITU. One of the best known standards
developed by IEEE‐SA is probably the IEEE 802 standard for networks, which is a family of many
different standards for fiber optics, wired and wireless networks and other applications.
IEEE largely competes with other international standardization bodies which has a broad ICT focus,
for example ETSI, CEN, ISO, ANSI and ITU. However, the cooperation agreements with ISO and IEC
were extended during 2008 to not only include a road for adoption of IEEE standards by ISO/IEC, but
to also include joint development of standards. IEEE also competes with many organizations with a
more narrow focus. For example, the USB standards are competing with various IEEE standards such
as IEEE 1394, Bluetooth and Wi‐Fi. Recently, IEEE has also started development of standards within
the eHealth domain, where numerous other organizations are active.
Universal Serial Bus Implementers Forum (USBIF)
Website: www.usb.org
USB‐IF is a combined Standard Setting Organization, certifications body and marketing platform for
USB technology, a leading specification for short range data transfer between devices. The forum is a
not‐for‐profit organization founded in 1995 by the group of companies which developed the
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10. specification for USB and function as a forum for the promotion and further development of the USB
technology.
Membership in the organization grants the right to participate in the three main activities of the
organization: developer conferences, testing of products and working groups for the development of
new specifications. In total more than 800 companies are members of the USB‐IF and the
membership fee is USD 4 000 per year. Membership exists in two levels; to become a Promoter
Member the company has to be active within the research and development of USB specifications
and have demonstrated leadership and dedication in accordance with the ambitions of the USB‐IF.
Whether a company fulfills these requirements is decided by the current Promoter Members.
The development of completely reworked versions of the USB specification, so called primary
specifications, is done outside of the USB‐IF. USB 3.0, the latest version, was developed by the USB
3.0 Promoter Group, consisting of Intel, HP, Microsoft, NEC, NXP Semiconductors and Texas
Instruments. Once they had produced the first draft for the proposed specification other members of
the USB‐IF was invited to contribute to the final version. After finalizing the specification,
management was transferred to the USB‐IF.
The development of complementing specifications designed to support the primary specifications,
such as how a specific type of product is to use USB, is done in working groups within the USB‐IF. The
USB‐IF is headed by a board consisting of the promoter members. In the structure below the board
there is a Document Review Board and a number of working groups and subgroups. The groups
develop specifications in different areas, such as mass storage, audio, video and battery charging. In
most of the groups, participation is open to all members, but it often requires that the member first
sign specific IPR agreements. Some groups are however restricted to specific members, such as the
companies which contributed to the development of the USB 3.0 specification. The Document
Review Board, which includes the chairs of each working group, is tasked with reviewing the working
procedures of all groups and to review all proposed specifications. After the review of a proposal, a
recommendation is handed to the board which makes the final decision on whether to publish a new
specification.
All specifications and similar documents are made publicly available online for free. Most of the tools
and procedures created for testing and product development are however not free, but sold in the
USB‐IF eStore. Useful information is also available in an online forum.
The USB‐IF is dedicated to eliminate all problems with interoperability when implementing USB
specifications. To validate that products actually follow the specifications, the USB‐IF has got a
number of independent test labs situated throughout the world. Membership in the USB‐IF also
grants the right to participate in regular workshops, where testing of conformity with the USB
specification is done. These workshops are also intended to prevent problems proactively by
facilitating communication between the various vendors. Once a product has passed the tests, it is
allowed to use the USB‐IF logotypes and is also listed on the USB‐IF Webpage as a certified product.
There are currently several thousands of products which have gone through the testing procedures.
USB‐IF competes with several other standards and their parent organizations. USB wired standards
compete with IEEE 1394 (FireWire) and with the introduction of a wireless USB standard in 2007,
competition is also increasing with other IEEE standards such as Wi‐Fi and Bluetooth. This considered
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11. it is obvious that IEEE and organizations dedicated to IEEE standards such as the Wi‐Fi Alliance are
the closest competitors of USB‐IF.
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
Website: www.bluetooth.org
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group is a privately held, not‐for‐profit trade association founded in
1998, currently with 12 000 member companies. The SIG publishes Bluetooth specifications,
administers the certification process, protects the Bluetooth trademark and advocates Bluetooth
wireless technology. To use the Bluetooth technology, manufacturers must be members of
Bluetooth SIG. The Bluetooth technology is based on the IEEE 802.15.1 standard. Bluetooth is used
for WPAN and primarily exists in mobile devices. Certification of Bluetooth implementations is
common, SIG has certified close to 10 000 devices.
WiFi Alliance
Website: www.wi‐fi.org
Wi‐Fi Alliance was formed in 1999 as a not‐for‐profit organization with the aim to drive the adoption
of the IEEE 802.11 standard for high‐speed WLAN. The Wi‐Fi Alliance currently has more than 300
members from 20 countries and owns the trademark to Wi‐Fi. The Alliance tests and certifies the
compatibility of wireless devices that implement the IEEE 802.11 specification to ensure
interoperability and has issued over 5 000 Wi‐Fi certifications. Wi‐Fi is the preferred technology for
stationary WLAN solutions and certification of products is close to mandatory.
WiMAX Forum
Website: www.wimaxforum.org
WiMAX Forum was established in 2001 as an industry‐led, not‐for‐profit organization which currently
consists of 500 members. WiMAX Forum promotes the global adoption of the wireless IEEE 802.16
standard (WiMAX). In order to achieve its goals the WiMAX Forum publishes complimentary
specifications, certifies interoperability of WiMAX products and functions as a marketing and
knowledge platform for the technology. WiMAX is an intermediate wireless technology which is
situated in‐between short range communications like Wi‐Fi, USB and Bluetooth and long range
telecommunications like GSM, W‐CDMA and cdma2000 and is established as a Metro Area network.
WiMAX was in 2007 recognized by ITU as the 6th IMT‐2000 air interface, giving it an official status as
a 3G standard.
WiMedia Alliance
WiMedia Alliance was established in 2002 to develop and promote the Ultra‐WideBand (UWB)
technology, initially developed by IEEE and later standardized by Ecma International. WiMedia UWB
enables multimedia data transfers in the wireless personal area network (WPAN); it is targeted at the
individual consumer’s need and is present in such devices as personal computers, consumer
electronics and mobile devices. In March 2009 WiMedia Alliance announced the transfer of all
specifications and development of the UWB technology to Bluetooth SIG, Wireless USB Promoter
Group and USB‐IF. Following the completed transfer WiMedia Alliance ceased its operations.
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12. ZigBee Alliance
Website: www.zigbee.org
ZigBee Alliance is an industry‐based, non‐profit organization consisting of over 300 members. The
organization is mainly focused on certification of ZigBee products for interoperability and promoting
the standard but also takes a role in managing the development of the standard. ZigBee technology is
a simple and low cost wireless technology aimed at monitoring and control functions, primarily
within industry and government. Specific utilization areas include building automation, industrial,
medical and home automation and energy management applications. While ZigBee does not focus
on high transfer rates, as most other wireless technologies do, it still fills an important role for simple
and reliable wireless management applications.
Telecommunications sector
The European Telecom Standards Institute (ETSI)
Website: www.etsi.org
ETSI was founded in 1988 as it was considered that a European standards setting organization was
needed specifically for the telecommunications field. ETSI is a not‐for‐profit organization which
develops global standards for information and communications technology (ICT) within a wide range
of areas, for example mobile, radio, internet, broadcasting and medical systems. ETSI is officially
recognized by the European Commission (EC) as a European Standards Organization, which implies
that ETSI standards are adopted by the EU member states.
In contrast to the other standard organizations recognized by the EC, ETSI offers membership to any
organization from any country. Among the approximately 700 members from over 60 countries are
not only the national standard bodies of the EU member states, but also a number of companies and
other organizations. ETSI membership exists in three different tiers: full‐, associate‐ and observer
membership. Full membership is only open for members from the geographical area of CEPT (The
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations), whereas associate
membership is available for others. Observer status is available for anyone who does not wish to fully
participate in the work conducted by ETSI. ETSI is composed of a General Assembly, a Board, a
Secretariat and a number of Technical Bodies.
The development of standards is done by technical bodies, where all full and associate members
have the right to participate. The technical bodies are in most cases technical committees which are
semi‐permanent groups, each responsible for standards within a number of specified technical areas.
There are also temporary groups, ETSI Projects, which are based around a specific market rather than
a technology, and ETSI Partner Projects which are collaborations with other standards development
organizations. A technical committee delegates the task to develop standards, specifications and
other papers to small working groups of experts. Once such a working group is done drafting a
standard, the committee has a ballot on whether to approve it or not. Approval requires at least 71
percent of the votes, where votes are weighted in accordance with the membership fee. Members of
the committee may appeal the ruling of a vote to the ETSI Board.
Since a technical committee is semi‐permanent, it continues to support approved standards with
regular reviews, tests and validations. If a committee is dissolved it needs to provide
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13. recommendations on how the future supports of its standards are to be conducted since ETSI is
committed to support approved standards until removal.
The working documents and meeting minutes in ETSI are only made available for ETSI members while
all approved standards and specifications are made publicly available. The IPR of all contributions
made by members is owned by ETSI and ETSI grants the right to freely use and copy the standard
documents.
Any contributor in a technical committee is requested to disclose any related patents they are aware
of to make sure that work is not conducted in areas where patent claims could prohibit the
introduction of a new standard. Holders of such patents have to offer irrevocable licenses on FRAND
terms before such technologies may be included in a standard.
ETSI is widely recognized as the standards development organization which developed the GSM
standard for mobile communications and ETSI has also been involved in the cooperation 3GPP which
develops standards for third generation mobile systems. ETSI has developed a large number of
standards within the ITC field and since it is recognized by the EC, ETSI obviously holds a notable
influence.
ETSI to a large extent overlap the scope of the International Telecom Union and can be considered to
be a regional competitor. Considering the leading role of ETSI in 3GPP it also competes with the
3GPP2 project, responsible for the development of the cdma2000 standard which is a direct
competitor of 3GPP’s WCDMA. Being engaged in the standardization of wireless communication ETSI
also competes with other standards like Wi‐Fi and WiMAX and their parent organization IEEE. Several
of the other technologies with which ETSI works also overlap with the work of other standard setting
organizations. However, ETSI is very focused on cooperation with other organizations. Together with
the other European organizations CEN and CENELEC, ETSI participate in the Information
Communications Technologies Standards Board. ETSI also cooperate with the international
organizations ISO, IEC and ITU, and with industry organizations such as EMTEL, MESA, ICANN and
GSC. Further, memorandums of understandings have been signed with numerous organizations, such
as OASIS and ERCIM.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Website: www.3gpp.org
3GPP is a cooperative organization, founded in 1998, uniting telecommunications standard bodies
from Europe, Asia and America. 3GPP was established to produce and maintain technical
specifications for the 3G mobile system based on the Global System for Mobile communication
(GSM). More specifically, 3GPP produces standards for the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA) 3G technology, recognized by ITU IMT‐2000 as a 3G wireless technology. The
standardization includes radio, core network, and service architecture and is transformed into global
standards by the organizational partners.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)
Website: www.3GPP2.org
3GPP2 is a collaboration between telecommunications companies through regional telecom standard
organizations from Asia and America and was founded in 1998. The aim of 3GPP2 is to develop the
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14. cdma2000 3G technology, based on the 2G cdmaOne standard, and to create a global
telecommunications standard in accordance to ITU IMT‐2000 requirements.
GSM Association (GSMA)
Website: www.gsmworld.com
GMSA is an organization of 750 mobile network operators and 200 companies of the mobile
ecosystem, for example handset makers, software companies and media organizations. GSMA
supports the deployment of networks based on the GSM family of technologies in order to create
economies of scale and global interoperability. Being the foremost promoter of the highly successful
GSM standards family GSMA is instrumental to the success of the GSM/WCDMA standards.
CDMA Development Group (CDG)
Website: www.cdg.org
CDG was established in 1993 and has close to 150 members, mainly network operators and vendors.
The mission of CDG is to promote rapid development and deployment of CDMA‐based systems. This
includes managing the CDMA development through requirements definitions, outreach activities to
increase CDMA awareness and participation, enabling of interoperability and roaming for CDMA
systems and to create opportunities for economies of scale in CDMA technology. CDG essentially fills
the same role for the CDMA technology as GSMA fills for the GSM technology.
International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication
Standardization Sector (ITUT)
Website: www.itu.int/ITU‐T/index.html
ITU‐T coordinates standards for telecommunication on behalf of the International
Telecommunication Union, ITU. Together with ISO and IEC, ITU is one of the formal global standard
organizations. ITU has 191 member states and more than 700 sector members and associates. The
majority of the members are from the private sector. The ITU‐T recommendations define how
telecommunication networks function and interoperate. Prioritized areas include accessibility;
adopting international standards that promote interconnection of a wide range of communication
systems; emergency communication; and to build confidence and security in the use of ICT. The ITU
IMT 2000 and ITU Advanced initiatives define the requirements for 3G and 4G telecommunications.
Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
Website: www.openmobilealliance.org
OMA was formed in 2002 by over 200 companies active in wireless communications technology.
OMA brought together the interests of several fragmented organizations and forums active in the
mobile services sector. The aim of OMA is to develop specifications for mobile services and OMA
functions as a bridge between the telecommunication and web standard spheres. OMA is the central
organization for standardizing and testing the services enabled by wireless telecommunications. The
OMA specifications are set on top of existing technologies like GSM, UMTS and cdma2000 and
enables interoperable services across the different technology platforms.
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