The document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on IEEE 802.16/WiMAX. It discusses the history and evolution of WiMAX standards, including key IEEE 802.16 specifications. It also describes WiMAX network architectures, frequency bands, modes of operation, and usage scenarios. The WiMAX Forum is introduced as the industry group that promotes WiMAX interoperability.

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Overview of
IEEE 802.16 / WiMAX
Presented by
Dr. Sim Moh Lim
mlsim2003@gmail.com

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Agenda
• Part 1: Overview of WiMax (2h)
– Overview of the WiMax.
– History & Evolution
– Spectrum
– Network architectures
– Current status and future trend

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Overview

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WIMAX / IEEE 802.16
• WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access as defined by WiMax
Forum
 WiMAX networks refer to
broadband wireless networks that
are based on the IEEE 802.16
standard, which ensures
compatibility and interoperability
between broadband wireless
access equipment
 The IEEE 802.16 standards define
how wireless traffics move
between subscriber equipment
and core networks
Source: SHASHI JAKKU

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• Subsystems:
– A WiMAX tower
• similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can
provide coverage to a very large area as big as ~8,000 square km.
– A WiMAX client terminal
• The terminal receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal
Computer Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop the way
WiFi access is today
• Range: 50km from base station
• Speed: 70 Megabits per second
• Frequency bands: 2 to 11 and 10 to 66 (licensed and
unlicensed bands)
• IEEE 802.16 standards define both MAC and PHY layers and
allow multiple PHY layer specifications
WIMAX System: General
Features

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IEEE 802.16 Specifications
• 802.16a
– Uses the licensed frequencies from 2 to
11 GHz; supports Mesh network
• 802.16b
– Increase spectrum to 5 and 6 GHz
– Provides QoS( for real time voice and
video service)
• 802.16c
– Spectrum from 10 to 66GHz
• 802.16d (d = a+b+c)
– Improvement and fixes for 802.16a
• 802.16e-2005
– Addresses on Mobile
– Enable high-speed signal handoffs
necessary for communication with
users moving at vehicular speeds
• A family of
standards for
broadband
wireless access
Source: SHASHI JAKKU

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802.16e Compatibility with 16d
Service Specific Convergence Sub Layer
MAC Common Part & Security Sub Layers
PHY Layer
Security/Privacy
Key, AES, EAP Handoff
Bandwidth
Management
Connection
Management
Power Mgnt
Sleep/Idle
IP
Packet
ClassifierEthernet ATM
Header
Suppression
ARQ
PDU
Generation
PDU
Reassembly
Net Entry
PHY Burst
Scheduling
SC
10-66GHz
SCa
2-11GHz
OFDM
2-11GHz 256FFT
OFDMA
2-11GHz 2048FFT
OFDMA 2-11GHz
128, 256, 512,1024, 2048
802.16d 802.16e
 802.16e is the mobile extension from 802.16
 Modification in PHY from OFDM to Scalable OFDMA
 Modification in MAC for security, handoff, roaming, & resource
management
Source: BeyondSpot Technology

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Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
• Multiplexing technique that divides the channel into multiple
orthogonal subchannels
• Input data stream is divided into several substreams of a lower data
rate (increased symbol duration) and each substream is modulated
and simultaneously transmitted on a separate subchannel with
carrier orthogonal to each other
• High spectral efficiency, resilient to interference, and low multi-path
distortion
FDM OFDM
 OFDM is more
spectral efficient as
compared to FDM
(allows more
transmission
channels)

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WiMAX Forum
• Is an industry group founded in April 2001
– Consists of services providers, manufacturers, and
related companies that have joined together to promote
the family of technologies based upon the IEEE 802.16
standard
– Ensure interoperability of IEEE 802.16* and other
interoperable (ETSI HiperMAN*) systems
– Equivalent in purpose to Wi-Fi Alliance for IEEE 802.11
• Develop Conformance Test Specifications
• Host interoperability events
– Provide WiMAX-Certified stamp of approval

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Players in WiMAX Forum
 WiMAX Forum has >500
members (530 as at 26/11/08)
 WiMAX members represent over
75% of current 2-11 GHz BWA
equipment sales!
And a lot more…..
Source: WiMAx Forum

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WiMAX and IEEE 802.16
• “WiMAX” is a subset of IEEE 802.16
– No new features can be added
• Mandatory features in 802.16 are mandatory in
WiMAX, if included
• Optional features in 802.16 may be optional,
mandatory or not included
IEEE 802.16
World
Mobile WiMAX -
OFDMA
Fixed WiMAX –
256 OFDM
WiBro
Source: WiMAx Forum

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MODES OF OPERATION
• WiMax can provide 2 forms of wireless service:
– Non-LOS
• Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on a computer
connects to the tower.
• Uses lower frequency range (2 to 11 GHz).
– LOS
• where a fixed antenna points straight at the WiMax tower
from a rooftop or pole.
• The LOS connection is stronger and more stable: higher
throughput.
• Uses higher frequencies: reaching a possible 66 GHz.
• Through stronger LOS antennas, higher range can be
achieved: up to 50km radius.

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Broadband Usage
Scenarios
• Fixed wireless access (FWA)
– Wireless access application in which
the location of the end-user
termination and the network access
point to be connected to the end-user
are fixed.
• Backhaul for business
• Consumer last mile
• Nomadic wireless access (NWA)
– Wireless access application in which
the location of the end-user
termination may be in different places
but it must be stationary while in use.
• Mobile wireless access (MWA)
– Wireless access application in which
the location of the end-user
termination is mobile.
INTERNETINTERNET
BACKBONEBACKBONE
Telco CoreTelco Core
Network orNetwork or
Private (Fiber)Private (Fiber)
NetworkNetwork
Non Line of SightNon Line of Sight
Point to MultiPoint to Multi--pointpoint
802.16802.16
802.16802.16
Line of SightLine of Sight
BACKHAULBACKHAUL
FRACTIONAL
E1/T1 for SMALL
BUSINESS
802.11
E1/T1+ LEVEL
SERVICE ENTERPRISE
Laptop Connected
Through 802.16
802.16 PC802.16 PC
CardCard
Source: WiMAx Forum

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Types of access supported by
WiMax
Source: WiMax Forum

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History & Evolution

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Why (earlier) BWA solutions have
not taken off?
Wireless Solutions Before WiMax:
 Proprietary, vertical solutions
 No volume silicon market – lack economies of scale
 Lack of global spectrum
Service Providers
System Design &
Architecture
Custom MAC
Custom Radio
Custom, 802.11 or
DOCSIS PHY
Network Software
System
Integration
EquipmentMfrsFocus
1980s 1990s 2000
Volume
Ethernet
2010
Economies
of scale as
WiMax is an
open
standard
solution
Source: WiMAx Forum

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802.16 Standard History
20062006
802.16a Fixed802.16a Fixed
BroadbandBroadband
Wireless StandardWireless Standard
for 2-11 GHz Non-for 2-11 GHz Non-
LOS SystemsLOS Systems
((Inactive)
65 members65 members
19991999
20022002
20032003
20042004
20052005
802.16c System Profiles802.16c System Profiles
for 10-66 GHz LOSfor 10-66 GHz LOS
SystemsSystems
(Inactive)(Inactive)
530530
Membership
Time
IEEE 802.16IEEE 802.16
WorkingWorking
Group StartedGroup Started
55 members55 members
802.16e802.16e
Combined FixedCombined Fixed
and Mobileand Mobile
AmendmentAmendment
for <11 GHzfor <11 GHz
LicensedLicensed
SystemsSystems
(Formally approved(Formally approved
in December 2005)in December 2005)
802.16 Fixed802.16 Fixed
Broadband WirelessBroadband Wireless
Standard for 10-66Standard for 10-66
GHz LOS SystemsGHz LOS Systems
((Inactive)
802.16-2004 Fixed802.16-2004 Fixed
Broadband WirelessBroadband Wireless
StandardStandard
(Revised : Covers <11 GHz NLOS(Revised : Covers <11 GHz NLOS
& 10-66 GHz LOS Systems)& 10-66 GHz LOS Systems)
20082008
343343
membersmembers
Source: Intel & WiMax Forum

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WiMax
Spectrum

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Global spectrum bands
• WiMax Forum is focusing on 3 spectrum bands for global deployment:
• Unlicensed 5 GHz:
– Includes bands between 5.25 and 5.85 GHz. In the upper 5 GHz band
(5.725 – 5.850 GHz) many countries allow higher power output (4 Watts)
that makes it attractive for WiMax applications.
– Unlicensed fixed outdoor services
• Licensed 3.5 GHz:
– Bands between 3.4 and 3.6 GHz have been allocated for BWA in majority
of countries.
– Explicitly allow Nomadic use in Fixed Wireless spectrum to support indoor
modems and laptops
• Licensed 2.5 GHz:
– The bands between 2.5 and 2.6 GHz have been allocated in the US,
Mexico, Brazil and in some SEA countries. In US this spectrum is licensed
for MDS and ITFS.
– New mobile services model and can address the broadband digital divide.

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Licensed vs. License-Exempt
Solutions
Licensed Solution License-Exempt
Solution
FDD TDD
Better QoS Fast Rollout
Better NLOS
reception at lower
frequencies
Lower Costs
Higher barriers for
entrance
More worldwide
options

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•WiMax Network
Architectures

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Wimax Network
System Architecture
CSN: Connectivity Service Network
ASN: Access Service Network
NSP: Network Service Provider
NAP: Network Access Provider
HA: Home Agent, FA: Foreign Agent
AAA: Authentication, Authorization and
Accounting
ASN
ASN GW
(FA)
HAHA
BS BS BS
MS
ASN GW
(FA)
NSP
NAP
Home CSN Visited CSN
AAA
BS
BS
BS
Mesh
P2MP or P2P

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802.16 Network Architectures
 Point-to-Point (P2P)
Architecture
 BS to BS
 P2MP Architecture
 BS serves several
Subscriber Stations
(SS)
 Provides SS with first
mile access to Public
Networks
 Mesh Architecture
 Optional architecture
for WiMAX
P2P
INTER
NET
Telco
Core
Netwo
rk
P2M
P
Source: SHASHI JAKKU

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Key Goals for Network
Architecture
• Should support a common evolution path from fixed to
portable to mobile
• Support of IP infrastructure and a single topology to
handle both packet voice and packet data efficiently
– Should handle IP multicast to the cell-edge for
efficient operations
• Network Architecture should allow
– Lower Latency
– Higher data throughput
• Future Investment Protection
– Support Radio Evolution and/or multiple radio
types
• Build a mobile device model and network architecture
that is much less expensive

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Current & Future

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Current Status
Source: Intel, the WiMAX Forum
• More Than 350 Operator Trials and Deployments in
65+ countries!
• List of operators
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Deployed_WiMAX_networks

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Current Status - Malaysia
• Existing fixed wireless BB licensed operators in
WiMax bands
– 2.5 GHz (TM, Airzed, AtlasOne, EB Tech, Jaring Comm,
TTDotCom, Maxis)
– 3.5 GHz (Airzed, Maxis, Nasioncom, TM, EB Tech,
AtlasOne)
• 4 new players awarded 2.3GHz WiMax licenses,
March 2007
– Asiaspace: 2300 – 2330 (Peninsular)
– Bizsurf (50% assoc of YRL e-solution): 2330 – 2360
(Peninsular)
– MIB (55% sub of Green Packet): 2360 – 2390 (Peninsular)
• Aug 08: Packet One Networks launched its WiMax service in
Klang Valley. Used Alcatel-Lucent equipment.
• 1.2Mbps (RM99) – 2.4Mbps (RM229)
– Redtone-CNX : 2375-2400 (East M’sia)
• Aug 08: Redtone launched its WiMax network in Kota
Kinabalu. Used Motorola equipment.

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4G (beyond 3G) / IMT Advanced
• 4G, a term used to describe the next complete
evolution in wireless communications,
– is being developed to accommodate the quality of service
(QoS) and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications
for "anytime-anywhere".
• The 4G working group has defined the following as
objectives of the 4G wireless communication standard:
– A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically
moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while
client and station are in relatively fixed positions
– Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks
– Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple
networks
– High quality of service for next generation multimedia support
(real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile
TV, etc)
– An all IP, packet switched network.

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Wireless Broadband
Evolution to 4G
1G
802.11a/b/g
Cellular
Wireless LAN
Broadband
Wireless
Mobile
Broadband
4G
• OFDM Based,
• MIMO, All-IP
• Core
LTE
(2009)
2G
3G,
HSDPA, HSUPA,
HSPA
802.16e802.16d 802.16m
LTE
advanced
802.16
REV 2
(2009)
802.11n
(2009)

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Standard Family Radio Tech
Downlink
(Mbps)
Uplink
(Mbps)
Notes
WiBro WiBro OFDMA 50 50 Mobile range (900 m)
802.16e WiMAX MIMO-SOFDMA 70 70
Quoted speeds only achievable at very short ranges,
more practically 10 Mbit/s at 10 km.
HIPERMAN HIPERMAN OFDM 56.9 56.9
Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM
5.3
10.6
15.9
1.8
3.6
5.4
Mobile range 18miles (30km)
extended range 34 miles (55km);
mobility up to 200mph (350km/h)
iBurst iBurst 802.20 HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO 64 64 3–12 km
UMTS
W-CDMA
HSDPA+HSUPA
HSPA+
UMTS/3GSM
CDMA/FDD
CDMA/FDD/MIMO
0.384
14.4
42
0.384
5.76
11.5
HSDPA widely deployed. Typical downlink rates
today 1–2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+
downlink up to 42 Mbit/s.
LTE UMTS/4GSM
OFDMA/MIMO/SC-
FDMA
326.4 86.4 LTE-Advanced update to offer over 1 Gbit/s speeds.
Pre-4G
Source: Wikipedia

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HSPA
(High speed packet access)
• HSPA+ boosts peak data rates to 42 Mbps on
the downlink and 22 Mbps on the uplink
– Use MIMO and higher order modulation
• HSDPA (D = downlink)
– 14.4 Mbps in downlink
– 174 commercial networks in 76 countries
– Can be achieved by software upgrade of existing 3G
networks
• HSUPA (U = uplink)
– 5.76 Mbps in uplink

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LTE (Long term evolution)
• Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Release 8 Standards in progress (expected
2009)
– a project within the 3GPP to improve the UMTS
mobile phone standard
• air interface is a completely new systems
– based on OFDMA in the downlink and Single-carrier-
FDMA (SC-FDMA has low PAPR) in the uplink that
efficiently supports multi-antenna techologies (MIMO).

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ThankThank
YouYou

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Backup Slides

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Major  & 
Advantages
• Fresh design meant for
outdoor BWA
• Multipath advantages
• Spectral efficiency
• Global harmonization
Issues
• Regulatory difficulty
• Power constraint
• High layer
integration
• Market and time
competition
• Global spectrum
availability