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TOD Version 2.0: Lessons Learned and
      Trends in California TOD

   Going to San Bernardino: A Symposium on Intermodal Transit
              Stations and Transit-Oriented Design

     Jack R. Widmeyer Transportation Research Conference


            Leonard Transportation Center

                   Dr. Richard Willson, FAICP
            Department of Urban and Regional Planning
           California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Transit-oriented development
► Transit-focused   development
► Higher densities
► Mixed land uses
► Interconnected streets and sidewalks
► Human scale design


► TOD  … the intersection of good transit planning
  and good community development planning
TOD Version 1.0
► On  fixed rail (BART, San Diego
  Trolley, LA rail)
► On station property and within
  ¼ mile
► Vertical mixed use concepts
  (Fruitvale Village, Oakland)
► Economic challenges related to
  parking
Version 1.0 Successes
► Mature  transit systems and TOD
  networks (BART)
► Progressive policy support: parking
  pricing, design, TDM, etc.
  (Sacramento)
► Integration with preexisting land
  use/transit strategy (Vancouver, BC)
► Pent up demand for high quality,
  transit-adjacent housing
Version 1.0 Weaknesses
► Use  of inexpensive ROW with poor
  integration – TOD/TAD “islands”
► Transit connectivity and service frequency
► Mixed-use; housing market dynamics
► Counter incentives, e.g., free plentiful
  parking, road expansion
What is wrong with this donut hole?
California TOD Study
►   Travel Characteristics of Transit-Oriented Development
    in California (2004)
        Comprehensive study of TOD sites throughout California
        Lund, Cervero and Willson
        Report available on line at
         http://www.csupomona.edu/~rwwillson/

►   Sites studied:
      Light rail: San Diego Trolley, Los Angeles Blue Line, San
       Jose VTA, Sacramento
      Heavy rail: Los Angeles Red Line, BART
      Commuter rail: San Diego Coaster, LA Metrolink, Caltrain

►   Separate study of Pasadena Gold Line

►   No Inland Empire sites, no BTOD
Travel behavior impacts vary…

                                     Transit Commute Mode Share (Rail and Bus)
                  100
                   90
                   80
                   70
Total trips (%)




                   60
                                        44.9
                   50                                   37.8
                   40   26.5
                   30                                                                                 17.4
                   20                          13.8                                      13
                               5.4                             5.8      3.3    6.6            4.2            4.8
                   10
                    0
                        All Residential BART: Pleasant   BART: S.     LA Metro: Long SD Trolley:       Caltrain
                             Sites           Hill      Alameda Cnty       Beach      Mission Valley   Commuter

                                                  Surveyed Sites      Surrounding City
TOD Version 2.0
► What  can we learn from three decades of
  experience?
► What will the next generation of TOD look
  like?
Best practice - transit service
► From Brown and Thompson (2009) study of
 transit agencies:
   Adopt a multidestination vision for regional
    transit;
   Use rail transit as the system backbone with
    high quality connecting bus
   Recognize non-CBD travel market; serve
    regional activity centers, non-work trips
   Encourage and ease transfers
Best practice - land use and
       community development
► Coordinated  station area planning – transit
  agency, local jurisdiction
► Parking – supply, pricing, management
► Vertical mixed use to the extent feasible
► Brownfield development/redevelopment
► Multimodal accessibility – walk, bike, transit,
  shuttle, car
Trends
► Bus and commuter rail TOD
► Smart Growth aligns with climate change
  agenda (Ewing – Growing Cooler)
► Network effects as transit expanded (LA)
► Transit service improvements – (OCTA 30
  minute service goal; local connectors)
► More brownfield sites (outdated retail)
Supporting factors
► Policy– AB 32, SB 375
► Financial – state bond funds
► Demography – aging population; work at
  home; variety of housing types
► Cultural changes re: automobility
► Return of traffic congestion (sorry)
► Energy prices + climate change regulation
Hazards/Impediments
► Economic     downturn
   Pace of development
   Land use mix
     ►Retailfeasibility
     ►Project phasing – back to horizontal mixed use?

► Community     backlash against density
   Overselling – area vs. regional congestion
   Lesser impacts of suburban TOD
► Failure   to reform local plans and ordinances
Coherent planning frameworks
► SACOG   RTP – transit vision
► SCAG - Blueprint planning
► BART – access plans and
  station area plans
► Caltrain – access policy
► LA Metro – Red Line joint
  development
► Anaheim – local plans
Commuter rail TOD
► Anaheim        ARTIC multimodal facility
     Transition from commuter rail to HSR
     Broaden from journey to work
     Linkage with Platinum Triangle TOD
     District-based shared parking potential
► Vista
      Canyon Ranch proposal,
 Santa Clarita
   Relocation of station for optimal design integration
   Alignment with pockets of suburban density
   Leveraging unmet retail demand
Bus TOD
► El   Monte Transit Village
   Design integration of bus terminal facility
   Frequent headways and fast bus travel times to
    Union Station
   Shared parking/pricing
   Multi-agency agreements
   Affordable housing
Widen TOD market area with access

► Widen  TOD market area with
  station access planning (Caltrain)
► Walk/bike trips
► Subscription shuttles
► Neighborhood electric vehicles
Development on station property

► Replacingcommuter parking with TOD
► BART methodology – fiscal analysis
► Impact on development feasibility
► MacArthur station case – 600 to 300
  commuter spaces
Parking regulation, pricing, and
            management
► On-street parking management
  in TOD development areas and
  surrounding neighborhoods
► Parking cash out/charges at the
  workplace
► Parking unbundling/charges at
  residences
► Demand-based minimum
  parking requirements
Inland Empire Research
► Information   on bus and commuter rail TOD
   Trip generation, parking demand, transit
    demand
► IE study of those living near bus and
  Metrolink service
► Study area selection – ideas welcomed

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LTC, Jack R. Widmeyer Transportation Research Conference, Going to San Bernardino A Symposium on Intermodal Transit Stations and Transit-Oriented Design, 11/06/2009, Richard Willson

  • 1. TOD Version 2.0: Lessons Learned and Trends in California TOD Going to San Bernardino: A Symposium on Intermodal Transit Stations and Transit-Oriented Design Jack R. Widmeyer Transportation Research Conference Leonard Transportation Center Dr. Richard Willson, FAICP Department of Urban and Regional Planning California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
  • 2. Transit-oriented development ► Transit-focused development ► Higher densities ► Mixed land uses ► Interconnected streets and sidewalks ► Human scale design ► TOD … the intersection of good transit planning and good community development planning
  • 3. TOD Version 1.0 ► On fixed rail (BART, San Diego Trolley, LA rail) ► On station property and within ¼ mile ► Vertical mixed use concepts (Fruitvale Village, Oakland) ► Economic challenges related to parking
  • 4. Version 1.0 Successes ► Mature transit systems and TOD networks (BART) ► Progressive policy support: parking pricing, design, TDM, etc. (Sacramento) ► Integration with preexisting land use/transit strategy (Vancouver, BC) ► Pent up demand for high quality, transit-adjacent housing
  • 5. Version 1.0 Weaknesses ► Use of inexpensive ROW with poor integration – TOD/TAD “islands” ► Transit connectivity and service frequency ► Mixed-use; housing market dynamics ► Counter incentives, e.g., free plentiful parking, road expansion
  • 6. What is wrong with this donut hole?
  • 7. California TOD Study ► Travel Characteristics of Transit-Oriented Development in California (2004)  Comprehensive study of TOD sites throughout California  Lund, Cervero and Willson  Report available on line at http://www.csupomona.edu/~rwwillson/ ► Sites studied:  Light rail: San Diego Trolley, Los Angeles Blue Line, San Jose VTA, Sacramento  Heavy rail: Los Angeles Red Line, BART  Commuter rail: San Diego Coaster, LA Metrolink, Caltrain ► Separate study of Pasadena Gold Line ► No Inland Empire sites, no BTOD
  • 8. Travel behavior impacts vary… Transit Commute Mode Share (Rail and Bus) 100 90 80 70 Total trips (%) 60 44.9 50 37.8 40 26.5 30 17.4 20 13.8 13 5.4 5.8 3.3 6.6 4.2 4.8 10 0 All Residential BART: Pleasant BART: S. LA Metro: Long SD Trolley: Caltrain Sites Hill Alameda Cnty Beach Mission Valley Commuter Surveyed Sites Surrounding City
  • 9. TOD Version 2.0 ► What can we learn from three decades of experience? ► What will the next generation of TOD look like?
  • 10. Best practice - transit service ► From Brown and Thompson (2009) study of transit agencies:  Adopt a multidestination vision for regional transit;  Use rail transit as the system backbone with high quality connecting bus  Recognize non-CBD travel market; serve regional activity centers, non-work trips  Encourage and ease transfers
  • 11. Best practice - land use and community development ► Coordinated station area planning – transit agency, local jurisdiction ► Parking – supply, pricing, management ► Vertical mixed use to the extent feasible ► Brownfield development/redevelopment ► Multimodal accessibility – walk, bike, transit, shuttle, car
  • 12. Trends ► Bus and commuter rail TOD ► Smart Growth aligns with climate change agenda (Ewing – Growing Cooler) ► Network effects as transit expanded (LA) ► Transit service improvements – (OCTA 30 minute service goal; local connectors) ► More brownfield sites (outdated retail)
  • 13. Supporting factors ► Policy– AB 32, SB 375 ► Financial – state bond funds ► Demography – aging population; work at home; variety of housing types ► Cultural changes re: automobility ► Return of traffic congestion (sorry) ► Energy prices + climate change regulation
  • 14. Hazards/Impediments ► Economic downturn  Pace of development  Land use mix ►Retailfeasibility ►Project phasing – back to horizontal mixed use? ► Community backlash against density  Overselling – area vs. regional congestion  Lesser impacts of suburban TOD ► Failure to reform local plans and ordinances
  • 15. Coherent planning frameworks ► SACOG RTP – transit vision ► SCAG - Blueprint planning ► BART – access plans and station area plans ► Caltrain – access policy ► LA Metro – Red Line joint development ► Anaheim – local plans
  • 16. Commuter rail TOD ► Anaheim ARTIC multimodal facility  Transition from commuter rail to HSR  Broaden from journey to work  Linkage with Platinum Triangle TOD  District-based shared parking potential ► Vista Canyon Ranch proposal, Santa Clarita  Relocation of station for optimal design integration  Alignment with pockets of suburban density  Leveraging unmet retail demand
  • 17. Bus TOD ► El Monte Transit Village  Design integration of bus terminal facility  Frequent headways and fast bus travel times to Union Station  Shared parking/pricing  Multi-agency agreements  Affordable housing
  • 18. Widen TOD market area with access ► Widen TOD market area with station access planning (Caltrain) ► Walk/bike trips ► Subscription shuttles ► Neighborhood electric vehicles
  • 19. Development on station property ► Replacingcommuter parking with TOD ► BART methodology – fiscal analysis ► Impact on development feasibility ► MacArthur station case – 600 to 300 commuter spaces
  • 20. Parking regulation, pricing, and management ► On-street parking management in TOD development areas and surrounding neighborhoods ► Parking cash out/charges at the workplace ► Parking unbundling/charges at residences ► Demand-based minimum parking requirements
  • 21. Inland Empire Research ► Information on bus and commuter rail TOD  Trip generation, parking demand, transit demand ► IE study of those living near bus and Metrolink service ► Study area selection – ideas welcomed