Why plants haven't conquered the bland
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Presidential address at the BSA festival Hull 2018 Why plants haven’t conquered the land: Facing up to Climate Change Ever since plants left the nutrient soup of the sea, they have evolved a series of adaptations to help overcome the harsh conditions of the terrestrial environment. It’s dry, nutrients are scarce and CO2 is difficult to obtain. Plants have never managed to fully solve the need to need prevent too much water loss but at the same time to take up CO2 for photosynthesis that is essential for nearly all life on earth. The leaf stomatal pores are the key gatekeepers and mediate this photosynthesis – transpiration compromise. Evolution fits organisms to their environment but the environment is changing. What will be the impact of on plants as climate change rapidly elevates CO2? Will the balance shift from CO2 acquisition to saving water? Will plant use the extra resource to become more susceptible to pests, or will pest find them more palatable? There are many models of how plants respond to elevated CO2 and the other aspect of climate change but these are only as good as the data. There is lots of research aiming get this data but this often focusses on crop plants. Forests are a crop as a natural resource and an ecosystem that provides many benefits to humans. We need to understand how tree as long lived and sophisticated organisms will react to elevated CO2. To find out what will really happen we have to do this work outside in the real world. For a forest, this is not trivial. The FACE (Free Air Carbon Enrichment) experiment that the University of Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BifoR) has set up is helping to find the answers. CO2 is fumigated into patches of forest over the next a decade and the reaction of the oak woodland ecosystem examined, from the soil root interface to the leaves 50 m up in the canopy. The experiment is already producing huge quantities of data that address how water and carbon cycle through the system. This data is becoming publicly available as data is streamed live over the internet. We are developing resources that teachers will find useful in school and for citizen science.
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- Overfishing, particularly of sharks, is unsustainable as shark populations grow slowly and their removal could damage ocean ecosystems.
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- Deforestation through clear-cutting removes 9-12 million hectares of forests annually, especially for agriculture.
- The sudden collapse of the Larsen B Ice Shelf in Antarctica in 2002 signals that climate change may cause further catastrophic events.
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The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It begins by outlining the key processes in the carbon cycle, including combustion, respiration, photosynthesis, and fossilization. It then analyzes historical records of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The relationship between rises in CO2, methane, and nitrogen and the enhanced greenhouse effect is explained. The precautionary principle is outlined, and its use as justification for action on global warming is evaluated. The economic costs of action are balanced against potential environmental harm. Finally, the document outlines consequences of temperature rise such as effects on arctic ecosystems and possible actions that can be taken to reduce carbon emissions and sequester CO2.
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Global warming is already occurring due to human-induced climate change and future changes are inevitable. This summer's heat is consistent with long-term warming trends and is one of the hottest on record. Global warming poses serious challenges and is caused by emissions of heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide released primarily by burning fossil fuels. Addressing global warming will require using energy more efficiently, transitioning to renewable energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and developing new technologies.
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- 1. Why Plants Haven’t (quite) Conquered the Land Professor Jeremy Pritchard @DrJPritchard
- 2. Outline • Photosynthesis • Evolution • Climate change; CO2 • FACE Why do trees have rings?
- 4. CO2 - light - Sugar
- 8. 4 x 1013g Rubisco on the planet
- 9. Land plants evolved from an algal ancestor that lived in water.
- 12. Early land: A harsh environment
- 19. Transpiration - photosynthesis compromise
- 21. Stomata close at night Stomatal density decreases under elevated CO2 Stomatal density has decreased over climate change Hours Weeks Centuries
- 23. CO2 Sugar
- 28. CO2 can be good for plants
- 29. CO2 can be good for plants
- 31. Positive effect of CO2 only seen under fertilisation Growth
- 43. Transpiration - photosynthesis compromise
- 47. H2O
- 49. Water columns can snap
- 50. Water columns can snap
- 51. Cavitation is water boiling – Temperature AND pressure
- 52. • Cavitation makes a click • Clicks can be heard with a microphone
- 53. Cavitation greater when transpiration is high
- 54. Transport efficiency vs cavitation resistance
- 56. Tree rings are a consequence of • CO2 fixation • transport efficiency vs cavitation resistance
- 57. Root pressure can flush out cavitation
- 59. Professor Jeremy Pritchard @DrJPritchard • Plants have breathable waterproofs • More CO2 doesn’t always mean better plants • Water transport is tricky • FACE gives us new data to predict climate change
Editor's Notes
- Tree rings tells a story, even a cursory glance shows these two trees have had different experiences What are tree rings and why do they vary?
- The width of the rings represents how successful the tree has been in doing photosyntheis each year Successful seedlings grow bigger each year (up to around the year 2000) Variation in tree rings each year are due to different environmental factors each year (eg drought, disease, competition, even volcanoes)
- Different trees show different patterns depending on their local circumstances
- Oren et al. (2001) Nature 411: 469-472.
- The roots needs to transport the water and nutrient they scavenge to the leaves, they do this through pipes, these pipes are called Xylem (the leaves transport sugar back to the roots through the phloem, but that’s another story)
- Big vessels good for transport but caviate more easily Narrow vessels caviate ;ess