Why Human Biology needs other Biological Sciences? By Lidia Millan Fernandez and Ines Varela-Silva
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Presentation given on the 24 February 2018, by Dr Ines Varela-Silva at the Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados - CINVESTAV - Merida, Mexico. Based on research conducted by Lidia Millan Fernandez (BSc Biological Anthropology), supervised by Dr Ines Varela-Silva (Loughborough University). Credits given to Lidia as the main author. Better knowledge of the socio-ecological interactions needs to be understood. But also, more action needs to be taken in order to address effectively the current problems that the Earth is facing. That is why the 17 Global Goals has been proposed by the United Nations (Sachs et al., 2016). However, these objectives will not be successful without cooperation, collaboration and relation between researchers, policy makers and citizens from all the disciplines. Everyone has to contribute to a Sustainable World.
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1) Obesity is a global pandemic affecting over 1 billion people worldwide. It is caused by a complex interplay of environmental, biological, and behavioral factors.
2) Obesity increases the risk of numerous health conditions like heart disease, diabetes, depression, and some cancers. It is associated with metabolic syndrome - a cluster of conditions that occur together like increased blood pressure, blood sugar, and unhealthy cholesterol levels.
3) Preventing obesity requires a multifaceted approach targeting individual risk factors like diet, exercise, stress management, sleep quality, and environmental exposures through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies across communities and healthcare systems.
Physical growth and cardiovascular health: a focus on stunting
- Stunting, as indicated by height-for-age, affects physical growth and long-term health. It can lead to less muscle mass and lower physical activity levels. It also influences energy use and fat storage.
- Stunting is caused by undernutrition during critical periods of development, especially the first 1000 days of life from conception through 2 years of age. It can have intergenerational effects through compromised maternal health and nutrition.
- Adults who experienced stunting may be at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases like heart disease later in life. However, more research is needed to understand the relationships between stunting, BMI, and risk of cardiovascular outcomes at different life stages.
Assignment #1 – This assignment should help you to organize your t.docx
Assignment #1 – This assignment should help you to organize your thoughts about your research. Take time to really think about the questions – this effort will make writing the actual paper much easier. Please complete this worksheet and submit on Bb. You need to submit only once per pair (make sure I know who you are working with!).
1. With your partner, develop a research question. Write your research question here:
*Please ensure that the question is not answered by the book’s author.
Question is. "How has the development in human society led to the increased frequency of obesity?"
2. Why do you have this question? Please write a paragraph or two explaining your interest in this question. Give specific information from the book that leads you to ask this question (include page numbers). Explain how this information relates to your question.
Obesity in the whole world has become a public health problem in that it has raised concern. About 700 million people aged 15 years and above in the entire world are obese. The prevalence rate of based on years past shows a rapid increase of obesity in developed countries mainly Pacific region. Various cancers, cardiovascular diseases-morbidities, type II diabetes are some of the factors which lead to morbidity and mortality; this is based on literature on body exhaustive.
A public health strategy is, therefore, to be developed based on prevention of obesity rate of increase. The development and also the process of policies on preventing obesity should target factors which tend to contribute to obesity. Moreover, it should target barriers to lifestyle changes which are personal and also environmental and levels socioeconomic.
There are etiologies which contribute to obesity in which this etiologies are multifactorial,some if these factors include sedentary lifestyle, adverse socio-economic conditions which are there in developed countries, high rate of energy dense food, rigid restraint, alcohol, large portion sizes and food ratio which are prepared outside home (mostly in developed countries) page 70 (International journal of environmental research and public health).
There is a proposed framework by sacks (2009) where a suggestion is made that there should be policy actions and implementation of health strategies to preventing obesity. These factors target environments, behaviors directly influencing people, physical activity settings, food environments and also the socioeconomic environments.
3. What do you need to learn as a biologist to understand your question in the context of human evolution?
Obesity, diabetes and also metabolic syndrome has become a worldwide health concern due to that they are growing rapidly, and their causes are not fully understood. Therefore a research into the obesity epidemic etiology is highly appreciated depending on the evolutionary roots of metabolic control. Thrifty gene hypothesis argues that obesity is an evolutionary roots of metabolic control .
Obesityepidemic 430
The document discusses obesity and nursing's role in addressing it. Some key points:
- Obesity is the most common chronic disease in the US and costs over $70 billion per year.
- Rates of obesity have increased 30% in the past 10 years and average weight is up nearly 8 pounds.
- Nurses can educate patients on effective lifestyle interventions like diet, exercise and behavior change to address obesity in a realistic way.
- Surgery may be considered for those with a BMI over 40 who have been unable to lose weight through other means, though it has risks and requires lifestyle changes.
Assessmentof nutritional status
Aim of nutritional assessment
To identify nutritional problems of the community
To find the underlying cause for malnutrition
To plan and implement control of malnutrition
Maintain good nutrition of community
Obesity
This document discusses obesity as a multi-factorial condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It provides an overview of key topics related to obesity including definitions of overweight and obesity; the role of diet, physical activity and the built environment; and theories around motivation. While genetics play a small role, the rapid rise in obesity is largely due to environmental changes that have promoted sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets. Successfully addressing obesity requires understanding its complex causes and implementing interventions that target motivations and make healthy choices more accessible.
Obesity
This document discusses obesity as a multi-factor condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It provides an overview of factors such as the built environment, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, limited physical activity, and motivational challenges that have contributed to rising obesity rates. While genetics play a role, the rapid increase in obesity over the past 20 years is largely due to changes in the environment and culture that have reduced physical activity and promoted unhealthy diets. Addressing obesity will require efforts across multiple areas to support healthier lifestyles.
Obesity
- Obesity rates have tripled globally since 1980 due to increased consumption of energy-dense, processed foods and reduced physical activity. Every fourth person worldwide is now considered overweight or obese.
- Obesity is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Key contributors include excessive calorie intake, lack of exercise, fast food consumption, and genetic predispositions.
- Maintaining a physically active lifestyle is important for preventing weight gain and fat accumulation over time as metabolism naturally slows with age. Both diet and exercise are needed to effectively treat and prevent obesity on a long-term basis.
2013 List_Weight Cycling
This study examined the effects of lifelong weight cycling on lifespan in male mice. Mice were placed on either a low-fat diet, high-fat diet, or cycled diet that alternated between low-fat and high-fat every 4 weeks, causing weight fluctuations. The weight cycled mice experienced large fluctuations in body weight and fat mass over time. Surprisingly, the lifespan of weight cycled mice was not significantly different than mice on a low-fat diet, despite cycling between overweight and normal weight periods. In contrast, mice that remained on a high-fat diet had a significantly shorter lifespan than the other groups. This is the first controlled animal study to demonstrate that weight cycling itself did not decrease lifespan
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This document summarizes research on age-related changes to the gut microbiota and immune system in elderly populations. It finds that the gut microbiota composition shifts with age, with increases in Bacteroidetes and variability between individuals. This aging microbiota may be linked to increased inflammation and disease progression in the elderly. Studies profiled found the gut microbiota of community-dwelling elderly to be more diverse and produce more anti-inflammatory metabolites than long-term care residents. Immunosenescence weakens the immune response with age through mechanisms like increased neutrophil tissue damage. Diet, probiotics, and anti-inflammatory compounds may help mitigate aging effects on the microbiota and immune system.
Obesity Assaignment
The document discusses obesity, including its types, rates, causes, and effects on health. It addresses the main types of obesity defined by BMI, trends showing increasing obesity rates in both adults and children, dietary and lifestyle factors that can cause obesity, and how excess weight is associated with higher risks of diseases and health conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy diet and active lifestyle to avoid excess weight gain and related health issues.
Running Head ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW 1ADULT OBE.docx
Running Head: ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
1
ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Adult Obesity Literature Review
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
January 22, 2017
Introduction
Obesity is a health situation whereby the affected person(s) has fats in excessive level in the body. Some individuals are unaware of the growing incidences or number of cases related to the obesity. In the United States, there are more than 70 percent of men and 60 percent women in adult population that are overweight. The risks that are associated with obesity include the development of life-threatening diseases like heart failure, cancer, hypertension gall bladder, osteoarthritis, and the category II of diabetes (Zhao, 2013).
This paper, therefore, aims at looking at the literature review of the past studies on adult obesity. In this study, data is collected from different previous studies that have discussed adult obesity. Areas of the present research and coming research on adult obesity and its complications are also addressed in this paper.
Literature Reviews
According to the study by Goededcke and his colleague, in 7786 sampled women of ages between nineteen to ninety-five years in South Africa, the black females recorded a higher prevalent of obesity and overweight.Females of different ancestry were at 52 percent, females with the white complex at 49.2 percent while the women of Indian origin were at 42.8 percent. There was higher Body Mass Index among the women residing in the towns as compared to the women living in rural places. It was noted that the Body Mass Index increased as one age. The overall rate of obesity was higher in men (29 percent) and women (56 percent) (Goededcke, 2010).
This prevalence is higher as compared to other nations in Africa especially females because 30 percent of women in South Africa of age 30 to 59 have cases of obesity. North Africa also has a higher prevalence of obesity as South Africa
.
In his cross sectional study using 1430 rural and urban individuals from Luo, Maasai, and Kamba females of ages 17 to 68 years, Christensen and his colleagues found out that there was an increase in the inside and under skin fats, fat in the area of the arms and the waist circumference as one gets older. This was common among the Maasai females as well as in individuals in the urban areas. The incidence of the overweight BMI (≥ 25) and obesity BMI (≥ 30) was greater among people dwelling in town as compared to those in villages. The rate of the overweight was at 39.8 and 15.8 percent of the city and community areas respectively. Residents from cities recorded a higher rate of abdominal viscera and under skin fat thickness. High prevalence of overweight was due to the accumulation of fats among the Maasai (Christensen, 2011).
Report from the World Health Organization indicates that China, Asia, Indonesia, Japan, as well as Bangladesh have higher obesity prevalence. The pathological obesity in India is at five
percent of ...
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Obesity summit broxbourne 22 oct mcmanus revisedProfessor Jim McManus AFBPsS,FFPH,CSci, FRSB, CPsychol
The document discusses obesity rates in Broxbourne and England. It notes that Broxbourne has significantly higher rates of obese children and adults than the Hertfordshire average. Maintaining a healthy weight is complex, with multiple contributing factors including human biology, culture, food environment, physical environment, and sedentary lifestyles. A multifaceted, whole system approach is needed that addresses the social, biological, behavioral, environmental, and structural determinants of health across communities. The Broxbourne pilot aims to help achieve healthy weights through initiatives targeting children, families, schools, healthcare providers, food access, physical activity programs, and the built environment.Gynecological and Nutritional Risk Factors for Female Infertility
Backgrounds Besides aging, there are a number of modifiable lifestyle risk factors, such as smoking, elevated consumption of caffeine and alcohol, stress, chronic exposure to environmental pollutants, hormonal imbalance and other nutritional habits exert a negative impact on a women's fertility. The aim of present work was to study the gynecological and nutritional risk factors implicated in developing female infertility. Methodology This cross sectional study comprised of 109 women with infertility either primary or secondary . Data were collected using a questionnaire and in face to face interviews. The questionnaire include questions about risk factors, food intake history by 24 hours recall and modified FFQ beside data on anthropometric. Data was presented as either mean ± SD or frequencies and percentages according to the natural of data. Chi square test was used at a 0.05. Results Of the total samples 109 women with infertility aged between 17 40 years old shown that the peak age at 18 25 years old. The gynecological risk factors shown no significant differences. However, the obtained biochemical result revealed that abnormal high levels of estrogen, TSH, T4, LH, and testosterone, and abnormal low levels of FSH, and T3. The nutritional risk factors have been determined include low levels of serum vitamin D, and serum ferritin. In addition, women with infertility shown to have heavier body weight, overall BMI was 31.5 kg m2 by which the majorities of women found significant obesity P 0.05 , have high risk of waist circumferences and also WHR P 0.05 . The result of present work found that food intake and food pattern of women have low energy intake and their dietary habits shown lack fruits and fish intake with increased junk food consumption P 0.05 . Conclusion The gynecological risk factors can be modified. The correct balance of energy, vitamin D and iron in the daily diet provides essential benefit for an optimal female reproductive health and reduces the risk of infertility. In this context, the association of certain risk factor to develop of infertility could be ameliorate by increase intake of balance diet or triggers can be eliminated. Souad El-mani | Reima Mansour | Ali Ateia Elmabsout "Gynecological and Nutritional Risk Factors for Female Infertility" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47507.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/47507/gynecological-and-nutritional-risk-factors-for-female-infertility/souad-elmani
Linda Bauld presentation- Exercise and Health conference
Physical inactivity is linked to certain cancers, with approximately 1% of UK cancers each year directly attributed to inactivity. Regular physical activity reduces cancer risk through various mechanisms like reducing inflammation and hormone levels. Government guidelines recommend a minimum of 2.5 hours of moderate activity per week. Physical activity also benefits cancer patients and survivors by reducing tiredness and improving well-being and quality of life. Cancer Research UK aims to address preventable cancers through research, fellowships, and public information on the role of physical activity in cancer prevention and survivorship.
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Ueda2015 prevention of obesity dr.mohamed abuel-ghate
This document discusses obesity prevention. It defines obesity and outlines its prevalence and health risks. Obesity is caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure, as well as genetic and environmental factors like lack of physical activity, unhealthy diets, and sedentary lifestyles. Prevention efforts should target individuals, families, schools, workplaces, healthcare systems, and policymakers. Interventions include promoting breastfeeding, healthy diets, physical activity, weight monitoring, limiting junk food marketing, and designing communities that encourage active living. Healthcare providers have an important role in screening, counseling, and long-term treatment for overweight and obese patients.
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We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Why Human Biology needs other Biological Sciences? By Lidia Millan Fernandez and Ines Varela-Silva
- 1. Why Human Biology needs to include other Biological Sciences Dr Inês Varela-Silva (Loughborough University, UK) Lidia Millan Fernandez (Uni Autonoma Madrid, Spain)
- 4. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Welcome to the Human Biology Programme
- 5. Human Biology Programme Recognised by the Society of Biology 3 year course or 4 year course (with a placement)
- 7. 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 AGE,years 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0Heightvelocity,cm/yr 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0 1 8 0 2 0 0 Height,cm Basic biology - growth Adiposity rebound Muscle spurt Height spurt Bogin (1999)
- 8. Basic biology - maturation
- 9. What do we study in the Human Biology Programme? It is the study of the biology of human populations - anatomy and physiology - variability and genetics - adaptability and ecology - evolution - interactions between human biology and human culture - links between human biology and health Our approach: Biocultural
- 10. Multi/Cross/Inter/Transdisciplinary research • Intradisciplinary: working within a single discipline. • Multidisciplinary: people from different disciplines working together but within their own boundaries. • Crossdisciplinary: viewing one discipline from the perspective of another. • Interdisciplinary: integrating knowledge and methods from different disciplines using a real synthesis of approaches. • Transdisciplinary: creating of a unity of research frameworks beyond disciplinary perspectives. Am.J.Prev. Med. 2008. 35(2S); Soc Sci J. 1991. 28(1),1-14; http://www.arj.no/2012/03/12/disciplinarities-2/
- 11. Biocultural approaches • Biocultural approaches recognize the pervasiveness and dynamism of interactions between biological and cultural phenomena, and they explicitly strive to integrate biological, sociocultural, environmental, demographic, and other kinds of data. • Be aware that the quality of the sociocultural environment will have an impact on selection, performance and excellence in sport. • Critically analyze and question research based on fixed racial characteristics, extreme hereditarianism, and male-centric perspectives of sex/gender differences in sport and performance. • Place a greater focus on evolution, natural selection, and on attempts to understand human biological variation as a result of adaptation to the environment. (Dufour, 2006. AJHB, 18(1) 1-9)
- 13. Basic biology – chronic undernutrition Stunting: height-for-age <5th percentile for age and sex
- 14. Climate change and child growth
- 15. Basic biology - Stunting • affects all body systems and, if not curbed early in life, will leave permanent damaging traits • less muscle, and lower levels of energy expenditure in voluntary physical activity • Higher respiratory quotients - carbohydrates instead of lipids for energy needs while at rest more subcutaneous fat storage • There is no adaptation mechanism
- 16. Basic biology - Stunting No human group “adapts” to poverty, segregation, racism, deprivation, infection, heavy workloads, and shortage of nutrients. They all suffer and many die. The ones who survive to adulthood, do so at the expense of their health and productivity, in some way or other (Varela-Silva, 2017).
- 18. Global footprint Network, 2014 The socio-ecological crisis
- 19. A safe operating space for humanity Rockstrom, (2009) Nature, Vol 461|24 Planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed
- 20. Why should we care? Duarte, 2009 Summers, 2012 Kiribalti climate refugees China Respiratory diseases Change in cycles Pollination Agriculture Parasitic diseases
- 21. How are we performing currently as Socio-ecosystem? Gonzalez et al, 2007
- 22. Bennet et al.,2016 Is there hope? Advances: 1. Recognition 2. Communication 3. Pluralism and collaboration 4. Influence in policy makers Priorities: 1. Region interaction? 2. Long term drivers! 3. Interaction among power, equity, justice and nature? 4. Commitment Fisher et al., 2016
Editor's Notes
- 7