‘Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger’ Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, bestselling authors of “The Spirit Level: Why Equality Is Better for Everyone”.
‘Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger’ Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, bestselling authors of “The Spirit Level: Why Equality Is Better for Everyone”.
Concept and application of cd and ces production function in resource managem...Nar B Chhetri
The document defines production functions and describes the Cobb-Douglas and CES production functions. It provides the mathematical forms and properties of each. The Cobb-Douglas production function relates output to labor and capital inputs. It is widely used in empirical analyses. The CES production function generalizes the Cobb-Douglas by allowing the elasticity of substitution to vary. Both functions exhibit constant returns to scale under certain parameter values. Examples are given of estimating production functions for various industries and crops using regression analysis.
The document discusses the Cobb-Douglas production function. It defines the production function and its key inputs of capital, labor, land, and entrepreneurship. It then describes the Cobb-Douglas production function, which studies the relationship between two inputs - labor and capital - and total output. The basic formula for the Cobb-Douglas production function is presented. Properties of the Cobb-Douglas production function like constant returns to scale are explained using a graph. Criticisms of the Cobb-Douglas production function for only considering two inputs and assuming constant returns to scale are also summarized.
The FAO food price index averaged 196.6 points in August 2014, its lowest level since September 2010, down 7.3 points from July 2014. The indexes for cereals, vegetable oils, dairy, and sugar all declined in August while the meat price index rose slightly. The consumer price index is a measure of the average price of consumer goods and services that reflects inflation in an economy. It represents a fixed basket of goods purchased by a typical consumer and is used to determine price changes from the base year. The CPI is an important indicator for central banks in setting monetary policy and interest rates.
This document discusses offer curves and how they can be used to analyze international trade. It contains the following key points:
1) An offer curve graphically represents the quantities of one good a country is willing to export in exchange for imports of another good at different price ratios, or terms of trade.
2) The derivation of a country's offer curve involves plotting its domestic cost line and determining the export-import combinations it can trade at different terms of trade.
3) The intersection of two countries' offer curves determines the terms of trade and trade quantities that will result from free trade between them. Shifts in the curves can also change the trade outcomes.
4) Gains from trade exist when
effect of inflation on indian economy pptBabasab Patil
India's economic growth over recent decades has had significant impacts globally and environmentally. India has experienced strong growth averaging over 5% annually since the 1980s, reducing poverty and becoming an emerging global economic power. This growth is projected to contribute substantially to future global economic expansion. However, it also risks increasing global energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions substantially if India's development remains fossil fuel reliant. There is potential for India and other developing nations to pursue more sustainable "leapfrog" strategies emphasizing renewable energy and resource efficiency.
The document discusses production functions and their classification. It defines a production function as showing the maximum output that can be produced from alternative input combinations. Production functions are classified as short-run or long-run depending on whether one input is fixed. The short-run production function describes output with one fixed input, like capital, while the long-run allows variation in both inputs. Total, average and marginal products are also discussed and their relationships explained.
This document discusses macroeconomic equilibrium and the components of aggregate expenditure. It defines equilibrium as occurring when aggregate demand equals aggregate supply. The key components of aggregate demand are defined as private consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Private consumption depends on disposable income, while investment depends on factors like demand and business expectations. The document also discusses aggregate supply and how it is represented by a 45-degree line, indicating firms will supply whatever level of output is demanded.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It measures inequality using data that shows the richest 20% earn about 10 times as much as the poorest 20%. It also examines political philosophies around redistributing income, including utilitarianism supporting it, liberalism allowing for it as social insurance, and libertarianism opposing it. The document also analyzes policies to reduce poverty like minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, noting each have unintended effects on work incentives.
Concept and application of cd and ces production function in resource managem...Nar B Chhetri
The document defines production functions and describes the Cobb-Douglas and CES production functions. It provides the mathematical forms and properties of each. The Cobb-Douglas production function relates output to labor and capital inputs. It is widely used in empirical analyses. The CES production function generalizes the Cobb-Douglas by allowing the elasticity of substitution to vary. Both functions exhibit constant returns to scale under certain parameter values. Examples are given of estimating production functions for various industries and crops using regression analysis.
The document discusses the Cobb-Douglas production function. It defines the production function and its key inputs of capital, labor, land, and entrepreneurship. It then describes the Cobb-Douglas production function, which studies the relationship between two inputs - labor and capital - and total output. The basic formula for the Cobb-Douglas production function is presented. Properties of the Cobb-Douglas production function like constant returns to scale are explained using a graph. Criticisms of the Cobb-Douglas production function for only considering two inputs and assuming constant returns to scale are also summarized.
The FAO food price index averaged 196.6 points in August 2014, its lowest level since September 2010, down 7.3 points from July 2014. The indexes for cereals, vegetable oils, dairy, and sugar all declined in August while the meat price index rose slightly. The consumer price index is a measure of the average price of consumer goods and services that reflects inflation in an economy. It represents a fixed basket of goods purchased by a typical consumer and is used to determine price changes from the base year. The CPI is an important indicator for central banks in setting monetary policy and interest rates.
This document discusses offer curves and how they can be used to analyze international trade. It contains the following key points:
1) An offer curve graphically represents the quantities of one good a country is willing to export in exchange for imports of another good at different price ratios, or terms of trade.
2) The derivation of a country's offer curve involves plotting its domestic cost line and determining the export-import combinations it can trade at different terms of trade.
3) The intersection of two countries' offer curves determines the terms of trade and trade quantities that will result from free trade between them. Shifts in the curves can also change the trade outcomes.
4) Gains from trade exist when
effect of inflation on indian economy pptBabasab Patil
India's economic growth over recent decades has had significant impacts globally and environmentally. India has experienced strong growth averaging over 5% annually since the 1980s, reducing poverty and becoming an emerging global economic power. This growth is projected to contribute substantially to future global economic expansion. However, it also risks increasing global energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions substantially if India's development remains fossil fuel reliant. There is potential for India and other developing nations to pursue more sustainable "leapfrog" strategies emphasizing renewable energy and resource efficiency.
The document discusses production functions and their classification. It defines a production function as showing the maximum output that can be produced from alternative input combinations. Production functions are classified as short-run or long-run depending on whether one input is fixed. The short-run production function describes output with one fixed input, like capital, while the long-run allows variation in both inputs. Total, average and marginal products are also discussed and their relationships explained.
This document discusses macroeconomic equilibrium and the components of aggregate expenditure. It defines equilibrium as occurring when aggregate demand equals aggregate supply. The key components of aggregate demand are defined as private consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Private consumption depends on disposable income, while investment depends on factors like demand and business expectations. The document also discusses aggregate supply and how it is represented by a 45-degree line, indicating firms will supply whatever level of output is demanded.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It measures inequality using data that shows the richest 20% earn about 10 times as much as the poorest 20%. It also examines political philosophies around redistributing income, including utilitarianism supporting it, liberalism allowing for it as social insurance, and libertarianism opposing it. The document also analyzes policies to reduce poverty like minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, noting each have unintended effects on work incentives.
Farm Size and Productivity: Lessons from Recent LiteratureIFPRI-PIM
CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets Workshop on Rural Transformation in the 21st Century (Vancouver, BC – 28 July 2018, 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists). Presentation by Douglas Gollin, Oxford University
The Peacock-Wiseman Hypothesis proposes that government spending evolves in a step-like pattern coinciding with social upheavals like wars. It involves three related elements: 1) The displacement effect, where spending increases during disturbances, raising taxes and the budget. 2) The inspection effect, where increased spending leads to reviewing revenue needs. 3) The concentration effect, where spending and revenue stabilize at a new higher level until the next disturbance causes another displacement effect. Along with these effects, it explains the concept of a tolerance level of taxation that a population is willing to tolerate.
Slides include the animated graphical presentation of the hicksian and slutsky approach to split the total price effect into income and substitution effect.
national income ,GNP, GDP, NOMINAL AND REAL INTEREST RATES& PPP'SVineeth Poliyath
National income refers to the total money value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year. It is used to measure the overall economic activity and standard of living in a country. GDP is a key measure of national income and is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach, income approach, or output approach and includes consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. While GDP is a useful measure, it does not account for all factors that affect economic well-being such as leisure, environmental quality, and non-market activities.
The document outlines several key objectives of macroeconomic policies: to maximize national income and economic growth to raise living standards, achieve sustainability through growth without undue burdens, maintain full employment so those willing and able to work can find jobs, ensure price stability through low-moderate inflation rather than zero inflation, balance international payments through equivalent exports and imports, and increase productivity through greater output per unit of labor or inputs.
The document discusses the causes and effects of inflation. The main causes are demand pull, cost push, money supply, and wage-price spirals. The effects include depreciation of goods and services, a wider distribution of income gaps between classes as price increases affect groups differently, shifts in spending habits as wages adjust, and speculative spending as people buy more of goods before expected price increases.
1) There are four phases of the business cycle: recession, depression, peak, and trough. Recessions are periods of economic contraction while expansions include booms.
2) Business cycles cause fluctuations in real GDP and cyclical unemployment. The size of recessions and expansions can be measured by comparing actual output and unemployment to potential output and the natural rate of unemployment.
3) Short-term economic fluctuations are primarily caused by changes in aggregate spending as prices adjust and markets reach equilibrium. Policymakers aim to stabilize the economy by closing output gaps between actual and potential output.
Importance of the study of elasticity of demandK Swati
The document discusses the importance and various uses of the concept of elasticity of demand. It lists 13 ways that elasticity of demand is important:
1) For businesspeople to determine pricing strategies
2) For monopolists setting prices
3) For finance ministers imposing taxes
4) Determining prices for joint products
5) Explaining economic paradoxes
6) Determining rewards for factors of production
7) Justifying public utilities being taken over by the state
8) Setting prices for public utilities
9) Determining terms of trade between countries
10) Setting foreign exchange rates
11) Implementing price control policies
12) Creating tariff policies
13) Determining tax incidence
Isoquant is also called as equal product curve or production indifference curve or constant product curve. Isoquant indicates various combinations of two factors of production which give the same level of output per unit of time.
Just as an indifference curve represents various combinations of two goods which give a consumer equal amount of satisfaction, an iso-product curve shows all possible combinations of two inputs physically capable of producing a given level of output. Since an iso-product curve represents those combinations which will result in the production of an equal quantity of output, the producer would be indifferent between them.
This law was given by Alfred Marshall in his book principle of economics.
It show particular pattern of change in output when some factor remain fixed.
Production depend upon factors of production , if factors of production are good, production may increase and vice-versa.
Production function show functional relationship between production and factors of production.
It refers to manner of change in output cost by the increase in all the input simultaneously and in the same proportion.
Returns refers to “change in physical output”
Scale refers to “quantity of input employed”
Change in scale means that all factors of production are increased or decreased in same proportion.
The cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product.
It arises because of the inverse relationship between the quantity produced and per-unit fixed cost.
Profit refers to the excess of receipts from the sale of goods over the expenditure incurred on producing them.
The amount received from the sale of goods is known as ‘revenue’ and the expenditure on production of such goods is termed as ‘cost’. The difference between revenue and cost is known as ‘profit’.
For example, if a firm sells goods for Rs. 10 crores after incurring an expenditure of Rs. 7 crores, then profit will be Rs. 3 crores.
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, providing employment and contributing significantly to national income. Agricultural economics examines human behavior in farm production, distribution, and consumption according to Prof. Goodwin's definition. Some features of Indian agriculture include traditional land tenure systems, old farming techniques, and crop diversification patterns. Problems include unequal land distribution, poor farming practices, inadequate infrastructure and inputs, and low productivity. Causes of low productivity are socioeconomic factors, lack of finance and investment, small farm sizes, defective land tenure systems, and lack of high-yielding seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, and research. Remedies proposed include land consolidation, addressing natural constraints, modernizing techniques, and proper government intervention through subsidies and loans
GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP, REAL GDP, NOMINAL GDP, GDP DEFLATORSelf-employed
THIS SLIDES WILL WILL HELP YOU IN WHAT IS GDP WHICH THINGS NOT INCLUDE IN GDP FORMULA OF GDP AND ALSO DEFINE ITS EACH FACTOR AND WHAT IS GNP EXAMPLES OF GNP DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NDP AND NNP AND ALSO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REAL GDP AND NOMINAL GDP AND HOW TO CALCULATE GDP DEFLATOR EVERY TOPIC IS DEFINE IN THIS SLIDES VERY CLEAR AND WITH EXAMPLES.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international macroeconomics and the open economy model. It introduces accounting identities that apply to an open economy, where spending does not necessarily equal output and saving does not necessarily equal investment due to trade flows. It then presents the small open economy model, where the domestic economy is too small to affect global interest rates. In this model, the trade balance and exchange rate are determined by the interaction of domestic saving and investment with the exogenous world interest rate. Fiscal and monetary policies can influence the trade balance and exchange rate through their impact on saving and investment.
Demand theory analyzes the relationship between demand for goods/services and their prices or consumer incomes. Demand is based on consumer needs, wants, and ability to pay. The quantity demanded of a product typically decreases as price increases, as shown by the downward sloping demand curve. Demand is influenced by factors like prices of substitutes and complements, consumer incomes and tastes, population levels, and price expectations. Exceptions to the inverse price-demand relationship include Veblen goods and speculative demand for assets. Demand theory is foundational to microeconomics.
The document describes the circular flow of income model of the economy. It shows the flows of incomes and expenditures between households and businesses. Households supply resources to businesses through factor markets in exchange for money. Businesses then use those resources to produce goods and services, which they sell to households through product markets in exchange for money. The model can be expanded to include the government sector, which purchases goods and services from businesses, hires resources from households, provides public goods to both, and finances these activities through tax payments from households and businesses.
This document presents information on monopoly markets. It defines a monopoly as a market with a single seller and many buyers. It discusses different types of monopolies like natural monopolies and regulated monopolies. It provides examples of monopolies in India like Indian Railways and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). It also explains barriers to entry that allow monopolies to exist and characteristics of monopolies like being the sole supplier and having no close substitutes for their product.
This document provides a historical overview of structural changes in India's foreign trade from the pre-independence period through the 2nd and 3rd Five Year Plans. In the early post-independence period (1950s), India's exports were dominated by primary products while imports consisted mainly of manufactured goods. Foreign exchange shortages led to tightening of import policies in the late 1950s. Exports and imports both increased in the 1960-61 period. However, the balance of payments came under pressure again in 1964-65 due to rising debt and increases in food and development goods imports outpacing export growth.
Developing economies share some common characteristics while also exhibiting structural diversity:
1) They generally have low levels of living, productivity, and human development indicators like per capita income, GDP growth, HDI scores.
2) Population growth rates are higher in developing countries compared to developed nations, leading to larger youth and dependency burdens.
3) Many developing economies rely heavily on primary exports, agriculture, and raw materials with less emphasis on manufacturing, and are dependent on international trade and relations.
4) Imperfect markets, incomplete information, and lack of institutional and structural support also hinder development potential in these nations.
This PowerPoint file contains 36 of the more important graphs published in The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett.
We hope you will use them in talks, lectures or discussion groups to help increase people's understanding of the effects of inequality.
The slides can be downloaded and are provided on condition you acknowledge their source. We strongly recommend that you use them in conjunction with the book which explains the relationships shown in the graphs.
Find out more from www.equalitytrust.org.uk
The spirit level why equality is better for everyone - richard wilkinsonSWF
This document summarizes research from The Spirit Level by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett showing how greater income inequality is correlated with poorer social outcomes. It presents data across countries and within countries showing links between inequality and lower life expectancy, more mental illness, less trust, lower child well-being, higher rates of imprisonment, and lower social mobility. The research suggests exposure to inequality and social hierarchies may cause stress and status anxiety that undermine health and social functioning.
Farm Size and Productivity: Lessons from Recent LiteratureIFPRI-PIM
CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets Workshop on Rural Transformation in the 21st Century (Vancouver, BC – 28 July 2018, 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists). Presentation by Douglas Gollin, Oxford University
The Peacock-Wiseman Hypothesis proposes that government spending evolves in a step-like pattern coinciding with social upheavals like wars. It involves three related elements: 1) The displacement effect, where spending increases during disturbances, raising taxes and the budget. 2) The inspection effect, where increased spending leads to reviewing revenue needs. 3) The concentration effect, where spending and revenue stabilize at a new higher level until the next disturbance causes another displacement effect. Along with these effects, it explains the concept of a tolerance level of taxation that a population is willing to tolerate.
Slides include the animated graphical presentation of the hicksian and slutsky approach to split the total price effect into income and substitution effect.
national income ,GNP, GDP, NOMINAL AND REAL INTEREST RATES& PPP'SVineeth Poliyath
National income refers to the total money value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year. It is used to measure the overall economic activity and standard of living in a country. GDP is a key measure of national income and is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach, income approach, or output approach and includes consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. While GDP is a useful measure, it does not account for all factors that affect economic well-being such as leisure, environmental quality, and non-market activities.
The document outlines several key objectives of macroeconomic policies: to maximize national income and economic growth to raise living standards, achieve sustainability through growth without undue burdens, maintain full employment so those willing and able to work can find jobs, ensure price stability through low-moderate inflation rather than zero inflation, balance international payments through equivalent exports and imports, and increase productivity through greater output per unit of labor or inputs.
The document discusses the causes and effects of inflation. The main causes are demand pull, cost push, money supply, and wage-price spirals. The effects include depreciation of goods and services, a wider distribution of income gaps between classes as price increases affect groups differently, shifts in spending habits as wages adjust, and speculative spending as people buy more of goods before expected price increases.
1) There are four phases of the business cycle: recession, depression, peak, and trough. Recessions are periods of economic contraction while expansions include booms.
2) Business cycles cause fluctuations in real GDP and cyclical unemployment. The size of recessions and expansions can be measured by comparing actual output and unemployment to potential output and the natural rate of unemployment.
3) Short-term economic fluctuations are primarily caused by changes in aggregate spending as prices adjust and markets reach equilibrium. Policymakers aim to stabilize the economy by closing output gaps between actual and potential output.
Importance of the study of elasticity of demandK Swati
The document discusses the importance and various uses of the concept of elasticity of demand. It lists 13 ways that elasticity of demand is important:
1) For businesspeople to determine pricing strategies
2) For monopolists setting prices
3) For finance ministers imposing taxes
4) Determining prices for joint products
5) Explaining economic paradoxes
6) Determining rewards for factors of production
7) Justifying public utilities being taken over by the state
8) Setting prices for public utilities
9) Determining terms of trade between countries
10) Setting foreign exchange rates
11) Implementing price control policies
12) Creating tariff policies
13) Determining tax incidence
Isoquant is also called as equal product curve or production indifference curve or constant product curve. Isoquant indicates various combinations of two factors of production which give the same level of output per unit of time.
Just as an indifference curve represents various combinations of two goods which give a consumer equal amount of satisfaction, an iso-product curve shows all possible combinations of two inputs physically capable of producing a given level of output. Since an iso-product curve represents those combinations which will result in the production of an equal quantity of output, the producer would be indifferent between them.
This law was given by Alfred Marshall in his book principle of economics.
It show particular pattern of change in output when some factor remain fixed.
Production depend upon factors of production , if factors of production are good, production may increase and vice-versa.
Production function show functional relationship between production and factors of production.
It refers to manner of change in output cost by the increase in all the input simultaneously and in the same proportion.
Returns refers to “change in physical output”
Scale refers to “quantity of input employed”
Change in scale means that all factors of production are increased or decreased in same proportion.
The cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product.
It arises because of the inverse relationship between the quantity produced and per-unit fixed cost.
Profit refers to the excess of receipts from the sale of goods over the expenditure incurred on producing them.
The amount received from the sale of goods is known as ‘revenue’ and the expenditure on production of such goods is termed as ‘cost’. The difference between revenue and cost is known as ‘profit’.
For example, if a firm sells goods for Rs. 10 crores after incurring an expenditure of Rs. 7 crores, then profit will be Rs. 3 crores.
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, providing employment and contributing significantly to national income. Agricultural economics examines human behavior in farm production, distribution, and consumption according to Prof. Goodwin's definition. Some features of Indian agriculture include traditional land tenure systems, old farming techniques, and crop diversification patterns. Problems include unequal land distribution, poor farming practices, inadequate infrastructure and inputs, and low productivity. Causes of low productivity are socioeconomic factors, lack of finance and investment, small farm sizes, defective land tenure systems, and lack of high-yielding seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, and research. Remedies proposed include land consolidation, addressing natural constraints, modernizing techniques, and proper government intervention through subsidies and loans
GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP, REAL GDP, NOMINAL GDP, GDP DEFLATORSelf-employed
THIS SLIDES WILL WILL HELP YOU IN WHAT IS GDP WHICH THINGS NOT INCLUDE IN GDP FORMULA OF GDP AND ALSO DEFINE ITS EACH FACTOR AND WHAT IS GNP EXAMPLES OF GNP DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NDP AND NNP AND ALSO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REAL GDP AND NOMINAL GDP AND HOW TO CALCULATE GDP DEFLATOR EVERY TOPIC IS DEFINE IN THIS SLIDES VERY CLEAR AND WITH EXAMPLES.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international macroeconomics and the open economy model. It introduces accounting identities that apply to an open economy, where spending does not necessarily equal output and saving does not necessarily equal investment due to trade flows. It then presents the small open economy model, where the domestic economy is too small to affect global interest rates. In this model, the trade balance and exchange rate are determined by the interaction of domestic saving and investment with the exogenous world interest rate. Fiscal and monetary policies can influence the trade balance and exchange rate through their impact on saving and investment.
Demand theory analyzes the relationship between demand for goods/services and their prices or consumer incomes. Demand is based on consumer needs, wants, and ability to pay. The quantity demanded of a product typically decreases as price increases, as shown by the downward sloping demand curve. Demand is influenced by factors like prices of substitutes and complements, consumer incomes and tastes, population levels, and price expectations. Exceptions to the inverse price-demand relationship include Veblen goods and speculative demand for assets. Demand theory is foundational to microeconomics.
The document describes the circular flow of income model of the economy. It shows the flows of incomes and expenditures between households and businesses. Households supply resources to businesses through factor markets in exchange for money. Businesses then use those resources to produce goods and services, which they sell to households through product markets in exchange for money. The model can be expanded to include the government sector, which purchases goods and services from businesses, hires resources from households, provides public goods to both, and finances these activities through tax payments from households and businesses.
This document presents information on monopoly markets. It defines a monopoly as a market with a single seller and many buyers. It discusses different types of monopolies like natural monopolies and regulated monopolies. It provides examples of monopolies in India like Indian Railways and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). It also explains barriers to entry that allow monopolies to exist and characteristics of monopolies like being the sole supplier and having no close substitutes for their product.
This document provides a historical overview of structural changes in India's foreign trade from the pre-independence period through the 2nd and 3rd Five Year Plans. In the early post-independence period (1950s), India's exports were dominated by primary products while imports consisted mainly of manufactured goods. Foreign exchange shortages led to tightening of import policies in the late 1950s. Exports and imports both increased in the 1960-61 period. However, the balance of payments came under pressure again in 1964-65 due to rising debt and increases in food and development goods imports outpacing export growth.
Developing economies share some common characteristics while also exhibiting structural diversity:
1) They generally have low levels of living, productivity, and human development indicators like per capita income, GDP growth, HDI scores.
2) Population growth rates are higher in developing countries compared to developed nations, leading to larger youth and dependency burdens.
3) Many developing economies rely heavily on primary exports, agriculture, and raw materials with less emphasis on manufacturing, and are dependent on international trade and relations.
4) Imperfect markets, incomplete information, and lack of institutional and structural support also hinder development potential in these nations.
This PowerPoint file contains 36 of the more important graphs published in The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett.
We hope you will use them in talks, lectures or discussion groups to help increase people's understanding of the effects of inequality.
The slides can be downloaded and are provided on condition you acknowledge their source. We strongly recommend that you use them in conjunction with the book which explains the relationships shown in the graphs.
Find out more from www.equalitytrust.org.uk
The spirit level why equality is better for everyone - richard wilkinsonSWF
This document summarizes research from The Spirit Level by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett showing how greater income inequality is correlated with poorer social outcomes. It presents data across countries and within countries showing links between inequality and lower life expectancy, more mental illness, less trust, lower child well-being, higher rates of imprisonment, and lower social mobility. The research suggests exposure to inequality and social hierarchies may cause stress and status anxiety that undermine health and social functioning.
This document summarizes research showing that more equal societies tend to have better outcomes on measures of health and social problems. It presents data showing that within wealthy countries, life expectancy and child well-being are more strongly linked to income inequality than average national income. Charts and studies are presented showing links between inequality and higher rates of issues like mental illness, homicides, teenage births, and lower social mobility. The research suggests that reducing inequality through policies like progressive taxes, stronger unions, and more shared company ownership could generate benefits including improved population health and sustainability.
IKEA faced environmental and social issues related to its global sourcing practices. In the 1980s and 1990s, IKEA dealt with formaldehyde scandals in its products from suppliers in Denmark and Germany. It responded by stopping affected product lines and working with suppliers on environmental criteria. In 1994, a child labor scandal emerged in Pakistan. IKEA apologized, consulted organizations, changed contracts to monitor suppliers, and appointed a third party to audit child labor. In 1995, a German TV report found child labor at an Indian supplier, Rangan Exports. IKEA terminated the contract but faced an ethical dilemma around the response. Recommendations included supporting Rugmark Foundation's monitoring efforts and improving IKEA's own supplier oversight to
The document appears to be a passage about a girl named Samia describing her daily routine. It answers questions about where she lives, what she does after school, and her schedule. She goes to school, has homework after, and does not have tennis in the afternoon. She lives in Algeria as the document mentions the city of Algiers and includes an Algerian phone number. The document provides a short glimpse into the typical day of a student in Algeria.
This document provides an introduction to the BEM (Block, Element, Modifier) methodology for organizing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code in a consistent and modular way. It explains the basic concepts of BEM including blocks, elements, and modifiers. It also discusses how to implement BEM through CSS naming conventions and provides examples. Best practices for using BEM with HTML, CSS, JavaScript, file structure, and build processes are covered. The goal of BEM is to provide a common semantic framework for building user interfaces and managing front-end code.
3g refers to third generation mobile internet which has increased bandwidth allowing for quicker downloads on mobile phones and devices. Companies provide 3g phones to employees to enable 24/7 email access and instant contact. SKY offered extra monthly fees for customers to watch sports matches and games on their phones and iPads, demonstrating both corporate and public uses of 3g's faster speeds and larger bandwidth for activities like messaging and streaming.
The document contains information about BEM (Block Element Modifier), a methodology for structuring CSS and JavaScript code in a modular way. It discusses how blocks, elements, and modifiers are used to build user interfaces in a semantic and reusable way. Blocks represent independent components, elements are parts of blocks, and modifiers are used to change the style or behavior of blocks and elements. The document provides examples of HTML code structured according to BEM and how CSS and JavaScript can be mapped to this structure.
An alcohol-free instant hand sanitizer for multiple daily use. Miraspa kills germs without getting rid of the skins natural oils. Therefore, never leaving your skin dry. Our formula uses approved germ-killing ingredients that have been scientifically tested.
http://miraspa.co.uk
Similar to ‘Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger’ Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, bestselling authors of “The Spirit Level: Why Equality Is Better for Everyone”.
The document discusses research from Wilkinson & Pickett's book "The Spirit Level" showing that a variety of social problems are worse in more economically unequal countries and societies. These problems include lower rates of trust, higher rates of mental illness, teenage births, homicides and imprisonment, poorer health and well-being, and lower social mobility. The research indicates that these issues are correlated with income inequality rather than just average national income levels. The document suggests this may be because inequality increases status competition and anxiety about social evaluation in a population.
R Wilkinson Spirit Level lecture November 2010Penny Tarctica
The document summarizes research from The Spirit Level by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett showing correlations between income inequality and various social problems in developed nations. Some key findings presented include:
- Life expectancy is lower in more unequal rich societies and higher in more equal rich countries.
- Health and social problems like mental illness, violence, and obesity are worse in nations with larger income gaps between rich and poor.
- Factors like trust, education scores, and child well-being are positively associated with greater income equality cross-nationally.
- The negative impacts of inequality are posited to stem from psychosocial stress, status competition, and weakened social cohesion in unequal societies.
Richard has played a formative role in international research on the social determinants of health and on the societal effects of income inequality. He studied economic history at LSE before training in epidemiology. He is Professor Emeritus of Social Epidemiology at the University of Nottingham Medical School, Honorary Professor at UCL and a Visiting Professor at the University of York. Richard co-wrote The Spirit Level with Kate Pickett and is a co-founder of The Equality Trust
This document summarizes research from The Spirit Level by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett showing that health and social problems are worse in countries and within countries with larger income gaps between rich and poor. It presents data across countries and US states demonstrating that life expectancy, infant mortality, homicide, imprisonment, obesity, mental illness, and other issues correlate more strongly with income inequality than average national income. The research suggests that greater inequality is associated with increased status competition, stress, and erosion of social cohesion, which in turn impact health and well-being.
MO*lezing Richard Wilkinson: "Waarom gelijkheid beter is voor iedereen"Mondiaal nieuws
Op dinsdag 12 april 2011 gaf professor Richard Wilkinson in een uitverkochte Beursschouwburg een boeiende MO*lezing over gelijkheid en ongelijkheid. Ondersteund door heel wat onderzoek betoogde hij dat samenlevingen met meer inkomensongelijkheid meer gezondheids- en sociale problemen hebben. Bekijk hier zijn powerpointvoorstelling.
The document summarizes research from Wilkinson & Pickett's book "The Spirit Level" showing correlations between income inequality and various social problems. It presents data showing that countries and US states with higher income inequality have worse health and social outcomes, such as lower life expectancy, higher rates of mental illness and drug use, less trust, and poorer child well-being and education. The research suggests these problems are not related to average national income but rather income differences within societies.
The document summarizes research from Wilkinson & Pickett's book "The Spirit Level" showing correlations between income inequality and various social problems. It presents data demonstrating that countries and US states with higher income inequality have worse health, social, and educational outcomes, even when controlling for average national income. The findings suggest that greater equality benefits societies overall and that inequality itself is psychologically and socially harmful.
- The document discusses a research project examining factors that influence poverty rates in America, specifically looking at incarceration, health, income, and race.
- The researchers hypothesized that ethnic minorities with low incomes who are incarcerated are more likely to experience poverty due to barriers to employment and healthcare access after prison.
- Analysis of 2012 GSS survey data found those with criminal records were more likely to come from low-income backgrounds, supporting the hypothesis. However, relationships between other variables like health were less clear. Overall, the findings confirm race and income influence recidivism and perpetuation of poverty.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the association between low income and mental health issues in the United States using data from the 2012 General Social Survey. The paper finds that Americans with the lowest incomes, earning $0-25k annually, are more likely to report experiencing stress, depression or emotional problems at least one day per month compared to higher-income groups. This adds to previous mixed research on the relationship between income/income inequality and mental health. The paper controls for demographic factors and discusses how financial hardship and lack of resources may increase mental distress for low-income individuals.
The document discusses three major demographic trends in the US:
1) Americans are living longer due to increased life expectancy. This is known as the "graying of America".
2) The study of aging and older people is called gerontology.
3) Differences in class, gender, and race divide older Americans into "haves" and "have-nots", with minority groups facing greater poverty and health issues.
Infant Mortality Rate in the US Compared to SwedenKarissa Braden
This document compares the infant mortality rates of the United States and Sweden. It finds that the US has a much higher infant mortality rate despite being wealthier and spending more on healthcare. The US rate is 2.5 times higher than Sweden's. The document attributes the US's high rate to factors of high inequality, including income inequality, a large uninsured population, and racial inequality. These inequalities lead to limited access to resources and healthcare, especially among minority and low-income groups.
M7 A2 Review Paper – Power Point PresentationChrisRuper
Social stratification in America leads to increased rates of mental health disorders through several mechanisms. Lack of equal access to education and employment opportunities due to stratification results in poorer outcomes and poverty. Poverty is then linked to increased risk of birth defects, less access to healthcare, and worse mental health outcomes for children and families. Addressing social stratification through improved aid and support for those in poverty could help resolve some of these issues.
Health disparities refer to differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare across different racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Many socioeconomic factors contribute to health disparities, including access to healthcare, insurance status, income level, provider and patient knowledge. These disparities are seen in vaccination rates among children. Lack of access to healthcare and health insurance are major socioeconomic barriers that lead to health disparities for some groups. Efforts are needed to address disparities through improving access to care, education on health issues, and reducing socioeconomic barriers.
Presentation by Steven H. Woolf, MD, MPH at the 2009 Virginia Health Equity Conference.
Dr. Woolf shared research on the dramatic influences of social conditions on health inequities nationally and in the Commonwealth of Virginia. He also discussed the importance of packaging the evidence in compelling formats for policymakers and the public.
Dr. David Williams at Belmont UniversityBelmontCHS
Racial disparities in health persist despite advances in medicine and technology. Minorities experience higher rates of illness and death than whites across many health conditions. Socioeconomic status, which is strongly linked to race, is a major determinant of health. Improving living conditions, education levels, income, and neighborhoods could help reduce health inequalities by making healthy choices easier and alleviating stress. Comprehensive social and economic policies are needed across all sectors to address fundamental causes of poor health and disparities.
The document discusses several factors that are correlated with life expectancy and quality of life across countries, including income inequality, obesity, trust, community life, crime, foreign aid, divorce rates, and quality of life indexes. It also examines the relationship between income, happiness, and income inequality.
Similar to ‘Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger’ Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, bestselling authors of “The Spirit Level: Why Equality Is Better for Everyone”. (20)
Poverty With Added Vitamins? Competing Ways to Govern the World Food System’ ...Gaia Manco
2 June 2015, 4.30pm University of Pretoria ‘Poverty With Added Vitamins? Competing Ways to Govern the World Food System’ Raj Patel, New York Times bestselling author of “Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System” and The “Value of Nothing: How to Reshape Market Society and Redefine Democracy”