The document discusses why organisms need sleep. The NIH recommends 7-8 hours of sleep per night for adults, but many people report getting less. Fatal familial insomnia is a rare genetic disorder where people are completely unable to sleep, leading to rapid cognitive decline and death within 1-3 years, showing sleep is necessary for survival. Experiments depriving rats of sleep found they all died within 2-4 weeks, though autopsies found no clear cause of death. Several theories for why we sleep are discussed, with the most viable being that sleep has a restorative function, allowing the brain to clear out metabolic waste that builds up during waking hours.
Today more and more people face sleep deprivation, caused mostly by stress, lots of work and other factors. Here you find more about this subject and few strategies to overcome sleep deprivation.
Today more and more people face sleep deprivation, caused mostly by stress, lots of work and other factors. Here you find more about this subject and few strategies to overcome sleep deprivation.
How you feel when you wake up says a lot about the night you had and the day to come. Sleep plays an important role in our physical and mental health. Some of the benefits of sleep revealed by recent researches is mentioned here.
Physiology and integrative disciplines behind learning patterns. Instructors may freely conduct students to cooperate, interrelate, and create fresh thought network links by writing directly in the work-text. Learning opportunities and reading strategies are incorporated to capture the process. Interactive Keywords, Think-Aloud, Think-Pair-Share, Talking to the Text, Questions, and Mapping in pairs, groups, and individually create a unique relationship with the material and work-text.
‘Bubble Power’-the revolutionary new energy source. It is working under the principle of Sonofusion.Sonofusion involves tiny bubbles imploded by sound waves that can make hydrogen nuclei fuse and may one day become a revolutionary new energy source.
This presentation have the detailed analysis of the Indian banking sector, how it has evolved and reformes that have come gradually.It also has a classic case of merger of ICICI bank with BOM.
How you feel when you wake up says a lot about the night you had and the day to come. Sleep plays an important role in our physical and mental health. Some of the benefits of sleep revealed by recent researches is mentioned here.
Physiology and integrative disciplines behind learning patterns. Instructors may freely conduct students to cooperate, interrelate, and create fresh thought network links by writing directly in the work-text. Learning opportunities and reading strategies are incorporated to capture the process. Interactive Keywords, Think-Aloud, Think-Pair-Share, Talking to the Text, Questions, and Mapping in pairs, groups, and individually create a unique relationship with the material and work-text.
‘Bubble Power’-the revolutionary new energy source. It is working under the principle of Sonofusion.Sonofusion involves tiny bubbles imploded by sound waves that can make hydrogen nuclei fuse and may one day become a revolutionary new energy source.
This presentation have the detailed analysis of the Indian banking sector, how it has evolved and reformes that have come gradually.It also has a classic case of merger of ICICI bank with BOM.
10 Steps of Project Management in Digital Agencies Alemsah Ozturk
This is part of our ( 41? 29! ) agency's culture series. Basicly this series of documents helps our teams learn the foundation of agency culture, basic rules to do their work. We are all about sharing the data & know how, so here we are ;)
Start-up Chile Marketing & Advertising Tribe session on Data Analysis tools for startups. Written by Pedro Villalobos (Lagiar.com), Felipe del Sol (Admetricks.com), Liane Siebenhaar (Mewe.co). This is a selection of tools you can use to shape your pitch and product. If you have any questions, don't hesitate to contact us.
Presented at Hofstra University on 3/9/12 in the Leo Guthart Cultural Center Theater. Topics discussed included the evolution of marketing, advertising, and how to best use social media for personal branding use.
The aim of Psychology Page is to provide a concise, high-quality introduction to a wide variety of psychology topics. From Alzheimer’s disease to Z-scores, from cognitive dissonance to mirror neurons. It is a resource for students, teachers, and people who are interested in psychology or science in general.
New research suggests that sleep plays a pivotal role in your brain's ability to learn new information. Learn first, then get a good night's sleep in order to encourage learning and memory retention.One of the major explanations for why we sleep is known as the information consolidation theory, which suggests that one of the primary functions of sleep is to process information that has been acquired and stored throughout the day.
Review of a recent article on the importance of the therapeutic alliance. This empirical study on the therapeutic relationship examines the its effect in both a CBT and Psychodynamic setting.
Review of the alcohol use disorders identification testJohn G. Kuna, PsyD
A brief review of the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). Includes administration procedures, scoring, target population usage, validity and reliability
Presentation on the epistemological crisis in psychology. A brief history of the issue is presented, followed by an investigation into the nature of scientific endeavors, and finally a solution based on the work of the philosopher Bernard Lonergan is offered.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Why do we sleep?
1. Why do we sleep?
The National Institute of Health (NIH) recommends that adults get 7-8 hours of sleep a
night (“How Much Sleep,” 2012). This is not 7-8 hours between the time one sets the alarm and the
time it goes off, but rather the time a person spends cycling through the four stages of sleep. This
discrepancy is important: According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the 2014 American Time
Use Survey, it would seem that people are getting an impressive 8.74 hours of sleep per day (2014).
However, this survey doesn’t measure sleep so much as it measures time spent in bed, a portion of
which could be devoted to activities such as reading or getting ready to fall asleep. A Gallup poll
from 2013 finds that people report getting 6.8 hours of sleep, just a little bit shy of the
recommended 7-8 hours, although 56% of the survey respondents indicated that they got enough
sleep as they needed (Jones, 2013). Still, almost half of the population feels that they could benefit
from more sleep.
Getting a lot of sleep is hard, however. As adults, we devote about a third of our time to this
single activity, time we are often willing, or forced, to sacrifice for work, family, or fun. So here is the
big question: Why do we sleep?
Here is the big answer: We don’t know for sure. What we do know is that organisms need it
to survive.
One of the rarest disorders in the world demonstrates the fatality that accompanies complete
sleep deprivation in humans. Fatal familial insomnia is a genetic sleep disorder affecting only a few
dozen families worldwide. The onset of the disease typically begins in middle-to-late adulthood
when a person with the mutated prion protein gene that causes the disease begins to show
symptoms of severe insomnia (Krasnianski, 2008). In as little as half a year or up to three years, the
insomnia develops into a complete inability to sleep. Sleeping pills and barbiturates do not induce
sleep, and while inducing a chemical coma causes the individual to lose consciousness, the brain still
fails to enter into the sleep stages. In the absence of sleep, the individual shows rapid cognitive
decline, with significant memory and other cognitive deficits emerging in early stages of the disease
and signs of dementia appearing in the months preceding death (Cortelli, Gambetti, Montagna,
Lugaresi, & Lugaresi, 1999).
The reason that a lack of sleep causes death remains unknown. Some studies have attempted
to answer this question by conducting total sleep deprivation (TSD) experiments on rats (for the
generative article, see Rechtschaffen, Gilliland, Bergmann & Winter, 1983). The design of these
studies was ingenious: A sleep deprived (SD) rat and a control rat would be placed on a disk
suspended over water and the SD rat’s brain activity was recorded. When the rat began to fall asleep,
the disk would rotate, forcing the rat to wake up and walk to avoid falling into the water
(Rechtschaffen & Bergmann, 1995). See Figure 1. In these studies, all sleep deprived rats died, and in
a surprisingly short amount of time. In a study by Everson, Bergmann, and Rechtschaffen (1989), all
sleep deprived rats succumbed to death within about two to four weeks.
Figure 1.
2. Rechtschaffen etl al., 1983.
Curiously, the researchers could not identify the cause of death. Autopsies of SD rats found
no deterioration of the brain or damage to the internal organs (Carlson, 2010).
There are several theories attempting to answer the question of why we sleep. The early
evolutionary theory of sleep suggested that sleep has an adaptive function and that animals that
could stay still and quiet during periods of the day when they were most vulnerable (at night, when
they could not see) would be more likely to go undetected by predators than animals that were
moving around (“Why do we sleep,” 2007). However, this argument is weakened under the
consideration that all vertebrates, both mammals and birds, including those at the top of the food
chain, sleep. Some species of marine mammals, such as bottlenose dolphins, have evolved to have
cerebral hemispheres that sleep separately rather than at the same time so that one hemisphere is
always alert (Carlson, 2010). This makes for strong evidence against the claim that sleep is merely an
adaptive behavior to avoid predation.
A more viable theory for the need to sleep is that is has a restorative function. A recent study
from 2013 suggests that sleep has a restorative function. During wakefulness, metabolic activity in
the brain produces chemicals that are cleared out through the exchange of fluid in the brain and
spine, termed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and fluid that resides between the cells, termed interstitial
fluid (ISF). During sleep, extracellular space expands and contracts, increasing the efficiency of the
clearance of metabolic waste (Xie et al., 2013). The waste that builds up is toxic to the brain, and
offers a solid explanation for the cognitive decline that occurs with sleep deprivation. While this area
of research is new, it provides the most promising explanation to the question of why we sleep.
References
American time use survey news release. (2014). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.htm.
Carlson, N. R. (2010). Physiology of behavior. Boston, MA: Pearson.
Cortelli, Gambetti, Montagna, Lugaresi, & Lugaresi, E. (1999). Fatal familial insomnia: clinical
features and molecular genetics. Journal Of Sleep Research, 823-29.
3. Everson, C. A., Bergmann, B. M., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1989). Sleep deprivation in the rat: III. Total
sleep deprivation. Sleep: Journal Of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine, 12(1), 13-21.
How much sleep is enough? (2012). National Institute of Health. Retrieved from
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sdd/howmuch.html
Jones, J.M. (2013). In U.S., 40% get less than recommended amount of sleep. Gallup. Retrieved from
http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx.
Krasnianski, A., Bartl, M., Juan, P., Heinemann, U., Meissner, B., Varges, D., & ... Zerr, I. (2008).
Fatal familial insomnia: Clinical features and early identification. Annals Of Neurology, 63(5), 658-661.
doi:10.1002/ana.21358
Rechtschaffen, A., & Bergmann, B. M. (1995). Sleep deprivation in the rat by the disk-over-water
method. Behavioural Brain Research, 69(1-2), 55-63. doi:10.1016/0166-4328(95)00020-T
Rechtschaffen A, Gilliland M, Bergmann B, Winter J. (1983). Physiological correlates of prolonged
sleep deprivation in rats. Science, 221(4606):182-184. Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA.
Accessed July 31, 2014.
Why do we sleep, anyway? (2007). Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School. Retrieved from
http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/benefits-of-sleep/why-do-we-sleep.
Xie, L., Hongyi, K., Qiwu, X., Chen, M. J., Yonghong, L., Thiyagarajan, M., & ... Nedergaard, M.
(2013). Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain. Science, 342(6156), 373-377.
doi:10.1126/science.1241224
by Suzanne Crockett
for John G. Kuna, Psy.D. & Associates
http://drjohngkuna.com/blog/
570-961-3361