This document discusses sleep behavior among college students. It begins by defining health and the importance of sleep to overall well-being. College students often get insufficient sleep, which can negatively impact learning, health and safety. Surveys found students lack healthy sleep habits due to underestimating the importance of sleep and believing myths. Factors like gender, race, income level, and personality can influence sleep. Social support from family and friends is also important for quality sleep. National organizations work to increase sleep awareness and education.
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH1IMPACT OF SLEEP DISO.docxsheronlewthwaite
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 1
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 5
Formatting style: Vancouver (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007)
Impact of sleep disorder on overall health
Instructor:
BIO-317V
11/29/19
Abstract
Sleep disorders have several impacts on overall health. With the increase in sleep disorders over the last few years, there is a need to identify some of the most common causes of sleep disorders and if factors such as age, gender, ethnicity and social status may be considered as risk factors. Different studies have been done to determine the impacts of sleep disorders on an individual’s overall health. The central focus of this research is to review some of these studies, and come up with a conclusion that tends to bring out these health impacts that are associated with sleep disorders, particularly, sleep deprivation.
Introduction
Sleep is considered as a biological process and it has regularly been essential for good life and optimal health (Wells & Vaughn, 2012). Sleep has been essential in controlling brain functioning, and even in other biological and systematic processes such as metabolism, regulation of appetite, and improving one’s immunity against a number of diseases, especially in children. Normally, a good sleep is associated by the duration of the sleep, the quality, and regularity among other factors. Although a number of studies, and even media, have covered the health benefits of sleep, more than 70 million individuals in the US are still suffering from sleep-related disorders, and moreover, in Europe, approximately 45 million people are also victims of these disorders. For instance, a study conferred that of all the car accidents that occur in the US, 20% are as a result of lack of enough sleep, or other disorders associated wit either too much sleep or lack of enough sleep (Palma et al., 2013).
There are a number of consequences that may arise as a result of sleep loss and other sleep-related disorders. As conveyed by Ming et al. (2011), the most common consequences that may be related to sleep include judgment errors, which may lead to disastrous events. On the other pedestal, some of the less visible consequences of sleep disorder include increased mortality and morbidity rate, car accidents and injuries, QoL, the well-being of the family, and utilization of healthcare services among the affected persons. Some of these consequences may arise a few minutes after having less hours of sleep, or too much sleep. However, there are some long-term impacts of sleep, for instance, obesity and hypertension. Sleeping for a longer duration enhances the body’s inactivity and this is greatly associated with obesity, which may also give chance to the development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. According to Ming et al. (2011), there are approximately 90-100 sleep disorders which may result from factors such as environmental factors, psychosocial issues, and ot ...
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH1IMPACT OF SLEEP DISO.docxsheronlewthwaite
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 1
IMPACT OF SLEEP DISORDER ON OVERALL HEALTH 5
Formatting style: Vancouver (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007)
Impact of sleep disorder on overall health
Instructor:
BIO-317V
11/29/19
Abstract
Sleep disorders have several impacts on overall health. With the increase in sleep disorders over the last few years, there is a need to identify some of the most common causes of sleep disorders and if factors such as age, gender, ethnicity and social status may be considered as risk factors. Different studies have been done to determine the impacts of sleep disorders on an individual’s overall health. The central focus of this research is to review some of these studies, and come up with a conclusion that tends to bring out these health impacts that are associated with sleep disorders, particularly, sleep deprivation.
Introduction
Sleep is considered as a biological process and it has regularly been essential for good life and optimal health (Wells & Vaughn, 2012). Sleep has been essential in controlling brain functioning, and even in other biological and systematic processes such as metabolism, regulation of appetite, and improving one’s immunity against a number of diseases, especially in children. Normally, a good sleep is associated by the duration of the sleep, the quality, and regularity among other factors. Although a number of studies, and even media, have covered the health benefits of sleep, more than 70 million individuals in the US are still suffering from sleep-related disorders, and moreover, in Europe, approximately 45 million people are also victims of these disorders. For instance, a study conferred that of all the car accidents that occur in the US, 20% are as a result of lack of enough sleep, or other disorders associated wit either too much sleep or lack of enough sleep (Palma et al., 2013).
There are a number of consequences that may arise as a result of sleep loss and other sleep-related disorders. As conveyed by Ming et al. (2011), the most common consequences that may be related to sleep include judgment errors, which may lead to disastrous events. On the other pedestal, some of the less visible consequences of sleep disorder include increased mortality and morbidity rate, car accidents and injuries, QoL, the well-being of the family, and utilization of healthcare services among the affected persons. Some of these consequences may arise a few minutes after having less hours of sleep, or too much sleep. However, there are some long-term impacts of sleep, for instance, obesity and hypertension. Sleeping for a longer duration enhances the body’s inactivity and this is greatly associated with obesity, which may also give chance to the development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. According to Ming et al. (2011), there are approximately 90-100 sleep disorders which may result from factors such as environmental factors, psychosocial issues, and ot ...
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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Threema: PXHY5PDH
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Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
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ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
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If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
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2. HEALTH BEHAVIOR
The word “healthy” means different things to different people. According to WHO, and
for the sake of this paper, “health” is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (World Health Organization,
2003). This definition takes a very holistic approach, noting not just the physical wellbeing of a
person, as many people would define health, but also social and mental aspects. In fact,social
interactions and good mental health lend themselves to a good physical health. One health
behavior in particular plays a key role in the maintenance of physical health, and that is sleep.
The recommended hours of sleep for children between fourteen and eighteen years are between
nine to eleven hours. For adults, the recommended hours of sleep lessens to seven to eight hours,
however, insufficient sleep is now considered a public health epidemic (CDC, 2014). Sufficient
sleep is notable for aiding in learning and memory, weight loss, cardiovascular health, and
warding off disease (Harvard,2006). People that get a healthy amount of sleep every night are, in
turn, likely to participate in other healthy behaviors. People who report a lack of sleep on a
nightly basis often also self-report unintentional sleeping habits, such as falling asleep at the
wheel or during school.
STATISTICS
Figure 1 reports statistics on what percentage of each age group reported falling asleep
while driving in the past month. According to Figure 1, the adults age 25-35 reported the highest
percentage of falling asleep at the wheel, which those age 35-45 coming in second and those age
18-25 coming in third. In addition, other non-Hispanic races had the highest percentage of falling
asleep at the wheel, and males reported falling asleep at the wheel more than females.
3. Figure 1. Sleep Behaviors
Figure 2 shows that adults over that age of 20 reported that they had difficulty
concentrating on things 23.3% of the time, remembering things 18.2% of the time, driving 11.3%
of the time, and performing work 8.6% of the time.
4. Figure 2. Sleep-related Difficulties
Even though only 26% of the population reported nodding off while driving in 2009,
54% of people reported driving while drowsy in 2009 (National Sleep Foundation, 2009). That
means that almost half of those that are drowsy actually fall asleep at the wheel. In 2009, 1.9
million reported having a car accident or a close call due to falling asleep at the wheel (National
Sleep Foundation, 2009). That is almost 2 million accidents that could have been prevented by
having enough sleep the night before. Long-term side effects of sleep deprivation include high
blood pressure,heart failure, obesity, Attention Deficit Disorder, and depression (Breus, 2006).
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020
With 25% of adults in the U.S. reporting insufficient sleep at least half of every month,
Healthy People 2020, a program that sets national objectives for health improvement of
Americans, set three objectives: 1) “Increase the proportion of students in grades 9-12 who get
sufficient sleep” 2) “Increase the proportion of adults who get sufficient sleep” and 3) “Reduce
the rate of vehicular crashes per 100 million miles traveled that are due to drowsy driving”
(Healthy People, 2013).
The aim of this paper is to look at the sleeping habits of high school and college students,
determine reasons in which students lack good sleeping habits, and look at the risks associated
with poor sleeping habits.
BELIEFS, VALUES,ATTITUDES,KNOWLEDGE
People often don’t get enough sleep because they simply underestimate the importance of
sleep. According to a study published in the Journal of School Health in 2009, students know
what should be done and how to do it in regards to obtaining the right amount of sleep; however,
they still practice risky behaviors. In the study, 82% of participants believed that exercising
regularly throughout the week would aid sleep, but only 68.4% reported actually exercising
regularly (Dake,Noland, Price, & Telljohann, 2009). Similarly, 70% of participants stated that
taking naps throughout the day would help them catch up on sleep, but only 38.6% reported
taking naps (Dake et al., 2009). This data tells us that the issue with sleep deprivation is not that
students don’t know how to combat it, but that students don’t want to combat it. In other terms,
students don’t care enough about the problem to correct the problem. This indicates that, in order
to decrease the percentage of sleep deprivation among students, students’ attitudes and beliefs
about sleep must change.
5. According to the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research,there are many
misconceptions about sleep that could lead a person to not receive enough sleep. One common
misconceptions is that receiving one less hour of sleep every night wont have an affect on
daytime performance (National Institutes of Health, 2003). This is an incorrect way of thinking,
because a “sleep debt” will form. Over time, even losing one hour of sleep per night can cause a
steady decrease in task performance. Another popular misconception is that a person’s body will
adjust to their sleep schedule (National Institutes of Health, 2003). One way the body prepares to
sleep is by releasing melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone secreted from the pineal gland when
there are low light levels. That is why melatonin is naturally secreted at night. When a person
tries to perform activities during the brain’s time of rest, cognition and motor skills will be
affected (National Institutes of Health, 2003).
DEMOGRAPHICS AND SOCIOECONOMIC STANDARDS
There is statistical evidence that sleeping habits vary between races and ethnicities, as
well as different social classes. In a lecture by Michael Grandner, a professor at the University of
Pennsylvania and member of the Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, makes a case that
race and income level effect sleep outcome. As seen in Figure 3, compared to whites, blacks,
Mexican-Americans, and other Hispanics all had higher probabilities of poor sleep. Black were
more likely to partake in longer sleeps rather than shorter sleeps, as well as Mexican-Americans.
Other Hispanic and other non-Hispanic races were more likely to partake in short sleep rather
than long sleep (Grandner).
6. Figure 3. Sleep Duration in relation to race/ethnicity
Source: Grandner
As seen in Figure 4, whites living in poverty had the highest probability of poor sleep
compared to any other race living in poverty, while whites not living in poverty had the lowest
probability of poor sleep compared to any other races not living in poverty (Grandner).
7. Figure 4. Poverty among different race/ethnicities and sleep
Source: Grandner
Grandner also pointed out that at almost every income level, women had a higher
probability of sleep disturbance compared to men at the same level. Figure 5 shows that, in
regards to education, females had higher probabilities of sleep disturbance then males at every
education level. The education levels include less than high school, high school graduate, and
some college (Grandner). Location of residence also proved to be an indicator sleep, with inner-
cities being associated with a 24% increased risk for poor sleep (Grandner).
Figure 5. Education and Probability of Sleep Disturbances
Source: Grandner
PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PERSONALITYCHARACTERISTICS
At any given moment, approximately 25% of adolescents are experiencing some sort of
psychological distress (Glozier, Martiniuk, Patton, Ivers, Qiang, Hickie, Senserrick, Woodward,
Norton, Stevenson, 2010). This increase in psychological distress has been a rising trend over the
past couple of decades (Glozier et al., 2010). Adolescents typically at risk for having
psychological distress are usually the ones who report sleep disturbance or insufficient sleep
(Glozier et al. 2010). According to the Sleep Journal, the students most likely to sleep
deprivation are extroverts (Balkin, Killgore, Rupp, 2010). According to the study, those exposed
to 12 or more hours of social interaction were more likely to show signs of sleep deprivation than
8. those who had not been exposed to social interaction for the same amount of time (Balkin et al,
2010). The explanation behind this is that those found in social situations are fatiguing their brain
of sleep by using up the attention and alertness areas of the brain (Balkin et al, 2010).
SOCIAL SUPPORT
Studies show that the ties a young adult has to his or her family, friends, and coworkers
have an effect on his or her health behaviors (Umberson, Crosnoe, and Reczek, 2010). According
to scientists, the human brain evolved where protection against predators was aided by strong
social ties, which allowed for a sense of security that allowed for sleep (Trockel, Barnes,and
Egget, 2000). Research suggests that arguments with others can lead insufficient and disruptive
sleep, while strong social ties with others tend to allow for better quality sleep (Dahl, 2002).
Even though we aren’t predators today, our brain still functions in similar manor. Today, strong
and health ties with the community, our families, and our friends lend to better, less disruptive
sleeping habits.
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
The social support a person receives comes from the social interactions they have, and
they do this through a number of ways. Social interactions can include relationships with family
members, friends, and the community. One,positive social interactions can make a person feel
cared and loved for. This positive interaction can even have and affect on a person’s physical
health, like lowering stress levels and heart rates. Studies show that high stress and heart rate can
cause disruptive sleep, so having positive social interactions is one way to lower that chance.
Conversely, if a social interaction is negative and causes stress to a person, that person may be
more inclined to have disruptive sleep due to that feeling of conflict and stress. (Umberson and
Montez, 2010). The most important social interaction is the one between a child and his or her
parent. While most college students have fewer interactions with their parents while they are at
college compared to when they are home, the effect is still the same. Children of divorced
parents are more likely to take on the family’s stress as their own, and as previously mentioned,
stress can lead to disruptive sleep (Maume, 2013). Kids of divorced parents can also become
stressed when a parent remarries. Also, if there is a financial burden in the family and a student
has to work or take our student loans to pay for schooling, then the student is more likely to
experience stress and disruptive sleep (Maume, 2013). Up until recently, sleep was not
considered a health behavior; therefore,more research must be done to fully evaluate how social
interactions affect sleep (Maume, 2013)
9. ORGANIZATIONS,SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
There are two main organizations on the national level that deal with sleep. One is the
National Sleep Foundation, and another is the American Sleep Association. The National Sleep
Foundation was founded in 1990 in Washington D.C. The mission of the National Sleep
Foundation is to “improve health and well-being through sleep education and advocacy”
(Missions, n.d.). The National Sleep Foundation has set the goals to ensure that: 1) sleep is used
as a vital sign by the health care system, 2) the sleep/wake cycle becomes common knowledge, 3)
schools and workplaces are sleep-friendly, and 4) the science of sleep is used in product making
(Missions, n.d.). To carry out these goals, the National Sleep Foundation has a variety of
programs. For example, the Foundation puts on the National Sleep Awareness Week. This week
is hosted in March,and is designed to educate the public on the importance of sleep. The
Foundation has Sleep Care Center members that put on events in their local communities. The
National Sleep Foundation also supports sleep research and practices reaching out to health care
providers to help with the understanding of sleep-related health problems. In an effort to
collaborate well with professional, governmental, voluntary, and other organizations, the National
Sleep Foundation started the National Sleep Awareness Roundtable (About NSART, n.d.). The
National Sleep Awareness Roundtable coordinates communication between federalagencies,
professional organizations, and the public. The second major organization regarding sleep health
is the American Sleep Association, which was founded in 2002 (National Sleep Foundation,
Phys.Org,n.d.). The American Sleep Association, like the National Sleep Foundation, aims to
bring physicians, health care workers,scientists, and the public to educate all on the importance
of sleep and sleep disorders (About ASA, n.d.)
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
Both the National Sleep Foundation and the American Sleep Association work with the
public to help combat unhealthy sleep behaviors. As mentioned before, the National Sleep
Foundation created the National Sleep Awareness Roundtable. One main goal of the National
Sleep Awareness Roundtable is to increase and improve “collaboration among local, state, and
federalagencies; professional organizations; and the public” (About NSF, n.d.). The American
Sleep Association also have links to handouts, message boards,chat rooms, video lectures, and
many more features on their website, making it easy for the public to get involved.
Social Media has also made it easier than ever to connect with the public. The National
Sleep Foundation’s Facebook page regularly shares news articles and information bits on sleep
health. Currently, the National Sleep Foundation is uploading photos to Facebook and Twitter
10. based on the 2014 Sleep in America Poll®
as a part of National Sleep Awareness Week. One
example can be seen in Figure 6.
Figure 6. National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep Awareness Week Campaign Photo
Source: National Sleep Foundation Facebook
Social media has been very important in connecting these large-scale organizations with
the everyday person by brining the issue right to the public in their own homes and work places.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Many factors go into the quality and amount of sleep received each night. For example,
room temperature,noise, and light can all affect the quality of sleep. Having cell phone,
computer, or television light later at night have been proven to cause people to go to sleep later
and have more disruptive sleep (Environmental, n.d.). Having loud noise, whether from traffic or
home, can also cause more disruptive sleep and even the release of stress hormones
(Environmental, n.d.). One study found that intermittent sounds, like something falling or a
honking car,could be more harmful to sleep quality than a continuous noise (Environmental,
n.d.). This led to the conclusion that people living in urban areas have a higher probability of
sleep deprivation (Environmental, n.d.).
There are some simple tips that people can follow to aid in healthy sleeping, such as
making a bedroom comfortable and inviting, turning out lights, turning off electronics, and
adjusting the thermostat (Environmental, n.d.)
PUBLIC POLICY,LAW,REGULATION
11. There are not public policies or laws regarding sleep, because of the nature of this health
behavior.
PREDISPOSING,ENABLING,REINFORCINGFACTORS
Predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors all influence a person’s behavior, and
therefore,his or her health. Predisposing factors are considered the components that come before
a behavior is done, such as attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, and confidence (Williams,
2013). Predisposing factors for sleep behavior of college students would be knowledge about
adverse side effects of sleep deprivation, beliefs about how important healthy sleeping habits are,
and attitudes about getting enough sleep daily. Enabling factors are components that come before
the behavior, but they actually facilitate the behavior, such as teaching skills and physical
limitations (Williams, 2013). An example of an enabling factor is community resources that
educate students on the importance of sleep. Reinforcing factors provide feedback for a behavior
from interactions with family and friends or health professionals (Williams, 2013). Reinforcing
factors are outside of the person but have a social support feel to them, while enabling factors are
outside of the person, but are based more on physical limitations (Williams, 2013). Examples of
reinforcing factors would be how supportive friends and family are towards having enough sleep
daily, how accepting friends and roommates would be of getting enough sleep on weekends
instead of staying out late.
DETERMINANTS INTERACTINGTO INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR
Predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors are all interwoven to allow for a behavior
to occur. Predisposing factors in regards to sleeping habits among college students include a
college student’s knowledge about the problems associated with sleep deprivation, his or her
attitudes and beliefs towards healthy sleeping habits, as well as his or her motivation to have
healthy sleeping habits. Enabling factors are factors that facilitate a behavior, so in the case of
college students’ sleeping habits, some enabling factors include whether or not services are
provided for increasing awareness of the consequences of sleep deprivation and other unhealthy
sleeping habits. Enabling factors really deal with ways to overcome physical barriers and
limitations, so other examples would be the resources available to learn how to have healthy
sleeping habits. Reinforcing factors are considered intrapersonal and interpersonal, so
interactions with friends, family, and health care professionals that provide feedback are
examples. These interactions provide feedback in the form of rewards or punishments.
12. Applications of this would be how encouraging a college student’s friends and family were of
trying to have healthy sleeping behaviors.
SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL MODEL DIAGRAM
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
In a study published by the Psychology and Health Journal in 2011, the theory of planned
behavior was applied to the sleeping habit behaviors of college students. A sample of 273 first
year undergraduate psychology students from Australia was given an initial questionnaire online.
One week after the initial questionnaire, the same students were given a follow up questionnaire.
The follow up questionnaire measured the frequency of healthy sleep behaviors. The sample
consisted mostly of students living at home and female students.
13. Figure 7. Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior Constructs
The 4 main constructs in the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior are
attitude towards the behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral
intention. In this particular study, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and
intention were all measured. Attitudes were measured using a 7-point semantic differential scale.
Subjective norms were measured using a scale of 7-point Likert scale, “1” for very unlikely and
“7” for very likely. Perceived behavioral control was measured for self-efficacy, controllability,
and confidence to partake in healthy sleep behaviors on a 7-point scale, from strongly disagree to
strongly agree. Intention was also measured on a 7-point scale from strongly disagree to strongly
agree. Another variable that was measured was response inhibition, which can be defined as the
ability to inhibit a desired action in favor of less prominent action. Response inhibition was
measured using a Go/No Go computer test. During this test, if a participant hit “go”, when he or
she was supposed to hit “no go” or vice versa,it was counted as an error. It is similar to self-
control. Behavior was measured after one week,and past behavior was assessed at the beginning
using a single item for each behavior (Kor and Mullan, 2011).
Of the 273 that started the survey, only 257 completed the entire survey. The results of
the study indicated that subjective norms and perceived behavioral control were significant
predictors of intention, while attitude was not; it was negatively weighted with intentions.
Intention itself predicted a small amount of variance in behavior. Once intention was controlled
for, perceived behavioral control added more variance to behavior (Kor and Mullan, 2011).
Subjective norms was said to be the strongest predictor of intentions, and response inhibition was
the strongest predictor of behavior (Kor and Mullan, 2011). This means that the sleep behaviors
of a college student are very likely to depend on the demands and reinforcement of friends and
14. family. With these results in mind, the ability to self control and self regulate should be the target
of interventions (Kor and Mullan, 2011).
INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF BEHAVIOR
The Integrative Model of Behavior follows the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned
Behavior in the fact that both have attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and
behavioral intentions as major constructs. The Integrative Model of Behavior adds two more
constructs: behavioral skills and environmental constraints. These two new constructs are
considered moderators, meaning that they have an effect on behavior but doesn’t lie in the
pathway of other variables. This can been seen in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Integrative Model of Behavior Diagram (Robbins and Niederdeppe, 2014)
In a study published by Health Communication Journal, a small group of college
undergraduates were given a questionnaire about their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived
behavioral control regarding sleep. These answers were used to generate a survey that was then
given to a larger group of college undergraduate students. For this particular study, attitudes,
perceived norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention were all measured,while
descriptive norm beliefs, injunctive norm beliefs, and beliefs about enablers and barriers to
behavioral control were all assessed.
Attitudes are defined as the beliefs about an expected outcome of participating in a
behavior (Robbins and Niederdeppe, 2014). This expectation can be positive or negative, and
that can influence intention to perform a behavior. Perceived norms are the social influences that
15. affect intention, such as how society approves or disapproves of a certain behavior (Robbins and
Niederdeppe, 2014). Perceived behavioral control is how in control a person feels over
performing a behavior, which in turn influences intention (Robbins and Niederdeppe, 2014).
Intention can be said to be a mediating variable, because it relates the constructs to the behavior.
In this study, attitudes were measured using 7-point semantic differential pairs.
Perceived norms were measured using a 7-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly
agree,and Perceived behavioral control was measured using a 7-point semantic differential from
easy to hard on one question and a 7-point scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree for two
questions (Robbins and Niederdeppe, 2014). Between this study and the study previously
mentioned that applied the Theory of Planned Behavior to the sleeping habits of college students,
the way that attitude, perceived behavioral control, and perceived norms were measured was
almost identical. The difference between experiential attitude and instrumental attitude was not
measured, and
Self-efficacy was not differentiated from perceived control under perceived behavioral control.
Skill knowledge and environmental constraints were not measured,for unknown reasons.
The results of this study conclude that attitudes and perceived behavioral control were the
strongest predictors of intentions (Robbins and Niederdeppe, 2014). Indirect measures,such as
descriptive norm beliefs, injunctive norm beliefs, and beliefs about enablers and barriers to
behavioral control, were stronger predictors of intention than direct measures,such as attitude,
perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control (Robbins and Niederdeppe, 2014).
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERVENTION
After looking at these two studies that apply different health behavior models to sleep
behavior of college students, it would seem as if knowledge about the benefits of healthy sleeping
behaviors. In both cases,the strongest predictor of intention was subjective and perceived norms.
This means that students are basing their behavior off of what society accepts,rather than what is
best of their health. Therefore,awareness of the benefits of having healthy sleeping habits in
regards to school and health in general, needs to be increased. A recommendation given by
Robbins and Niederdeppe (2014) was to have a “message-based intervention.” This means that
the importance of sleep and our misconceptions about how sleep affects our ability to perform
tasks can be address by simply informing students about the benefits of sleep (Robbins and
Niederdeppe, 2014). The same “message-based intervention” can be said for beliefs that time
management and less stress allow for healthy sleeping habits. While these two beliefs are
correlated with intention, not many students hold fast to them. This leaves rom for intervention.
16. In all, the promotion of healthy sleeping behaviors can be achieved through “strategic
communication” (Robbins and Niederdeppe, 2014). With very effective strategic
communication, messages that encourage healthy sleeping habits in college will hopefully
discourage behaviors and beliefs that discourage healthy sleeping habits. Robbins and
Niederdeppe (2014) also recommended that further research be conducted to study how
descriptive norms are formed and how the sleeping habits of others have so much affect on the
sleeping habits of one person.
INTERVENTION
In order to change the sleeping behavior of college students, the intrapersonal and
interpersonal levels of the social ecological model must be targeted. There are severalways in
which the intrapersonal level of communication from the social ecological model can be
addressed,and they include:
1) Increased knowledge about how to get better sleep
2) Increased knowledge about the negative consequences associated with poor sleeping
habits.
3) Increased skills in how to achieve healthy sleeping habits
Ways to address the interpersonal level of communication include:
1) Increased support from friends and family about healthy sleeping habits
2) Increased support from a job and/or school
In addressing the intrapersonal and interpersonal levels of the social ecological model, several
constructs of the theory of planned behavior and reasoned action are also addressed,such as
attitude towards healthy sleeping habits, perceived behavioral control to have healthy sleeping
habits, and how others view healthy sleeping habits. Increasing knowledge about how to get
better sleeping habits and increasing the support from friends, family, and community affect
behavioral intention, and intention ultimately affects whether or not a behavior is formed.
Another way to look at the sleep behavior of college students would be to look at
predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors associated with said behavior. Predisposing
factors,in this case,are very similar to the intrapersonal level of the social ecological model,
mainly being comprised of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and values of towards healthy sleeping
behaviors. Enabling factors are antecedents that facilitate a behavior, such as skills, and
resources,and policies; enabling factors are a mixture of the community and organizational levels
of the social ecological model. Reinforcing factors elicit feedback for behavior from interactions
17. with friends and family and would lead more toward the interpersonal level of the social
ecological model.
One organizational level intervention for a university could be having discussions put on
by student government or some authoritative campus organization, such as a psychology
department, that would be open to college students to allow them to understand why and how to
get better sleep. By having student government try to educate on the issue, more students will be
more likely to listen because student government is comprised of peers of the same age dealing
with the same issues. By having a certain department, such as psychology, put on a discussion,
students will be more likely to listen because a psychology department has authority over the
subject because they will have the most knowledge about the consequences on your body from
insufficient sleep. This intervention would target both interpersonal and intrapersonal levels of
the social ecological model by increasing knowledge, awareness,and skills for better sleeping
habits, as well as targeting the other students and friends to have healthy sleeping habits. This
intervention also addresses the predisposing factors and reinforcing factor, while the intervention
itself would be an enabling factor.
Other nonpharmaceutical interventions can include relaxation therapies, stimulus control
therapy, and sleep restriction therapy (Austin, 2007). Relaxation therapy is a way to calm the
mind before sleep (National Sleep Foundation). This can be accomplished through breathing
exercises,helpful visualizations, mediation, and muscle relaxation exercises (National Sleep
Foundation). Stimulus control therapy is aimed to rewire the brain so that lying in bed is
associated with sleep instead of being awake (National Sleep Foundation). By not napping
throughout the day and getting up at the same time each day, a person can reset his or her bedtime
cues (National Sleep Foundation). Finally, sleep restriction therapy is when a person is restricted
to being in bed for the amount of time he or she actually spends asleep, not how much he or she
wants to sleep (National Sleep Foundation). The goal of this is increase sleep efficiency. Then, a
small amount of time is added to the time in bed, to eventually reach the desired amount of sleep.
There are also pharmaceutical interventions, such as taking drugs that help you sleep
easier and deeper at night. These drugs, however,should only be taken for insomnia that has
been diagnosed by a doctor and has a genetic or biological etiology (National Sleep Foundation).
Even then, drugs that help treat insomnia should only be taken for short periods of time (National
Sleep Foundation).
Some limitations must also be addressed in regards to intervention success. The only
way that relaxation therapy, stimulus control therapy, and sleep restriction therapy will work is if
a student suffers from insomnia. If a student is fully capable of getting better sleep, but chooses
18. not to, then only the first intervention mentioned will work. However,if a student does not have
healthy sleeping habits because of insomnia or another sleep related disease,then educating him
or her on the importance of healthy sleeping behaviors will be no good, since he or she cannot
partake, even if he or she wishes to. Therefore,there are two categories that a student can be
placed into: 1) choosing not to have healthy sleeping habits and 2) not being able to have healthy
sleeping habits because of a sleep related disease. To get to the root of those who choose not to
have healthy sleeping habits, the attitude and knowledge about the importance of acting on a
certain behavior must be examined. This type of intervention was the first one mentioned about
having a campus discussion. To get to the root of those who cannot sleep well because of
insomnia, specific medical interventions, such as therapy or pharmaceutical drugs, must be used
to treat the disease.
CONCLUSION
Sleep deprivation among college students is a realhealth behavior epidemic that needs to
be addressed. Sleep is very important in maintaining physical health, aiding in learning and
memorization, increasing cardiovascular health, and warding off diseases (Harvard,2006). For
college students, lack of sleep often leads to decreased quality of work. In order to combat this
epidemic, the attitudes and beliefs about the importance of sleep must be changed. This can be
done with severalinterventions that target changing social norms, such as discussions put on by
student government and fliers put up in dorms and residence halls. In the case that a student
doesn’t choose to not get enough sleep, but just can’t get enough sleep, meditation and relaxation
therapies have proven to help (National Sleep Foundation, Insomnia). Pharmaceutical
interventions have also proven effective when a student suffers from insomnia; however,
pharmaceuticals should not be taken for extended periods of time, for the risk of addition to them.
In all, the most change in the sleeping habits of college students will occur if social norms and
perceived behavioral control are changed (Kor and Mullan, 2011).
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