Why Democracy 8 31
•Download as PPT, PDF•
0 likes•285 views
The document discusses different views on the purpose and role of government. It explains that government involves the authoritative allocation of values through rules determining things like who gets what resources. There are disagreements over which values a government should prioritize, such as liberty, equality, order, and efficiency. Political ideologies reflect preferences over these different values. Our political and economic systems emphasize a mix of values, with no single system prioritizing one value over others to the extreme.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![What is Government? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/why-democracy-8-314415/85/Why-Democracy-8-31-1-320.jpg)
![How Should Government Use Power? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
A critique of john rawls’ social justice theory and the fate of nigeria’s pol...
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). Science, Technology and Medicine Journals Call for Academic Manuscripts
2 Origins And Types Of Govt And Govt Structures
The document discusses the origin of different forms of government and types of democracies. It examines theories on democracy from Dahl, Schumpeter, and Marx, asking which best explains the American democracy. Dahl proposed a pluralist theory where the public knows best and elections allow people to be elected and removed. Schumpeter argued an elite theory where politicians elected by public should control government. Marx saw democracy as capable of rule but current systems don't truly represent people's interests.
John rawls
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice proposes principles of justice to structure an ideal society. Rawls argues that rational individuals in an original position of equality, without knowledge of their social status, would agree to two principles: 1) Equal liberty as long as it doesn't infringe on others' liberty, and 2) Social and economic inequalities must benefit all and be open to all. Rawls believes these principles derived from a social contract theory provide a stronger basis for equality than utilitarianism by denying that infringing basic rights can be justified by greater benefits for more people. He defines justice as fairness under these fair and impartial conditions.
Chapter # 3
This document provides a summary of chapter 3 from a book on justice and economic distribution. It outlines three major views on this topic: the utilitarian view, libertarian view, and Rawls' view. The utilitarian view aims to maximize overall happiness and favors equality. The libertarian view, as expressed by Nozick, emphasizes individual liberty and entitlement to holdings through just acquisition and transfer. Rawls' view uses a hypothetical "original position" and "veil of ignorance" to derive two principles of justice: equal basic liberties and social/economic inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged.
Justice
John Rawls' theory of justice proposes two principles of justice: 1) Each person has equal basic rights and liberties, and 2) Social and economic inequalities are acceptable only if they benefit society's least advantaged members. Rawls argues these principles would be chosen by individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their abilities or social status. While some aspects like equal opportunity are practical, critics argue Rawls' conception of the original position is unrealistic. Overall, Rawls' theory provides an important framework for thinking about justice, though some elements may not be directly applicable in reality.
A Preliminary Trawl through Rawls
Rawls' Theory of Justice proposes two fundamental principles of justice that should guide the basic structure of society: 1) Each person has an equal right to basic liberties like freedom of speech and religion, 2) Social and economic inequalities are just only if they result in compensating benefits for everyone, especially the least advantaged members of society. Rawls argues these principles would be chosen by rational individuals in an original position behind a veil of ignorance, where they do not know their place in society. His theory uses a thought experiment of a hypothetical social contract to derive principles of justice for a well-ordered society.
John rawls (1921 2002) – a brief
John Rawls (1921-2002) was a hugely influential US philosopher known for attempting to reconcile liberal beliefs in freedom with the need to prevent excessive inequality in society. His best known work, A Theory of Justice (1972), proposed a thought experiment where people create a just society from behind a "veil of ignorance" without knowing their place in it. Rawls argued this would lead people to choose principles guaranteeing equal rights, respect for all, and a minimum standard of living so that the worst off are not below a certain level, even if this requires some inequalities. He called this the "difference principle."
Severine Deneulin - Human development,two interpretations compared
Severine Deneulin - Human development,two interpretations compared
Presentation given at conference on 17/18 November in honour of Sir Richard Jolly
Recommended
A critique of john rawls’ social justice theory and the fate of nigeria’s pol...
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). Science, Technology and Medicine Journals Call for Academic Manuscripts
2 Origins And Types Of Govt And Govt Structures
The document discusses the origin of different forms of government and types of democracies. It examines theories on democracy from Dahl, Schumpeter, and Marx, asking which best explains the American democracy. Dahl proposed a pluralist theory where the public knows best and elections allow people to be elected and removed. Schumpeter argued an elite theory where politicians elected by public should control government. Marx saw democracy as capable of rule but current systems don't truly represent people's interests.
John rawls
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice proposes principles of justice to structure an ideal society. Rawls argues that rational individuals in an original position of equality, without knowledge of their social status, would agree to two principles: 1) Equal liberty as long as it doesn't infringe on others' liberty, and 2) Social and economic inequalities must benefit all and be open to all. Rawls believes these principles derived from a social contract theory provide a stronger basis for equality than utilitarianism by denying that infringing basic rights can be justified by greater benefits for more people. He defines justice as fairness under these fair and impartial conditions.
Chapter # 3
This document provides a summary of chapter 3 from a book on justice and economic distribution. It outlines three major views on this topic: the utilitarian view, libertarian view, and Rawls' view. The utilitarian view aims to maximize overall happiness and favors equality. The libertarian view, as expressed by Nozick, emphasizes individual liberty and entitlement to holdings through just acquisition and transfer. Rawls' view uses a hypothetical "original position" and "veil of ignorance" to derive two principles of justice: equal basic liberties and social/economic inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged.
Justice
John Rawls' theory of justice proposes two principles of justice: 1) Each person has equal basic rights and liberties, and 2) Social and economic inequalities are acceptable only if they benefit society's least advantaged members. Rawls argues these principles would be chosen by individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their abilities or social status. While some aspects like equal opportunity are practical, critics argue Rawls' conception of the original position is unrealistic. Overall, Rawls' theory provides an important framework for thinking about justice, though some elements may not be directly applicable in reality.
A Preliminary Trawl through Rawls
Rawls' Theory of Justice proposes two fundamental principles of justice that should guide the basic structure of society: 1) Each person has an equal right to basic liberties like freedom of speech and religion, 2) Social and economic inequalities are just only if they result in compensating benefits for everyone, especially the least advantaged members of society. Rawls argues these principles would be chosen by rational individuals in an original position behind a veil of ignorance, where they do not know their place in society. His theory uses a thought experiment of a hypothetical social contract to derive principles of justice for a well-ordered society.
John rawls (1921 2002) – a brief
John Rawls (1921-2002) was a hugely influential US philosopher known for attempting to reconcile liberal beliefs in freedom with the need to prevent excessive inequality in society. His best known work, A Theory of Justice (1972), proposed a thought experiment where people create a just society from behind a "veil of ignorance" without knowing their place in it. Rawls argued this would lead people to choose principles guaranteeing equal rights, respect for all, and a minimum standard of living so that the worst off are not below a certain level, even if this requires some inequalities. He called this the "difference principle."
Severine Deneulin - Human development,two interpretations compared
Severine Deneulin - Human development,two interpretations compared
Presentation given at conference on 17/18 November in honour of Sir Richard Jolly
Justice Theory
The document describes three theories of justice: utilitarianism, retributivism, and labeling theory. Utilitarianism, proposed by Jeremy Bentham, evaluates actions based on their consequences and seeks to maximize overall well-being. Retributivism, proposed by Robert Nozick, believes punishment is a response to a past wrong and aims to deter crime. Labeling theory, proposed by Howard Becker, argues deviance is defined by societal labels rather than acts themselves. The document also summarizes critiques of each view and relates the theories to the Fort Hood shooting tragedy.
John rawls
John Rawls proposed a theory of justice based on two principles that he believed rational individuals would choose from behind a "veil of ignorance". The first principle guarantees equal basic liberties for all, while the second, or "difference principle", allows inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society. Rawls believed his principles combined elements of both deontological and utilitarian ethical theories to establish a fair distribution of rights and resources in a just society.
Theories of justice
This document discusses four main theories related to health care: egalitarian theories, utilitarian theories, libertarian theories, and theories of justice. Egalitarian theories emphasize equal access to goods and services and providing universal health care. Utilitarian theories focus on maximizing public utility through political intervention and wealth redistribution. Libertarian theories emphasize personal rights to liberty. The document also discusses Daniel Callahan's natural life span argument and principles for limiting medical care after a natural life span.
Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism is a political doctrine that holds that all people are equal and should be treated as such. It rests on the belief that humans have equal fundamental worth. Historically, the Stoics first presented egalitarian ideas, while thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau later argued that legitimate government comes from the equal, voluntary consent of natural people. Modern egalitarianism holds that all humans are naturally equal and inequality requires justification. Egalitarians believe society should provide equal or nearly equal measures of goods like welfare, income, resources, wealth, and opportunity to all citizens to best serve justice.
Anarchy, state, and utopia
A presentation held by Tabea Hirzel at the SMCU Residency with Prof. Hardy Boullion.
Abstract.
“Anarchy, State, and Utopia” [CITATION Noz74 \l 2055 ] is a work in the libertarian tradition of constitutional theory in which Robert Nozick sets up an explanation why societies are organized as states and how these states came to be. His major point is to justify the state and the state’s actions morally. Nozick bases his theory on the normative paradigm of rights held by individuals where the act of violating them is considered unfair and unjust [ CITATION Lef79 \l 2055 ]. Starting from a state-of-nature theory he defines rights as redistributive side constrains [CITATION Noz74 \p 32 \l 2055 ] leading to what he denominates his “entitlement theory” from which, by each and every one’s primordial intention to protect one’s own rights, emerges the state in an evolutionary process based on free exchange of obligations and rights. This theory defines the minimal state as the ideal form and any further extended state as illegitimate, following that its extension could only come in existence by violation of individual rights only. Even though his theory remains at the end unreliable its moral justification [ CITATION Bar77 \l 2055 ] or “incoherent” in his explanatory attempt [ CITATION Dav77 \l 2055 ], his approach based on rights where people as free agents use moral values as functions towards the goal of the individuals higher happiness is revolutionary in constitutional theories and future theories may find a rich foundation to build on its dynamics.
Lecture 1 -power, theory, & overview
This document provides an overview of key concepts from the first lecture of a political theory course. It discusses keeping an open mind, critiquing arguments logically and factually, and defining politics as the struggle over group decision-making and resources. It also summarizes theories of the state of nature from Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, how they differ in their views of human nature, and why moving beyond the state of nature into organized political societies became necessary.
Social justice report in ethics
The document provides biographical information on John Rawls and outlines some of the key aspects of his theory of justice, known as justice as fairness. Rawls believed that rational individuals in an original position behind a veil of ignorance would choose principles of equal liberty and to maximize the position of the least advantaged in society. His theory aims to establish a just framework for the basic structure of society through principles that are fair to all individuals regardless of their status or position.
Justice as Equality
This document discusses the concept of equality and its relationship to justice. It makes several key points:
1) Equality means having the same status, level, rights, and protections, but inequality exists in the world. The principle of equality underlies justice.
2) Islam promotes equality before the law, with equal rights and duties for all people regardless of background.
3) For justice and equality to exist, there must be rules that determine how different classes or categories of people should be treated, such as the same punishment for all murderers.
4) The Malaysian Constitution enshrines the principle of equality, stating that all are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection without discrimination.
Rawls and Nozick on Economic justice
The document discusses John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness. It explains that under the original position, people behind a veil of ignorance would agree to two principles: 1) Equal liberty for all and 2) Social and economic inequalities must benefit society's least well-off and arise from fair equality of opportunity. The difference principle holds that redistribution of wealth is justified if it improves the situation of the worst-off group. The document provides a simplified example comparing utilitarian, egalitarian, and Rawlsian approaches to distributing resources between two people.
Theories of Justice (John Rawls and Amartya Sen)
John Rawls and Amartya Sen proposed influential theories of justice. [1] Rawls argued for a "veil of ignorance" where people in an "original position" wouldn't know their status and would choose principles for a just society. [2] Sen criticized Rawls' approach and argued justice involves comparative evaluation of institutions based on an independent spectator. [3] Both philosophers aimed to define justice, though they disagreed on methodology.
THE CHAIN IS AS STRONG AS ITS WEAKEST LINK
John Rawls was an American philosopher who spent his career developing theories of justice and political philosophy. His major works included A Theory of Justice (1971), which put forth his theory of a just society that prioritizes liberty and ensures inequalities benefit the least advantaged. This theory includes the "veil of ignorance" thought experiment and two principles of justice: equal basic rights and liberties, and social and economic inequalities must be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged. Rawls argued his principles establish a fair distribution of goods and structure society to benefit all citizens.
Theory of justice
The document discusses John Rawls' theory of justice as presented in his book "A Theory of Justice". It summarizes some of Rawls' key ideas including the original position, veil of ignorance, difference principle, and justice as fairness. Rawls proposes two principles of justice: 1) equal basic liberties for all, and 2) inequalities must benefit the least advantaged and arise from fair equality of opportunity. He argues justice should be defined by impartial principles that would be agreed to from an initial position of equality.
Justice
Equality and justice are related but distinct concepts. Equality refers to treating all people the same, while justice considers fairness and individual circumstances and outcomes. True justice cannot be achieved through equality alone. Different cultures understand justice in varying ways based on their shared history and beliefs. Key debates around justice include whether it stems from divine commands, natural law, human design, or a balance of consequences. Theories of justice also consider how to distribute goods fairly in a society.
G6 rawlsi
Rawlsian contract theory attempts to reconcile utilitarianism and intuitionism through a theory of distributive justice. Rawls proposes an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where individuals would choose principles of justice not knowing their place in society. He argues they would choose two principles: 1) Equal basic liberties for all and 2) Social and economic inequalities must benefit the least advantaged and arise from fair equality of opportunity.
Theory of justice
1) John Rawls proposes a theory of justice based on two principles that would be chosen by rational individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their place in society.
2) The two principles are equal liberty for all and that inequalities must benefit the least advantaged members of society.
3) Rawls believes these principles balance considerations of individual rights and welfare that are found in philosophies like Kantianism and Utilitarianism.
Theories of Justice
This document summarizes and compares the theories of justice put forth by Robert Nozick and John Rawls. It discusses Nozick's entitlement theory, which believes in minimal state interference and strong private property rights. It then covers Rawls' theory of a just society being one that benefits the least advantaged and ensures fair equality of opportunity through distributive justice. The document concludes by agreeing more with Rawls' view that promotes greater equality over Nozick's defense of free markets and private ownership which can increase inequality.
PS 240 Liberalism Fall 2014
The document discusses key concepts in liberalism including:
1) Liberal philosophy is based on four main elements: equality, liberty, individuality, and rationality.
2) Liberal political theory proposes a strict distinction between the state and civil society and an ambivalence about the benefits of democracy.
3) John Rawls' theory of justice proposes two principles: equal liberty for all and inequality only if it benefits the least well-off.
Jurispridence 5
The document discusses John Rawls' difference principle, which is a cornerstone of his political philosophy. The difference principle permits inequalities in the distribution of social goods as long as they benefit society's least advantaged members. It plays a key role in Rawls' philosophy by distributing primary goods in a way that stimulates social cooperation and stability. The difference principle is one part of Rawls' broader advocacy for liberal egalitarianism and takes a subordinate role to his principles of liberty and fair equality of opportunity. Rawls argues the difference principle would be chosen in his hypothetical original position scenario because it best satisfies the maximin decision rule of improving the conditions of the worst off.
Types Of Justice
Distributive justice involves how benefits and burdens in society should be distributed. It addresses questions like how income, wealth, and opportunities should be distributed among individuals and groups. There are various theories for the basis of distribution, such as equality, merit, free market transactions, or maximizing individual needs. John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness holds that social and economic inequalities are justified only if they benefit the least advantaged and positions are open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
PS 240 Liberalism Fall 2008
1. Liberalism is based on the theory of possessive individualism which sees individuals as proprietors of themselves who form relationships primarily through voluntary market exchanges.
2. A key liberal view is that individuals should be free to pursue their own conception of the good as long as it does not harm others. This view is balanced with concerns about market failures and inequality.
3. Liberal philosophers have debated the appropriate role and scope of government, with some arguing for minimal intervention and others supporting a more active role to address issues like public goods, externalities, and unequal distributions of wealth.
Social Justice, Equity And Feminism In Planning
The document discusses the concepts of social justice, equity, and feminism and how they relate to planning. It defines social justice and provides perspectives from Rawls and others. Equity is discussed as a legal concept that supplements strict law. The feminist debate addresses historical views of women's roles and issues like unequal treatment. Planners can address these values by advising the public, advocating for the public interest, using technical skills, and providing visionary development guidance.
Political science review
The document provides an overview of key concepts in political science and Western political thought. It discusses definitions of democracy, ingredients of democratic systems, and ideas from thinkers like Aristotle, Machiavelli, Locke, and Hobbes. It also summarizes concepts like direct democracy, representative democracy, liberalism, and the development of political systems in places like 1600s England and components of the US Constitution like the three branches of government and the amendment process.
More Related Content
What's hot
Justice Theory
The document describes three theories of justice: utilitarianism, retributivism, and labeling theory. Utilitarianism, proposed by Jeremy Bentham, evaluates actions based on their consequences and seeks to maximize overall well-being. Retributivism, proposed by Robert Nozick, believes punishment is a response to a past wrong and aims to deter crime. Labeling theory, proposed by Howard Becker, argues deviance is defined by societal labels rather than acts themselves. The document also summarizes critiques of each view and relates the theories to the Fort Hood shooting tragedy.
John rawls
John Rawls proposed a theory of justice based on two principles that he believed rational individuals would choose from behind a "veil of ignorance". The first principle guarantees equal basic liberties for all, while the second, or "difference principle", allows inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society. Rawls believed his principles combined elements of both deontological and utilitarian ethical theories to establish a fair distribution of rights and resources in a just society.
Theories of justice
This document discusses four main theories related to health care: egalitarian theories, utilitarian theories, libertarian theories, and theories of justice. Egalitarian theories emphasize equal access to goods and services and providing universal health care. Utilitarian theories focus on maximizing public utility through political intervention and wealth redistribution. Libertarian theories emphasize personal rights to liberty. The document also discusses Daniel Callahan's natural life span argument and principles for limiting medical care after a natural life span.
Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism is a political doctrine that holds that all people are equal and should be treated as such. It rests on the belief that humans have equal fundamental worth. Historically, the Stoics first presented egalitarian ideas, while thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau later argued that legitimate government comes from the equal, voluntary consent of natural people. Modern egalitarianism holds that all humans are naturally equal and inequality requires justification. Egalitarians believe society should provide equal or nearly equal measures of goods like welfare, income, resources, wealth, and opportunity to all citizens to best serve justice.
Anarchy, state, and utopia
A presentation held by Tabea Hirzel at the SMCU Residency with Prof. Hardy Boullion.
Abstract.
“Anarchy, State, and Utopia” [CITATION Noz74 \l 2055 ] is a work in the libertarian tradition of constitutional theory in which Robert Nozick sets up an explanation why societies are organized as states and how these states came to be. His major point is to justify the state and the state’s actions morally. Nozick bases his theory on the normative paradigm of rights held by individuals where the act of violating them is considered unfair and unjust [ CITATION Lef79 \l 2055 ]. Starting from a state-of-nature theory he defines rights as redistributive side constrains [CITATION Noz74 \p 32 \l 2055 ] leading to what he denominates his “entitlement theory” from which, by each and every one’s primordial intention to protect one’s own rights, emerges the state in an evolutionary process based on free exchange of obligations and rights. This theory defines the minimal state as the ideal form and any further extended state as illegitimate, following that its extension could only come in existence by violation of individual rights only. Even though his theory remains at the end unreliable its moral justification [ CITATION Bar77 \l 2055 ] or “incoherent” in his explanatory attempt [ CITATION Dav77 \l 2055 ], his approach based on rights where people as free agents use moral values as functions towards the goal of the individuals higher happiness is revolutionary in constitutional theories and future theories may find a rich foundation to build on its dynamics.
Lecture 1 -power, theory, & overview
This document provides an overview of key concepts from the first lecture of a political theory course. It discusses keeping an open mind, critiquing arguments logically and factually, and defining politics as the struggle over group decision-making and resources. It also summarizes theories of the state of nature from Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, how they differ in their views of human nature, and why moving beyond the state of nature into organized political societies became necessary.
Social justice report in ethics
The document provides biographical information on John Rawls and outlines some of the key aspects of his theory of justice, known as justice as fairness. Rawls believed that rational individuals in an original position behind a veil of ignorance would choose principles of equal liberty and to maximize the position of the least advantaged in society. His theory aims to establish a just framework for the basic structure of society through principles that are fair to all individuals regardless of their status or position.
Justice as Equality
This document discusses the concept of equality and its relationship to justice. It makes several key points:
1) Equality means having the same status, level, rights, and protections, but inequality exists in the world. The principle of equality underlies justice.
2) Islam promotes equality before the law, with equal rights and duties for all people regardless of background.
3) For justice and equality to exist, there must be rules that determine how different classes or categories of people should be treated, such as the same punishment for all murderers.
4) The Malaysian Constitution enshrines the principle of equality, stating that all are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection without discrimination.
Rawls and Nozick on Economic justice
The document discusses John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness. It explains that under the original position, people behind a veil of ignorance would agree to two principles: 1) Equal liberty for all and 2) Social and economic inequalities must benefit society's least well-off and arise from fair equality of opportunity. The difference principle holds that redistribution of wealth is justified if it improves the situation of the worst-off group. The document provides a simplified example comparing utilitarian, egalitarian, and Rawlsian approaches to distributing resources between two people.
Theories of Justice (John Rawls and Amartya Sen)
John Rawls and Amartya Sen proposed influential theories of justice. [1] Rawls argued for a "veil of ignorance" where people in an "original position" wouldn't know their status and would choose principles for a just society. [2] Sen criticized Rawls' approach and argued justice involves comparative evaluation of institutions based on an independent spectator. [3] Both philosophers aimed to define justice, though they disagreed on methodology.
THE CHAIN IS AS STRONG AS ITS WEAKEST LINK
John Rawls was an American philosopher who spent his career developing theories of justice and political philosophy. His major works included A Theory of Justice (1971), which put forth his theory of a just society that prioritizes liberty and ensures inequalities benefit the least advantaged. This theory includes the "veil of ignorance" thought experiment and two principles of justice: equal basic rights and liberties, and social and economic inequalities must be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged. Rawls argued his principles establish a fair distribution of goods and structure society to benefit all citizens.
Theory of justice
The document discusses John Rawls' theory of justice as presented in his book "A Theory of Justice". It summarizes some of Rawls' key ideas including the original position, veil of ignorance, difference principle, and justice as fairness. Rawls proposes two principles of justice: 1) equal basic liberties for all, and 2) inequalities must benefit the least advantaged and arise from fair equality of opportunity. He argues justice should be defined by impartial principles that would be agreed to from an initial position of equality.
Justice
Equality and justice are related but distinct concepts. Equality refers to treating all people the same, while justice considers fairness and individual circumstances and outcomes. True justice cannot be achieved through equality alone. Different cultures understand justice in varying ways based on their shared history and beliefs. Key debates around justice include whether it stems from divine commands, natural law, human design, or a balance of consequences. Theories of justice also consider how to distribute goods fairly in a society.
G6 rawlsi
Rawlsian contract theory attempts to reconcile utilitarianism and intuitionism through a theory of distributive justice. Rawls proposes an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where individuals would choose principles of justice not knowing their place in society. He argues they would choose two principles: 1) Equal basic liberties for all and 2) Social and economic inequalities must benefit the least advantaged and arise from fair equality of opportunity.
Theory of justice
1) John Rawls proposes a theory of justice based on two principles that would be chosen by rational individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their place in society.
2) The two principles are equal liberty for all and that inequalities must benefit the least advantaged members of society.
3) Rawls believes these principles balance considerations of individual rights and welfare that are found in philosophies like Kantianism and Utilitarianism.
Theories of Justice
This document summarizes and compares the theories of justice put forth by Robert Nozick and John Rawls. It discusses Nozick's entitlement theory, which believes in minimal state interference and strong private property rights. It then covers Rawls' theory of a just society being one that benefits the least advantaged and ensures fair equality of opportunity through distributive justice. The document concludes by agreeing more with Rawls' view that promotes greater equality over Nozick's defense of free markets and private ownership which can increase inequality.
PS 240 Liberalism Fall 2014
The document discusses key concepts in liberalism including:
1) Liberal philosophy is based on four main elements: equality, liberty, individuality, and rationality.
2) Liberal political theory proposes a strict distinction between the state and civil society and an ambivalence about the benefits of democracy.
3) John Rawls' theory of justice proposes two principles: equal liberty for all and inequality only if it benefits the least well-off.
Jurispridence 5
The document discusses John Rawls' difference principle, which is a cornerstone of his political philosophy. The difference principle permits inequalities in the distribution of social goods as long as they benefit society's least advantaged members. It plays a key role in Rawls' philosophy by distributing primary goods in a way that stimulates social cooperation and stability. The difference principle is one part of Rawls' broader advocacy for liberal egalitarianism and takes a subordinate role to his principles of liberty and fair equality of opportunity. Rawls argues the difference principle would be chosen in his hypothetical original position scenario because it best satisfies the maximin decision rule of improving the conditions of the worst off.
Types Of Justice
Distributive justice involves how benefits and burdens in society should be distributed. It addresses questions like how income, wealth, and opportunities should be distributed among individuals and groups. There are various theories for the basis of distribution, such as equality, merit, free market transactions, or maximizing individual needs. John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness holds that social and economic inequalities are justified only if they benefit the least advantaged and positions are open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
PS 240 Liberalism Fall 2008
1. Liberalism is based on the theory of possessive individualism which sees individuals as proprietors of themselves who form relationships primarily through voluntary market exchanges.
2. A key liberal view is that individuals should be free to pursue their own conception of the good as long as it does not harm others. This view is balanced with concerns about market failures and inequality.
3. Liberal philosophers have debated the appropriate role and scope of government, with some arguing for minimal intervention and others supporting a more active role to address issues like public goods, externalities, and unequal distributions of wealth.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Why Democracy 8 31
Social Justice, Equity And Feminism In Planning
The document discusses the concepts of social justice, equity, and feminism and how they relate to planning. It defines social justice and provides perspectives from Rawls and others. Equity is discussed as a legal concept that supplements strict law. The feminist debate addresses historical views of women's roles and issues like unequal treatment. Planners can address these values by advising the public, advocating for the public interest, using technical skills, and providing visionary development guidance.
Political science review
The document provides an overview of key concepts in political science and Western political thought. It discusses definitions of democracy, ingredients of democratic systems, and ideas from thinkers like Aristotle, Machiavelli, Locke, and Hobbes. It also summarizes concepts like direct democracy, representative democracy, liberalism, and the development of political systems in places like 1600s England and components of the US Constitution like the three branches of government and the amendment process.
Philosophical investigation into seasteading
A philosophical investigation into how we can find better forms of social organization through the use of seasteads. I maintain that seasteads deal better with value pluralism as it provides an open space of experimentation with different kinds of social organizations.
Management EthicsEthics, Diversity and Organizational .docx
Management Ethics
Ethics, Diversity and Organizational Culture
Age and Cultural Diversity can make Business Ethics stumble
With MULTIPLE generations now in the workforce, many employers have embraced age and cultural diversity initiatives with an objective of creating create an all-inclusive workplace. However, cultural diversity can give rise to ethical issues that can be challenging for managers and employees to resolve.
Religious Differences
Gender Issues (more women in work force than ever before)
Hiring Decisions
General Business Practices
Age differential
As a group, please come up with one ethics-related situation that occurred since the last class. Share with the class the ethical conflict, action, and results.
Chapter Three:
Justice and Economic Distribution
5
Management Ethics
Reflection Questions
Chap 3 – Justice and Economic Distribution
1. What does the concept of justice mean to you?
“Injustice anywhere
is a threat to
justice everywhere.”
Martin Luther King Jr.
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
What is Justice ?
Moral principle that determines what is just, equitable, and morally right based on ethical, political, environmental, and religious beliefs and values.
-- guided by truth, reason, and fairness --
Promoting welfare, virtue, and freedom
Keeping intact the foundations of our democracy including upholding the law
Securing natural rights
According to Merriam Webster dictionary
-- Justice is the use of law and being fair --
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
Justice involves REAL issues that deal with the equality and fair treatment of humanity and the environment.
Justice also involves the laws in a country or nation, and the arrangement of how a government will protect it’s values and maintain order while preserving the rights of the people.
What is Justice ?
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
Maximizing Welfare
Improving standard of living for society as a whole
Bringing the “greatest happiness for the greatest number” of people = UTILITARIAN
This means that a person’s theory of justice is based on promoting prosperity or spurring economic growth, to seek the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Examples: Social Security, healthcare (Medicare and Medicaid), public schools, criminal justice system with prisons
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
Respecting Freedom
Having respect for individual rights and universal human rights.
e.g. the Bill of Rights
Emphasis on respect for individual rights
Laissez-faire camp (free-market libertarians)
Policies that respect voluntary choices so minimal government intervention in individual lives and choices.
Fairness camp (egalitarian theorists)
Policies that give everyone a fair chance at success so government passes laws that ensure everyone has equal opportunity.
MANAGEMENT ETHICS 5-1
Promoting Virtue
Looking at justice by affirming certain virtues and conceptions of the ‘good life’.
These virtues must b.
Political-ideologies (1).pptx
This document discusses several major political ideologies:
- Anarchism rejects all forms of government and hierarchy and endorses direct democracy.
- Marxism holds that society should shift power to the proletariat through collective control of production, and that socialism is a transition to communism.
- Liberalism is based on ideas of liberty, equality, free markets, and democratic societies with secular and limited government.
- Conservatism seeks to preserve stability and traditions through institutions that emphasize authority and hierarchy.
- Nationalism calls for a unified national community and totalitarian state control over society.
ss10_unit3
This document discusses concepts of power, authority, and sovereignty. It defines power as the ability to make and carry out decisions through various means, while authority suggests legitimacy through consent. Different perspectives on the sources and forms of power and authority are presented, including Max Weber's three types of legitimate authority (charismatic, traditional, rational-legal) and Steven Lukes' three faces of power (decision-making, non-decision-making, shaping desires). Political viewpoints are located on a spectrum between radical and reactionary views regarding priorities of society versus individuals and the economy versus government.
Political Ideologies.pptx
This document provides an overview of major political ideologies including their key principles and characteristics. It discusses ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, anarchism, communism, Marxism, fascism, and feminism. For each ideology, it describes how society should be structured according to its principles as well as important figures associated with the ideology's development. It also lists some countries that are most closely aligned with certain ideologies.
Political Ideologies.pptx
This document provides definitions and explanations of various political ideologies including capitalism, socialism, communism, liberalism, neoliberalism, anarchism, fascism, and others. It describes key characteristics and principles of each ideology such as views on private property, government intervention in the economy, individual freedoms, and social equality. The document serves to outline the major differences between ideologies and provide context for understanding their core philosophies and policy stances.
Who holds the power in a democracy Is the U.S. a democracy, or has
Who holds the power in a democracy? Is the U.S. a democracy, or has the increasing gap between the super-rich and the rest of us shifted our government toward oligarchy?
Instructions
Research the forms of government and the history of how governments evolve over time to meet the needs of society. Most of us agree that we need an organized system of government to maintain a desirable and stable society, but we hold little agreement on how governing should occur and who should hold the power and authority to carry out those decisions.
As is outlined in your text, some scholars believe the widening gap between the super rich (i.e., the top 1%) and everyone else has brought back a new type of Gilded Age where the concentrated wealth of the richest corporate execs and Wall St. tycoons wields enough clout to influence elections and policy decisions. As you are doing your research, consider the following points:
Does the shift in distribution of wealth mean a small percentage of elites have acquired enough influence to “buy” political power and limit the power of the majority?
Does wealth distribution dilute the foundational principles of democracy by creating a distinctly unfair system for the majority of citizens?
Sociologists use the various functionalist and conflict theories to explain the workings of power in government and political systems. Apply these theories to help explain why you believe the current form of government in the U.S. is more an oligarchy or a democracy.
Conflict perspective
:
Pluralist theory assumes that political power in democracies is dispersed among several veto groups that compete equally for resources and influence.
Functionalist perspective
:
Elite theories assume that power is instead concentrated in the hands of a few wealthy individuals and organizations that exert inordinate influence on the government and can shape its decisions to benefit their own interests (
Sociology: Understanding the Changing the Social World
, 2016, pp. 495-496).
After you have completed your reading and research, develop a post (minimum of 150 words) that addresses the following questions:
What is the difference between power and authority? Use Weber’s three types of authority to help you define power, legitimacy, and coercion.
Define the concepts of the political order and “the state." Then, describe the state in modern industrial societies. Use this information to explain who holds power in the U.S. Use examples to illustrate your points.
Identify the characteristics of the four forms of government. Apply these characteristics, as well as the information outlined in your text and
Exploration
material, to determine what form of government is currently operating in the U.S.
Based on the recent shifts in wealth and power, do you think our government has changed from democracy to oligarchy? How should the government be run differently, and why? Use the pluralist and elite theories of power, outlined above, t ...
Unit 1.5
According to the document, there are several theories of American democracy: pluralist theory which argues that public interest prevails through interest group bargaining; elite/class theory which argues that wealthy individuals and corporations control policy; and hyperpluralism which argues that there are too many interest groups controlling policy to the detriment of the public interest. The document also discusses challenges to democracy, including limited citizen participation, the influence of money in politics overwhelming democratic voices, and policy gridlock between diverse political interests.
Power beyond the rules
what is politics? what are the types? politics in global perceptive Power? Types of political parties theoretical perceptive of Power. Power and Economy Power and War Power beyond the lines Politics in Pakistan and in U.S.
Introduction to Government
Governments exercise authority over people through legitimacy, gaining the consent of citizens, or force. They provide order, services, security, and economic stability. Governments originated through theories like social contract theory, where people consented to rules for protection and progress.
Introduction to Government
Governments exercise authority over people through legitimacy, gaining the consent of citizens, or force. They provide order, services, security, and economic stability. Governments originated through theories like social contract theory, where people consented to rules for protection and progress.
The Role of Government and Why It Exists
The role of government in society, human nature debate and the various types of government that exists.
Pol3_075530.pptx
This document outlines four major theoretical perspectives in political economy: classical liberalism, modern liberalism, conservatism, and radicalism. It discusses the key ideas and thinkers associated with each perspective. Classical liberalism focuses on individual choice and free markets. Modern liberalism shares this focus but also supports government intervention to ensure basic welfare. Conservatism views society as organic with hierarchical roles and supports tradition. Radicalism prioritizes collective interests over individual interests and an expansive government role. The document provides examples of influential thinkers from each perspective.
Chapter 11 Freedom in a Political and Cultural Context
The document discusses the development of individual freedoms and democracy in Western society from several philosophical perspectives. It traces ideas from Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and others that emphasized individual autonomy, rights, and consent of the governed. While these ideas led to more liberal democracies, the document notes some modern challenges around an overemphasis on individualism at the expense of community and moral responsibility.
The History of Politics and DAO Governance
Slide deck of my talk at the Ethereum Paris Conference on the history of politics and its lesson for building constitutions in blockchain DAO governance.
Here's a link to the talk:
https://www.youtube.com/live/TIcZj-Oxcgc?feature=share
UNIT IV.pptx
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), ‘The state is a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make rules which govern society.’ These institutions, according to Miliband (1969), are the government, the administration (the civil service), the judiciary and parliamentary assemblies. State power lies in these institutions.
Max Weber defined it as ‘the social insti¬tution that holds a monopoly over the use of force’. It has a ‘monopoly’ of legitimate violence ‘within a specific territory”. Hence, the state includes such institutions as the armed forces, civil service or bureaucracy, police, judiciary and local and national councils of elected representatives, such as parliament.
Consequently, the state is not a unified entity. It is rather a set of institutions which describe the terrain and parameters for political conflicts between various interests over the use of resources and the direction of public policy.
Sociologists have been particularly concerned with the state, but they have examined it in relation to society as a whole, rather than in isolation. Their main concern is the description analysis, and explanation of the state as an institution which claims a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.
What are the state’s interests or the boundaries of the state? It is very difficult to identify them clearly, since different parts of the state apparatus can have different interests and conflicting preferences. Because of this diffi¬culty, there are frequently conflicts between elected politicians and non-elected civil servants or the judiciary over policy and resources.
Moreover, its boundaries have not been clearly defined and are constantly changing. It is here useful to bear in mind Althusser’s concept of state apparatuses. The capacity of the state to control the armed forces and police (repressive state apparatus) as well as the major means of communication, notably the media (the ideological state apparatus) is crucial to its power.
Defining state, Anthony Giddens (1997) writes: ‘A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government (institutions like a parliament, civil services officials, etc.) ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its policies.’
Dunleavy and O’Leary (1967) have suggested the following five characteristics of the modern state:
1. The state is a recognizably separate institution or set of institutions, so differentiated from the rest of its society as to create identifiable public and private spheres.
2. The State is sovereign, or the supreme power, within its territory, and by definition the ultimate authority for all law.
3. The state’s sovereignty extends to all the individuals within a given territory, irrespective of formal positions held in the government or rule-making institutions.
4. The modern state’s personnel are mostly recruited and trained for manag
Introduction to Comparative Politics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in comparative politics. It defines politics as who gets what, when and how. Comparative politics compares the pursuit of power across countries and examines factors like institutions, interests, ideas, and international influences. The document also discusses types of political systems, forms of government, theories of power distribution, and conceptual frameworks for understanding political culture and elite groups.
9 chapter 5 political_philosophy
This document outlines the aims and key concepts of political philosophy. It discusses why philosophy is relevant to politics, describing how political strategies must be justified. It then examines descriptive and normative approaches, different ideologies like liberalism and socialism, and concepts like freedom, rights, law, punishment, and the role of the state. The document provides definitions and examples to explain these complex topics in political philosophy.
Similar to Why Democracy 8 31 (20)
Management EthicsEthics, Diversity and Organizational .docx
Management EthicsEthics, Diversity and Organizational .docx
Who holds the power in a democracy Is the U.S. a democracy, or has
Who holds the power in a democracy Is the U.S. a democracy, or has
Chapter 11 Freedom in a Political and Cultural Context
Chapter 11 Freedom in a Political and Cultural Context
Recently uploaded
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptx
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series)..pdf
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Gabriel Whitley's Motion Summary Judgment
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
EED - The Container Port PERFORMANCE INDEX 2023
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
What Ukraine Has Lost During Russia’s Invasion
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Letter-from-ECI-to-MeiTY-21st-march-2024.pdf
भारत सरकार द्वारा बड़े पैमाने पर व्हाट्सएप अभियान चलाए जाने से डेटा गोपनीयता, नैतिकता और चुनावों की निष्पक्षता पर सवाल उठते हैं।
Recently uploaded (10)
Why Democracy 8 31
- 4. Our system fall in between both extremes.