Theories of justice
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This document discusses four main theories related to health care: egalitarian theories, utilitarian theories, libertarian theories, and theories of justice. Egalitarian theories emphasize equal access to goods and services and providing universal health care. Utilitarian theories focus on maximizing public utility through political intervention and wealth redistribution. Libertarian theories emphasize personal rights to liberty. The document also discusses Daniel Callahan's natural life span argument and principles for limiting medical care after a natural life span.
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Theory of justice
1) John Rawls proposes a theory of justice based on two principles that would be chosen by rational individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their place in society.
2) The two principles are equal liberty for all and that inequalities must benefit the least advantaged members of society.
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1. These three powers are essential to effective governance and rest on necessity, as governments cannot function without the ability to regulate citizens, expropriate private property, and collect taxes.
2. They are similar in that they interfere with private rights and property, require compensation, and have a legislative character.
3. Police power involves laws and regulations that promote public health, safety, morals, and welfare. Eminent domain allows expropriation of private property for public use with just compensation. Taxation allows the state to impose charges to fund itself
Topic 1 Cellular Abberation
1. Cellular aberration refers to abnormalities in cell appearance, size, shape, or structure. Normal cells have distinct morphologies and small nucleus to cytoplasm ratios that decrease as cells mature.
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Justice
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1) John Rawls proposes a theory of justice based on two principles that would be chosen by rational individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their place in society.
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1) The study aimed to examine how adverse social conditions can lead to the development of social schemas that increase the likelihood of criminal behavior. It tested a model linking parenting, community disadvantages, and discrimination to the formation of three social schemas: a hostile view of relationships, concern for immediate gratification, and a cynical view of social norms.
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1) Distributive justice concerns how goods in society such as rights, liberties, opportunities, and income should be distributed. There are several approaches to distributive justice including equality, need, desert, and John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness.
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Sajjad
Ethics is defined as the science that judges human conduct in society as right or wrong. As human societies developed, ethical rules were established to help ensure sustainable life. Environmental ethics then emerged as a field recognizing that ethics should consider the non-human world and humans' influence on a large scale of disciplines. It aims to establish norms for humans' conduct regarding both other humans and non-human animals and the environment, recognizing their interdependence for life on Earth.
CHAPTER1CONSIDERINGMORALPHILOSOPHIESAND PRINCIPLEShatsour.docx
CHAPTER 1
CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLES
hat sources guide us in ethical decision making? How do they help us identify and act on W the morally correct choice? Philosophers, theologians, and others grapple with such questions. The clearest tradition of ethics in Western medicine dates from the ancient Greeks. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, managers and nurses have formally sought to clarify, establish, and, sometimes, enforce ethical standards. Their codes and activities incorporate philosophies about the ethical relationships of providers to one another, to patients, and to society. For managers, the appropriate relationship with the organizations that employ them is an added dimension of their codes.
A natural starting point for discussing ethics and understanding how to resolve ethical problems is to review the moral philosophies that have had a major influence on Western European thought and values. Among the most prominent of these philosophies are utilitarian teleology; Kantian deontology; natural law as formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas; and the work of the 20th-century American philosopher John Rawls. The latter part of the 20th century saw renewed interest in casuistry and virtue ethics. Its emphasis on the individual makes virtue ethics especially helpful in guiding action for managers. In addition, the ethics of care is considered briefly.
Copyright © 2011. Health Professions Press, Inc.. All rights reserved.
Principles derived from these moral philosophies provide the framework or moral (ethical) underpinnings for delivery of health services by organizations. These principles will assist managers (and health services caregivers) in honing a personal ethic. The derivative operative principles are respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Virtue ethics stands on its own as a moral philosophy; also, it helps supplement the principles when they lack rigor in analyzing or solving ethical problems.
The following case about Baby Boy Doe is true. State and federal law would prevent it today. Its simplicity and starkness make it a useful paradigm against which to apply the moral philosophies and derivative principles discussed in this chapter.Baby Boy Doe
In 1970, a male infant born at a major East Coast medical center was diagnosed with mental retardation and duodenal atresia (the absence of a connection between the stomach and intestine). Surgeons determined that although the baby was very small, the atresia was operable, with a high probability of success. The surgery would not alter the baby’s mental retardation, but would permit him to take nourishment by mouth.
The baby’s parents decided to forego the surgery—something they had the legal right to do—and over the course of the following 2 weeks, the infant was left to die from dehydration and starvation. No basic determination of the extent of mental impairment had been made, nor could it have been, at the time the infant die.
Universality Constraints
The document discusses Rawls' constraints of publicity and universality for theories of justice. It argues that while Rawls' constraints of publicity and universality are reasonable given his assumptions, his theory does not fully satisfy the universality constraint. The paper considers two objections to the constraints - the first disputes publicity as unreasonable, while the second disputes Rawls' ability to satisfy universality though not the reasonableness of the constraint itself.
BIOETHICS.pptx
This document discusses key concepts in bioethics including:
1. The history of bioethics from the Nuremberg trials to modern principles like autonomy, beneficence, and justice.
2. Key reports and guidelines that shaped bioethics like the Belmont Report, Helsinki Declaration, and CIOMS guidelines.
3. The four main bioethical principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice as outlined in Beauchamp and Childress's Principles of Biomedical Ethics.
4. Concepts related to these principles like informed consent, paternalism, social justice, and professional-patient relationships.
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This document discusses the debate around active and passive euthanasia. It defines active euthanasia as taking specific steps to end a patient's life, such as a lethal injection, while passive euthanasia is withdrawing medical treatment to cause death. The document argues that both voluntary and involuntary active euthanasia should be legalized to end suffering, though others believe it violates ethical and religious principles. It examines viewpoints from philosophers on both sides of the debate.
Ethics in dentisrty power point presentation
The dental profession is a vocation in which knowledge and skill is used for the service of others.
One of the characteristics of a profession is adherence to a code of ethics. Being a health care provider it carrier with it a responsibility to individual patients and society confers on the professionals requires them to behave in an ethical manner.
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The Islamic perspective on public health is guided by several key principles derived from the Quran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. These include preserving human dignity, promoting social solidarity and justice, avoiding harm, prioritizing necessities, and choosing the least harmful option when faced with difficulties. Public health interventions are permitted if shown to be effective, proportional, necessary, minimally infringing on individuals, and publicly justified. The overall approach emphasizes disease prevention, community well-being, and balancing individual and societal interests.
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The document discusses several topics related to environmental issues:
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2) Biocentrism holds that all living things have equal intrinsic value. It challenges human exceptionalism and views humans as interdependent with nature. The theory of biocentrism proposes that life created the universe.
3) Ecocentrism sees the biosphere as the source of all life and values ecosystems over human needs. It believes ecosystems have intrinsic worth regardless of human use.
4) Poverty and environmental problems are
Presentation1
This document discusses ethical theories and their application in public health nursing. It outlines several normative ethical theories: consequentialism, deontology, principlism, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism focuses on achieving the greatest good for the greatest number. Deontology emphasizes duties and moral rules. Principlism proposes four principles: respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Virtue ethics examines good/bad character traits. In public health, utilitarianism and the four principles are most dominant. The document also notes some major ethical tensions in public health around individual/community rights, weighing costs/benefits, and privacy versus utility.
Disaster Managemnt Ethical and Legal Considerations in Disasters Discussion.docx
1) Cultural ethics are important for humanitarian responders to understand when providing disaster assistance to impacted communities. Not respecting local customs and beliefs can undermine relief efforts and cause distrust.
2) During the Ebola outbreak in Africa, public health measures did not initially respect local burial traditions, causing resistance. Involving religious leaders helped develop alternatives that balanced disease prevention and cultural practices.
3) It is critical for relief to be distributed and medical care provided to impacted communities in a culturally sensitive manner. This helps ensure assistance is effective and builds trust between responders and those receiving aid.
Disaster Managemnt Ethical and Legal Considerations in Disasters Discussion.docx
1) Cultural ethics are important for humanitarian responders to understand when providing disaster assistance to impacted communities. Not respecting local customs and traditions can undermine relief efforts and cause distrust.
2) During the Ebola outbreak in Africa, public health measures did not initially respect local burial traditions, causing resistance. Involving religious leaders helped develop alternatives that balanced disease prevention and cultural practices.
3) It is critical for relief to be distributed and medical care provided in a way that respects cultural norms around issues like gender. Failing to consider these differences can negatively impact communities and relief outcomes.
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12.docx
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent.
Utilitarianism.docx
Utilitarianism is an ethical framework that determines right and wrong based on outcomes. It holds that the most ethical choice maximizes well-being for the greatest number of people. However, utilitarianism has limitations because the future consequences of actions are difficult to predict with certainty. It also struggles to account for concepts like justice and individual rights. While consequentialism judges actions based on their outcomes, it too is problematic because outcomes are unpredictable and can sometimes lead to objectionable decisions even if the consequences are good.
MODULE 6 MIDTERM.docx
The document discusses several topics related to human rights and ethics:
It defines different types of rights such as natural rights based on human nature versus positive rights granted by law. It also outlines the development of human rights from initial concepts to three generations of rights. Finally, it discusses theories of ethics and justice including deontology, Ross's theory of prima facie duties, and John Rawls' theory of a just society based on an original position behind a veil of ignorance.
CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLESWhat sou.docx
CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLES
What sources guide us in ethical decision making? How do they help us identify and act on the morally correct choice? Philosophers, theologians, and others grapple with such questions. The clearest tradition of ethics in Western medicine dates from the ancient Greeks. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, managers and nurses have formally sought to clarify, establish, and, sometimes, enforce ethical standards. Their codes and activities incorporate philosophies about the ethical relationships of providers to one another, to patients, and to society. For managers, the appropriate relationship with the organizations that employ them is an added dimension of their codes.
A natural starting point for discussing ethics and understanding how to resolve ethical problems is to review the moral philosophies that have had a major influence on Western European thought and values. Among the most prominent of these philosophies are utilitarian teleology; Kantian deontology; natural law as formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas; and the work of the 20th-century American philosopher John Rawls. The latter part of the 20th century saw renewed interest in casuistry and virtue ethics. Its emphasis on the individual makes virtue ethics especially helpful in guiding action for managers. In addition, the ethics of care is considered briefly.
Principles derived from these moral philosophies provide the framework or moral (ethical) underpinnings for delivery of health services by organizations. These principles will assist managers (and health services caregivers) in honing a personal ethic. The derivative operative principles are respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Virtue ethics stands on its own as a moral philosophy; also, it helps supplement the principles when they lack rigor in analyzing or solving ethical problems.
The following case about Baby Boy Doe is true. State and federal law would prevent it today. Its simplicity and starkness make it a useful paradigm against which to apply the moral philosophies and derivative principles discussed in this chapter.
Baby Boy Doe
In 1970, a male infant born at a major East Coast medical center was diagnosed with mental retardation and duodenal atresia (the absence of a connection between the stomach and intestine). Surgeons determined that although the baby was very small, the atresia was operable, with a high probability of success. The surgery would not alter the baby's mental retardation, but would permit him to take nourishment by mouth.
The baby's parents decided to forego the surgery—something they had the legal right to do—and over the course of the following 2 weeks, the infant was left to die from dehydration and starvation. No basic determination of the extent of mental impairment had been made, nor could it have been, at the time the infant died. Neither hospital personnel nor state family and social services soug ...
Presentation environmental ethics_1502530007_266921
Environmental ethics examines the moral relationship between humans and the environment. It establishes principles for human attitudes and conduct regarding environmental care. There are differing views on the value of the environment, ranging from anthropocentrism, which sees environmental value as purely instrumental to humans, to biocentrism and ecocentrism, which see intrinsic value in all life forms and ecosystems. Debates continue around these stances and how to address urgent environmental crises through both ethical frameworks and political actions.
Utilitarianism
This document discusses utilitarianism and its importance and relationship to individuals. Utilitarianism is an ethical philosophy that considers the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It was developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill and holds that an action is morally right if its consequences lead to happiness. The document outlines several reasons for the importance of utilitarianism, including that it aims to create happier lives, yields common sense results, does not require prior religious beliefs, and relates to observable real world actions and consequences. While utilitarianism considers the happiness of all people, in everyday life individuals need only consider the good of those involved, but thinking as a utilitarian can help develop society and countries socially and economically.
CHAPTER1CONSIDERINGMORALPHILOSOPHIESAND PRINCIPLEShatsour
CHAPTER 1
CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLES
hat sources guide us in ethical decision making? How do they help us identify and act on W the morally correct choice? Philosophers, theologians, and others grapple with such questions. The clearest tradition of ethics in Western medicine dates from the ancient Greeks. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, managers and nurses have formally sought to clarify, establish, and, sometimes, enforce ethical standards. Their codes and activities incorporate philosophies about the ethical relationships of providers to one another, to patients, and to society. For managers, the appropriate relationship with the organizations that employ them is an added dimension of their codes.
A natural starting point for discussing ethics and understanding how to resolve ethical problems is to review the moral philosophies that have had a major influence on Western European thought and values. Among the most prominent of these philosophies are utilitarian teleology; Kantian deontology; natural law as formulated by St. Thomas Aquinas; and the work of the 20th-century American philosopher John Rawls. The latter part of the 20th century saw renewed interest in casuistry and virtue ethics. Its emphasis on the individual makes virtue ethics especially helpful in guiding action for managers. In addition, the ethics of care is considered briefly.
Copyright © 2011. Health Professions Press, Inc.. All rights reserved.
Principles derived from these moral philosophies provide the framework or moral (ethical) underpinnings for delivery of health services by organizations. These principles will assist managers (and health services caregivers) in honing a personal ethic. The derivative operative principles are respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Virtue ethics stands on its own as a moral philosophy; also, it helps supplement the principles when they lack rigor in analyzing or solving ethical problems.
The following case about Baby Boy Doe is true. State and federal law would prevent it today. Its simplicity and starkness make it a useful paradigm against which to apply the moral philosophies and derivative principles discussed in this chapter.Baby Boy Doe
In 1970, a male infant born at a major East Coast medical center was diagnosed with mental retardation and duodenal atresia (the absence of a connection between the stomach and intestine). Surgeons determined that although the baby was very small, the atresia was operable, with a high probability of success. The surgery would not alter the baby’s mental retardation, but would permit him to take nourishment by mouth.
The baby’s parents decided to forego the surgery—something they had the legal right to do—and over the course of the following 2 weeks, the infant was left to die from dehydration and starvation. No basic determination of the extent of mental impairment had been made, nor could it have been, at the time the infant die ...
Ethics in nursing research
Nazi experiments in Germany in the 1930s-1940s exposed human subjects to harm and death without their consent. In the US from 1930-1972, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study deliberately did not treat black men infected with syphilis and did not obtain informed consent. Many other unethical experiments have been conducted on vulnerable populations such as prisoners, children, elderly patients and mentally ill individuals without their consent. Upholding ethics in research involves protecting human dignity, obtaining voluntary informed consent, minimizing harm and maximizing benefits to human subjects.
Humanity Catholic Distance University Responses.docx
1) Understanding cultural ethics is critical for humanitarian responders to effectively help communities impacted by disasters. Responders must consider local beliefs, traditions, and values to gain trust and tailor assistance in a culturally sensitive way.
2) For example, during the Ebola crisis responders had to work with religious leaders to allow ceremonial burials that respected local traditions while preventing disease spread. This established trust and improved cooperation.
3) To ensure ethical and equitable aid distribution, responders must consider gender roles and cultural norms around issues like food, medical care, and vulnerability definitions. Failing to do so can unintentionally hinder access to assistance.
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CHAPTER1CONSIDERINGMORALPHILOSOPHIESAND PRINCIPLEShatsour.docx
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CHAPTER 1 CONSIDERING MORAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PRINCIPLESWhat sou.docx
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CHAPTER1CONSIDERINGMORALPHILOSOPHIESAND PRINCIPLEShatsour
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Theories of justice
- 1. EGALITARIAN THEORIES UTILITARIAN THEORIES LIBERTARIAN THEORIES THEORIES OF JUSTICE
- 2. EGALITARIAN THEORIES emphasizes equal access to goods and services. Egalitarian thinkers believe that an affluent society must find a way to provide universal health care to all its citizens.It is within the egalitarian end of the spectrum that the advocates of a “right to health care”are most comfortable.
- 3. UTILITARIAN THEORIES These theories emphasize a mixture of criteria so that public utility is maximized. Public Utility-the greatest good for the greatest number. Utilitarianism-generally accepts political planning and intervention as method of redistributing goods and wealth to bring about public utility. Daniel Callahan-natural life span argument. -argues that natural life span is one that ends with the natural death and that this occurs
- 4. THE END OF THE NATURAL LIFE CYCLE 1.One’s life work is completed. 2.One’s moral obligations to those for whom one has responsibility have been discharged. 3.One’s death does not seem to others an offense to sense or sensibility or tempt others to despair and rage at human existence. 4.When the process of dying is not marked by unbearable and degrading pain.
- 5. CALAHAN PRINCIPLE 1.After a person has lived out a normal life span,medical care should no longer be oriented to resisting death. 2.Medical care following a natural life span would be limited to the relief of suffering. 3.The existence of technologies capable of extending life beyond a normal life span creates no technological imperative for its use.
- 6. LIBERTARIAN THEORIES emphasizes personal rights to social and economic liberty. Systems in Allocating Health Care Delivery *Two-Tier System and Decent Minimum *The Oregon Rationing System *Lifeboat Ethics *Triage