This document provides information about the structure and composition of the Earth's interior. It discusses that Earth is composed of several layers, including a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust and upper mantle form the lithosphere, which is rigid, while the lower mantle and outer core are fluid but can flow over long time periods. Seismic waves and measurements of gravity and magnetic fields provide evidence about the different densities and physical states within Earth. The continents have thick, buoyant crust that floats higher than the thinner, denser oceanic crust in the oceans. Plate tectonics result from convection currents in the mantle driving the movement of tectonic plates at Earth's surface.
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
All About Earth (Core to Crust; Includes Facts; Q/A & much more) Arnold_Anand
This presentation is made in power point 2016.with lots of exciting transitions and animation. With loads of information and pictures.Helpful for students in classes 8,9,10 in social studies (SSC syllabus)
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
All About Earth (Core to Crust; Includes Facts; Q/A & much more) Arnold_Anand
This presentation is made in power point 2016.with lots of exciting transitions and animation. With loads of information and pictures.Helpful for students in classes 8,9,10 in social studies (SSC syllabus)
10. Questions:
How are the ocean basins formed?
How permanent are these features?
What is the age of the ocean floor?
What’s the age of the continents?
Why are the ocean basins deep and
the continents high?
11. The Surface of the Earth
2 levels:
– elevated continents
– submerged ocean basins
What causes these surface features?
We must know what goes on inside the Earth
28. DEPTHS
Top of Mantle
– 10 to 70 km (5 to 30
miles)
Top of Core
– 2,900 km (2000
miles)
Center of Earth
– 6,300 km (4,000
miles)
Mt. Everest 9 km high.
Marianas Trench 11
km deep.
30. How do we know what’s inside the Earth?
Direct Observations:
Exposures on surface up
from 50 km (30 miles)
depth
Drilling to 15 km (10
miles)
Volcanic Material up
from 200 km (120
miles) depth
32. How do we know what’s inside
the Earth?
Indirect Observations:
Magnetic Field
Iron core.
Gravity Field
Densities:
– Crust: 2 - 3 g/cm3
– Mantle: 3.3 - 5.8g/cm3
– Core: 10.8 g/cm3
Earthquake Seismic Waves
Physical state of crust,
mantle, core.
33.
34.
35.
36. LITHOSPHERE
– rigid outer shell
– crust and upper mantle (~ 50 to 200
km thick)
– somewhat brittle, breakable
– cold (like butter out of fridge)
ASTHENOSPHERE
– warmer, plastic layer under
lithosphere
– mantle from ~ 150 to 700 km
– squishy, plastic
– warm (like softened butter)
LOWER MANTLE
– Solid, but can flow over time!
– ~700 to 2900 km
OUTER CORE
– liquid
INNER CORE
Interior of Earth by Strength
43. Types of Crust
Continental Crust
– 20 to 70 km (10 to 30 miles) thick.
– Composed of highly evolved rocks,
like granite (igneous), and
metamorphic rocks, squeezed and
heated under mountain ranges
47. Types of Crust
Continental Crust
– It is less dense, but thicker than oceanic
crust
Oceanic Crust
– It is thinner, but more dense than
continental crust, so it sits lower than
continental crust.
– Composed of basalt (volcanic).
60. PLATE TECTONICS
Tectonics:
From the Greek “tecton”
builder
“architect”
The study of large features on Earth’s
surface and the processes that formed
them.
61. Large features:
– continents, mountain ranges
– ocean basins
and processes:
– earthquakes
– volcanic eruptions
These are due to movement of plates of
Earth’s outer shell.
All resulting from mantle convection
PLATE TECTONICS: