2. Why Research is Needed?
What is Research?
Research Methodologies
Requirements for Ph.D
Quality for being a Researcher
Our Drawbacks
Brainstorming in Research
Improper Communication
Components of Research Problem
Good Research Topic – Characteristics,……
Contents
5. Research Methodologies
1) Experimental
› Time consuming
› Accurate
› Depends on many factors like time, money etc
2) Mathematical
› Depends on knowledge
› Not applicable for all cases
› Depends on individual interest
3) Theoretical or Simulation
› Easy
› Does not depend on knowledge
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6. Requirements for Ph.D
Compulsory (1) or (2) and (3)
Simulate and validate any one base results with previous paper
Try to attempt experiments atleast minimal case
Journal Paper & Conference Paper
Journal is a regular periodical publication, printed say monthly or
bi-monthly, containing a collection of peer reviewed papers. A
high 'impact rating' helps, this being a measure of citations to
articles in the journal.
Review process, mostly no article processing fee, reputation
Conference is where you actually turn up to hear a paper presented
as a talk. The paper is later printed in the proceedings
Mostly no Review process, article processing fee, reputation (?)
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7. What needed for Researchers?
Qualities for being a Good (!) Researchers
Asking many questions
Smart work-(not hard work)
Search for different answers
Try number of attempts
High confidence (What we lack?)
Avoid hesitation – Discussing with others
Finally apply your basic knowledge
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8. Our Drawbacks
Not interested to discuss with others working in this area
(Not interested in Brainstorming?)
First attempt expected 100% success
(Either paper or research work)
Within 3 years should complete, because neighbour
submitted
How to overcome?
Target minimum 3 reputed international papers
Don’t expect a problem at beginning
“No researchers completed their work at the stated problems”
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9. Brainstorming is a group creativity technique by which efforts are
made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list
of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members
Brainstorming is a process for generating new ideas
Brain-Storming
14. An individual or a group with some difficulty or problem
Objectives of research that are to be attained
The environment in which the problem exists
Alternate means for attaining the objective
Two or more possible outcomes
Components of Research Problem
15. Characteristics – Good Research Topic
Interest – The topic must be able to keep the researcher interested
in it throughout the research process
Data Availability – It must be ensured that the topic can be
investigated through the collection and analysis of data
Significant – The topic must contribute towards improvement and
understanding of an educational theory or practice
Adequate – The topic must be according to the skills of the
researcher, available resources and time restrictions
Ethical – The topic must not embarrass or harm the society
16.
17. Selecting a Problem
Subject which is overdone may/may not be chosen
An average researcher must not choose Controversial topics
Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided
The chosen subject should be familiar and feasible
Significance and importance of subject must be given attention
Cost and time factor must be kept in mind
Experience, qualification, and training of the researcher must be
according to the problem in hand
18. Formulating a Research Problem
Develop a suitable title
Build a conceptual model of the problem
Define the objectives of the study
Setup investigative questions
State the operational definition of concepts
Determine the scope of the study
19. Technique involved in defining a research problem
Defining the statement of the problem in a general way
Understanding the nature of the problem
Surveying the available literature
Developing ideas through discussions an brain storming
Rephrasing the research problem
22. Problem formulation
-Working in a problem
Keyword selection
› Finalizes 70% work
Literature survey
Selecting paper for your research
Solving 1 or 2 papers completely
Citation study
Implement new/ same concepts
Solve using same methodology
Paper writing
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23. Reviewer Queries
› Accepted, What next?
› Rejected, n ideas to implement (or) submit to next
journal
Extend as much as possible
Publish Papers
Form Objective
Conclude your work
Not possible things – give as future scope
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24. Keyword Selection
• What is a keyword?
• Finalize your keyword
› Finalize your Research
• Keyword
› Determines your Research
• Before starting keyword
› Finalize an idea
› What you know , either a software (or)
mathematics (or) available experimentation
• Based on that search for papers
www.scholar.google.com
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25. Basics for selection of keyword
1. Area of Research
2. Classification in that part
3. Specific part
4. Available parameters (Refer literature)
5. Methodology
6. Search for papers in scholar.google.com
7. Read abstract and conclusion
8. Refine keywords
9. Restrict your literature to minimum
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27. Literature Selection
Based on keywords
Number of citations
› Number of citation difficult to proceed
› Number of citation increases – good ?
Referred journals
› Don’t select conferences (may cause problem)
› Don’t select local journals
› Search and find upto your requirement
Don’t expect 2017/18 alone
If your taste matches with 2006/7 also ok. Select paper and
rework
Search for cited by
Read abstract, conclusion and findings of a paper
28. Literature Selection (Continued…)
How many papers necessary to do a Ph.d?
1 or 2
Finalize a base paper
› Awareness & resources available
› Referred journals
› Citations
Selected base paper
Go to reference, if citation is minimum
Feel the difference
› Now you can able to select atleast 5 /6 papers
Note the difference
Conclude the parameters & implement
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29. Literature Selection (Continued…)
Validate your results
Prepare a paper
Submit it to same journal
Review queries (rejected?---No problem)
Add the suggestions
› Split number of papers
Accepted?
› Submit your thesis
› Else start from step-1
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30. 30
KE Model
ASME Journal of Applied
Mechanics (2002)
JG Model
ASME Journal of Applied
Tribology (2005)
1 Y variation not considered Y - Considered (up to 1619)
2 Effect of strain hardening
is considered
Effect of strain hardening
is not considered
3. p/Y reaches 2.8 p/Y does not reach 2.8
Ph.D Work Motivation
Outputs from Ph.D @ IIT Madras
Elsevier –IJSS-1
ASME Journal of Tribology -2
Is it a Plagiarism ?
Cite as much as possible if you take anything from literature
In KEC with PG Students
Taylor & Francis - 3
Inderscience -4
34. von Mises stress plot
Newly Designed Trapezoidal Cross-Section at Proximal End of Femoral
Stem with hollow and drill hole of 1mm diameter with 14 holes.
35. Problem Formulation
Ideas From Literature – Bio Mechanics
1. Base Paper
2. Idea 1
3. Implementation – PG Student
Ideas From Literature - Composites
1. Base Paper
2. Idea 1
3. Implementation – PG Student
36. Some Success Outputs from PG Students
Paper 1
Paper 2
Paper 3
Role of Co-Authors
MBEC
How the limitations in the paper can be helpful?
BMR
38. Points to consider while selecting journals
Based on area of research
Based on impact factor
Based on previous publications related to the work
Time taken to review (similar work)
No’s of issues in a year/ no’s of papers per issue
Journal with specific topic/general area
Vibration/mechanical engg.
Materials/ mechanical engg.
Based on publisher/other access
Increases citation in future.
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39. www.scimagojr.com
Journal ranking
Area –search
Category –search
Country –search
Check Anna Univ Annexure-I
Engineering
Nature materials – IF 35.7
Rankings
Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4
Ex:
1. Engineering
2. Biomedical engineering
Journal rankings
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40. UK, US, Netherland, Germany, Switzerland, South Korea,
Italy, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, Poland, China *
Check your paper availability
My area is vibration
1. IJV- Elsevier
2. ASME J V & A- ASME
3. JVC- Sage
4. Advances in vibration-India
5. Shock & Vibration- Netherland
6. The open medical device journal
Publication charge ( US $800)
7. Don’t go for open access journals
Publishers Countries
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41.
42. Paper
1. Why should readers be interested in this paper?
2. What does the article add to existing literature?
3. Will it be of interest to a broad readership?
4. Does the method succeed? What are its failings and why?
5. Is it marginal requiring other input for success?
6. What is its refine of applicability?
7. Are there major practical limitation?
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43. Clear and concise
Avoid abbreviations and acronyms
Avoid use of surplus works
Avoid novel in title
Not more than 10/15 words
Should replicate the contents in the paper
Title
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44. Last part to be written
What is the research about?
What methodology adopted?
What is the result novelty?
What is the conclusion?
Your succeeder will read only your abstract
Clearly state what you have achieved and what is described in
paper
Key results should be highlighted not simply common theory
Not more than 250 words.
Abstract
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45. 5 to 6 keywords
Area of research
Equipment/software
Technique
Applications
Keywords
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46. 1. Why should people be interested in your paper? Why should
they read?
2. What is the motivation for the work?(At the end of
intro/literature)
3. What is the relevance?
4. To whom is it relevant?
5. Who is the audience for this paper?
example: Tribology / Biotribology- (medicine)
6. What has done before in this field?
7. How you are different from previous?
Introduction
Answer these questions
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47. Explain abbreviations
Symbols should be explained
Use SI units mostly
Figures should be clear and legible
Figures should illustrate the text
Each axis should have a scale and an axis label & units
Figure size reduction - still font should be visible
Convert as image
Colors and figure styles, use bullets in figure
Single column format
General Points
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48. Author order, address affiliation
Corresponding author, email id
All pages should be numbered and requires insert line number
Check reference, figure, table, examples are cited properly
English is not a big worry but check carefully
Avoid we, you
General Points (continued
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49. 1) I para- Introduction
2) II para- Literature -10/15 papers
(with general papers can be modified later- 5 papers)
3) III para
What lacking
Why this paper
What you used
Literature survey
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50.
51. 1) Reported
2) Studied
3) Used
4) Presented
5) Extended
6) Developed
7) Derived
8) Further converted
9) Solved
10) Emphasized
11) Measured
12) Investigated
13) Proposed
14) Established
15) Obtained
16) Determined
17) Examined
18) Applied
19) Utilized
20) Employed
21) Analyzed
22) Relates
23) Provides
24) Performed
25) Showed
26) Compared
Words in Literature
(Review Paper)
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52. 1) Clear statement about your assumptions and experimentation
2) Samples tested
3) Sample preparation
4) Methodology followed
5) Boundary conditions
6) Clear Photograph not a line diagram (?)
7) Physical properties
8) Testing equipments used and availability
9) Not more than one page of the manuscript*
Experimental Methods
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53. 1) This decides the acceptance of your manuscript
2) Not more than 8/10 figures & tables
3) Don’t repeat the same in figure & table
4) Validate your results as much as possible from previous
researchers result
5) Emphasis your comment for the deviation in results
6) Figures should be clear and visible if it shrinks
7) X/Y axis label with units
8) Discuss each and every points clearly
9) More than 3/4 pages of your 5/6 paper
10) No stories XXXXX
Results and Discussions
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54.
55. 1) Start with what is the paper about?
2) Short discussion about the work and methodology
3) Major conclusions found, not like asusual lab conclusions
4) Finally major limitations in the study
5) If possible impossible scope and future (!)
PROPER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Conclusions
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56.
57. 1) 100% should be in the standard journal format, else they
doesn’t even consider for review process
2) Citation inside the paper should be proper format
3) All the references and figures/tables should be atleast cited
once
MLA - Shankar, S., and M. M. Mayuram. "Effect of strain hardening in elastic–plastic
transition behavior in a hemisphere in contact with a rigid flat." International Journal of Solids
and Structures 45.10 (2008): 3009-3020.
APA - Shankar, S., & Mayuram, M. M. (2008). Effect of strain hardening in elastic–plastic
transition behavior in a hemisphere in contact with a rigid flat. International Journal of Solids
and Structures, 45(10), 3009-3020.
Chicago - Shankar, S., and M. M. Mayuram. "Effect of strain hardening in elastic–plastic
transition behavior in a hemisphere in contact with a rigid flat." International Journal of Solids
and Structures 45, no. 10 (2008): 3009-3020.
Try to use EndNote as much as possible
References & Minor issues
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59. PG/Ph.D Projects (First 2 Years)
Publish in SCI Journals (1/2 in that area) (3rd Year)
Submit the project proposals to funding agencies
Less than 15 Lakhs – Minor equipments
Investigator Profile (30 %), Proposal (40%), Institute (30%)
Advantages
Experimental Facility
Easy to Publish a paper in SCI journals
Reputation, Individual Profile Value Increases
When to write R&D Proposals?
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60. Objective should be clear and achievable
Select a topic – society/local issue based
Methodology should be clear
Facility available (Don’t ask for available experiments)
Don’t go for highly advanced topic which needs latest costly
equipment
Principal Investigator should have Ph.D
Investigator role and their profile
National and International work status
How outcome can be effectively applied – Industry?
R&D Proposals
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61. Funding Agencies in India
AICTE
AR&B
BRNS
CSIR
DBT
DIT
DOD – Earth Science
DRDO
DSIR
DST
ISRO
LSRB(DRDO)
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Naval Research Board
NRB (DRDO)
Petroleum Conservation Research Association
UGC
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