The document provides information on writing a thesis or dissertation. It begins by defining what a thesis and dissertation are, noting that a thesis is a summary of research work done by a student to obtain a postgraduate degree. It then discusses the differences between undergraduate and postgraduate theses. The document outlines 10 steps for writing a dissertation: choosing a research problem, thinking process, literature review, developing hypotheses or research questions, preparing a research design, determining methods and methodology, gathering materials, drafting, effective writing, and citing sources. For each step, it provides additional details on processes to follow and considerations to make.

1. How to write
thesis?
8/6/2023 1

2. 8/6/2023 2
What is dissertation and what is thesis?
a long piece of writing on a particular subject
especially one that is done in order to receive a degree
at college or university: Cambridge dictionary.
In common parlance it is a summary of the research work
done by the student to obtain a Postgraduate degree.
Thesis also used as a similar term . It is a generalisation the
veracity of which is proved based on research work and in
order to obtain higher degree
The differences between the undergraduate and postgraduate
theses is one of degree rather than kind. They
share a common structure and need for logical rigour. It is
only in the substance and the emphasis placed
on it that the differences arise.

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Steps for writing dissertation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8910

4. 8/6/2023 4
Step – 1
Choice of the Research Problem
Like musical appreciation the choice of the
research topic depends on one’s own taste – my
guide
‘A well set problem is half solved’
it is logical that the researcher must know what is
that he wants to do. Otherwise, the whole work would
be a wandering in darkness without having any
goals. After all research is for reaching the desired
goal
Pick a topic that will help you professionally

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Encyclopaedia Britanica (1911) defines
research , the act of searching into a matter
closely and carefully, inquiry directed to the
discovery of truth and in particular the trained
scientific investigation of the principles and facts
of any subject based on original and first hand
study of authorities or experiment.
Research Problem is any difficulty faced by the
researchers for which he wants to find solution.
It depends on interest, intellectual curiosity and
drive – practicability – timeframe – urgency –
anticipation of the out come

6. Guiding Principles:
 the problem should not be too broad, narrow, vague
and uncertain
 the study should be significant and should have
theoretical or practical value
 the problem should be suitable and feasible for
investigation
 the researcher has sufficient expertise and training
to conduct the research
 the data planned for collection must be susceptible
for analysis
 the problem should not have been already over done,
unless some thing new is envisaged.
 Time and economy influence the choice of the
problem
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Step 2 Thinking process

9. 8/6/2023 9
Remember
 Content – Skills – Professional Values
 Mental process – memory, thinking, problem solving and
decision making (cognitive psychology) – it should be
illuminating and not rote.
 Information processing – memory for new knowledge
will be less – make it long term by attending to it more
time. – encode into long term memory – may be verbal or
visual.
 Knowledge should be constructive rather than repetitive –
integrate new knowledge with the existing – bring in the
facts required for the problem – familiarize with concepts
and their inter relationship – transform and use the
knowledge for composition

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 Thinking about thinking (metacognition) – researchers
awareness about learning strategies – Control over
learning strategies – Social interaction.
 Intellectual and ethical thinking revolves round 1.
Dualism : right or wrong ; good or bad fixed – coming
from the authorities – 2. Multiplicity : Uncertainty of
good or bad – Unknown or never know 3. contextual
relativism – self is the best source 4. commitment in
relativism : develop skills and analytical thinking have
personal choices.

11.  CHINTANA: 'Think but Continuously'.
 SHODHANA: Do Scientific Search what we call Organised
Thinking.
 VIGYANA SAMSHODHANA- "Specialised Knowledge
thorough systematic Search”
 Basics of research are Honesty and Integrity.
 Truth which is revealed is the Scientific Truth VIGYANICA
SATYAH but is not the End. Truth perceived is only one of
the stations in the train of Knowledge. Eg. Orange
 One has to reach ultimate truth.
 Sir Isaac Newton -"I am a curious child with the Catering
Steps on vast series of knowledge. I am just filling my little
pockets by collecting pebbles here and there from the
ocean of Knowledge".
8/6/2023 PROF.(Dr.) T.V. SUBBA RAO, VIPS

12.  Thomas Gray-"Dark unfathomed areas in the Oceans
bear the Genes of the Knowledge".
 Scientific truth may not be the ultimate truth,
Investigate Further, Sky is the Limit. Nobody knows
the Ultimate Truth. Even Divine Assertion never gave
the Ultimate Truth.
 There can be different stages of the Truth. Scientific
Truth may not be the ultimate truth. Like Dalton once
said Atom is Indivisible but now it can be well divide
into neutron, electrons and protons and work has been
accomplished even in dividing the sub-atomic
particles
 Alexander Pope: "Drink Deep, Taste not the Pinions
Spring, Little Knowledge is a Dangerous Thing“
8/6/2023 PROF.(Dr.) T.V. SUBBA RAO, VIPS

13. REVIEW OF THE
LITERATURE
Step 3
“If I have seen further than others, it is
because I stood on the shoulders of giants.”
(Isaac Newton)

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15. (Clare & Hamilton, 2003, p. 8)
(Manalo & Trafford, 2004, p. 45)
(Bell, 1999, p. 93)
The literature review
is a critical look at the
existing research that
is significant to the
work that you are
carrying out
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18. Writing a Literature Review
Planning
Reading and Research
Analyzing
Drafting
Revising
A literature review is never just a list of studies—it
always offers an argument about a body of
research.
Read not to contradict and
confuse;
Nor to believe and take for
granted;
Not to find talk and
discourse;
But to weigh and consider.
- Francis Bacon
8/6/2023 18

19. 8/6/2023 19
Hypothesis – Research Statements or Research questions
According to Lundberg, “a hypothesis is a tentative
genralisation, the validity of which remains to be tested. In its
most elementary stage the hypothesis may be any hunch, guess,
imaginative idea which becomes the basis for action or
investigation”.
Hypothesis tentative, testable genralisation regarding the
relationship between variables. For Eg, Poverty α rate of
criminality. Y= f(x) cause and effect model
A research question and hypothesis are similar in nature except
for the aspect that a research question does not predict the out
come of the research where as a hypothesis predicts the out
come. Research questions are generally used in the exploratory
research or in the areas where a phenomenon is studied
marginally.
Step 4

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Characteristics of hypothesis:
 Hypothesis should be clear, specific and precise
 Hypothesis should be capable of being tested, have
empirical referents
 Hypothesis should establish relationship between
variable must be compatible with the current
knowledge in the area concerned
 Amenable to explanation
 It should be in its most parsimonious form
 It should have logical consistency
 It should be operationally defined

21. 8/6/2023 21
Step 5
Preparation of Addendum of Procedure – Blue
print or Research Design
 The agendum should be made in accordance with the
usual natural mind activity of the student. These may be
stated logically that have been found to be effective in
the actual research experience of many problem solvers.
They appear in the agendum as problem, ultimate aim,
title, thesis, procedures, methods, and techniques. The
list of procedures gives the best guess on what must be
done.
 Or going for research design: Research design is like a
blue print for construction of a house. The thesis is like
building a house carefully brick by brick

22. 8/6/2023 22
Pauline V. Young pointed out research design
encompasses the following interrogatives.
1.What is the study about?
2.Why it is made?
3.What it the nature of the data?
4.Where the data is found?
5.What are the techniques that are used?
6.How the data is collected, analysed and
interpreted
7.What is the method of Reporting.
At this stage
make a tentative
Chaptalization

23. 8/6/2023 23
Step 6
Methods and Methodology to be Used
 Be aware of the distinction between method or
methodology used
 Fix the kind of research to be adopted after due
deliberation.
(The research works are variedly classified based upon their nature, purpose and
methods.
 Doctrinaire and empirical research
 Descriptive and analytical research
 Fundamental and applied research
 Qualitative and quantitative research
 Field research and Laboratory research
 Historical research
 Exploratory research
 Diagnostic research
The list is not exhaustive. The classification is also not exclusive but
overlapping. )

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 Decide the source of the material required
Sources of Data:
Source means the quarter from which we seek our
knowledge. The sources may be documentary and field
sources. Contact with living persons, respondents who
have considerable knowledge about the happenings and
who are in a position to describe authoritatively the state
of affairs are considered to personal source or direct
source in the field. The documentary sources are mainly
classified into 1. Primary Source. 2. Secondary source.
Decide whether it is census or sampling and which
is the sampling technique proposed to be used

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 Decide whether you are using social survey, case
study method or content analysis etc
 Fix the research tool you are using.
 Method is the way of gathering the data whereas tool
refers to the instrument to be used in implementing
the method. The following are the important
methods.Observation;Questionnaire;
Schedule; Interview
 Decide how you propose reduce the errors in the
data collection
After you have substantially collected
the material start drafting

26. 8/6/2023 26
Step 7
Gather the material and substance required
And write
 Begin the beginning
 Gathering the material is a continuous process –
however one need not wait till he is fully satisfied
that the entire material is collected – then it would be
unending. Drafting half way through is indicated
which may give opportunity to the researcher assess
whether he is going in the right direction; some more
areas whether too be touched etc. Start writing early.
Do not delay writing until you have finished your
project or research.
 Think- Plan – Write- Revise is the cycle

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Micro editing involves correcting spelling and
grammatical errors. It also involves checking for proper
paragraph and sentence structure, consistent use of terms,
and variety in word choice.
Macro editing assesses the overall structure of the thesis.
This includes making sure each chapter flows logically
from the previous chapter, headings and subheadings are
used properly and consistently, and transitions are included
between major topics. Macro editing also determines
whether any parts of the thesis need to be streamlined or
expanded.
Begin with the chapters on your own. You will develop
confidence in writing them because you know your own
work better than anyone else. Once you have overcome the
initial inertia, move on to the other chapters.

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Save the best for last. First and last impressions
persist. Arrange your chapters so that your first and last
chapters are sound and solid.
 Don't write introduction after conclusion- go
sequentially – you may revise it subsequently
 Keep time frame in mind Research is finished only
after it is written completely.
 The hallmarks of thesis writing are precision,
clarity and brevity.
(a) first: putting the facts together
(b) second: checking for coherence and fluency of ideas
(c) third: readability
(d) fourth: editing

29. Effective Writing
Step - 8

30. Tips for effective writing
1. Put the reader first
2. Use simple words and short sentences
3. Use jargon only when necessary
4. Write with verbs and nouns
5. Format to improve readability
Put the reader first
 Communication = understanding
 Write to Express not Impress
 Use words readers can understand
 Tie in to the reader’s experience
 What’s in it for me
8/6/2023 30

31. Use simple words and short sentences - Avoid wordy
prepositional phrases
Eg: In the amount of (for)
In order to (to)
Due to the fact that (because)
In the event that (if)
During the time that (when, while)
Use jargon only when necessary
Write with verbs and nouns
Use the active voice
When it is okay to use passive voice
8/6/2023 31

32.  Format document to improve readability
 Use lists, bullets, charts, tables, italics, bolds, headings
and subheadings
 Plan, organize, write
 Before you begin: think Who is the reader; Purpose of
the message; How will the reader use the information
 As you begin : Assemble all useful information -
Determine what’s important -Choose what to leave out -
Group information logically.
 As you organize – Division - Compare/contrast -
Cause/effect - Problem-analysis solution
 Develop an outline – like introduction
 Write the easiest part first
 Develop major sections one at a time –
 Re write and edit
8/6/2023 32

33. Citing
Primary and Secondary Sources
in Footnotes
Step 9
8/6/2023 33

34. Objectives: Citing References
 Avoid plagiarism
 Facilitate the reader to locate the sources cited in
research work
 Indicate the scope and depth of your research.
 Enable you to find the document easily.
 Give credit to sources.
 Copyright laws
8/6/2023 34

35. The generally accepted manuals for
legal citations
8/6/2023 35

36. .
‘OSCOLA' refers to the Oxford
Standard Citation of Legal Authorities.
Useful in Citing of Legal Authorities
Detailed instructions provides- to cite
cases, statutes, books, journals and
other legal materials.
8/6/2023 36

37. .
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
Most widely used legal citation system- United States
19th edition is new updated copy (20th edition may be ! )
Published by the Harvard Law Review.
The Bluebook, as it is known in the legal field
8/6/2023 37

38. .
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)
Published since 1906 by the University of Chicago
Press.
Style is used in some social sciences reserach
16th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style,
issued in September 2010.
8/6/2023 38

39. General Rules
FORMATTING
Except Date/ Year/ Page no. numbers are to be represented
in words.
Format of date should be - August 15, 2014
Dots Should be used in every abbreviation, except in the
case of citation.
Remove hyperlink in all citations of URLs
Italics: Emphasis.
Foreign Words and phrases.
Letters representing hypothetical parties or things.
Mathematical Expressions
8/6/2023 39

40. The footnote reference number should always be after
relevant punctuation mark
Multiple citation in the same footnote should be
separated by semicolon “; ”
8/6/2023 40

41. Cont…
Id.” , “Supra” are only connectors which may be
used for cross referencing.
“Id.” is used for referring to the immediately prior
footnote.
“Supra” is used for referring to the footnote earlier
than the immediately prior footnote.
 “Hereinafter” for an authority that would be
cumbersome to cite with the usual “supra” form or
for which the regular shortened for may confuse
the reader, the author may establish a specific
shortened form.
8/6/2023 41

42. The Blue Book Citation Method
Books
HERBERT HOVENKAMP, FEDERAL ANTITRUST
POLICY: THE LAW OF COMPETITION AND ITS
PRACTICE 87 (4th ed. , WEST Publication, USA,
2011)
Style: <Authors Name in small caps>, <Title of
book in small caps > <Vol. No.> <Pin Cite>
<(ed./tr. , edn., Publisher, location, year)
8/6/2023 42

43. Blue Books Citation Method
SINGLE AUTHOR/ EDITOR BOOK
Author Title Vol.
#
Pa
ge
(Editor’s
Name ed(s.)
/ Translators
Name tr(s.)
Edition
Number Edn.,
Publication,
location
Year)
HERBERT
HOVENKAMP
,
FEDERAL
ANTITRUST
POLICY: THE LAW
OF COMPETITION
AND ITS PRACTICE
87 (4th ed. ,
WEST
Publication,
USA,
2011)
H.M.
SEERVAI,
CONSTITUTIONAL
LAW OF INDIA,
Vol.
II
20
13
(4th ed. reprint,
Universal Law
Publishing,
New Delhi,
2011)
CHITTY ON
CONTRACTS ,
Vol.
II
20
9
(H.G. Beale
ed. ,
28th ed., Sweet
& Maxwell,
London ,
2013)
8/6/2023 43

44. Blue Books Citation Method-Cases
Name of the
Petitioner/
Applicant
v. Name of the
respondent
Citation Pin Citation
Philips India Ltd. v. Labour Court,
Madras,
AIR 1963 SC 1241 1247
• Names of the parties should be italicised when used in the main text
but not when used in the foot notes.
• The connector (v.) should not never be italicised
• Name of second party should be followed by comma
• Several pin citation shall be separated by comma
• Shortened version of the cases shall be referred in first instance in
inverted commas and square brackets E.g. [“Shortened Version”]
•Shorthand form generally refer to Plaintiff, unless the Plaintiff is
Government
8/6/2023 44

45. Blue Books Citation Method-Articles
LAW REVIEW ARTICLE
Author
Name (s)
Title of the
Article
Vol. No.
(Issue No.)
Name of the
Journal
Start
Page
Pin
Cite
Year of
Publication
John
Bronsteen
and Owen
Fiss,
The Class Action
Rule ,
78 (5) NOTRE
DAME LAW
REVIEW
1419, 143
0
(2003)
Magazine Article
Author
Name (s)
Title of the
Article
Name of Magazine Start
Page
Pin
Cite
Date of
Publication
Nagesh
Kumar,
Divide and
Rule,
FRONTLINE 1, 6 (Aug. 23,
2013)
8/6/2023 45

46. MAGAZINE ARRANGED BY VOLUME
Author
Name (s)
Title of the Article Vol. No.
(Issue
no.)
Name of
Magazine
Start
Page
Pin
Cite
Year of
Publicatio
n
A Bagchi, Sri Lanka’s
Experiment in
controlled
Decentralisation:
Learning from India
,
23 (1) ECONOMIC
S AND
POLITICAL
WEEKLY
25 26 (1988)
ONLINE MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Author
Name
(s)
Title of
the
Article
Name of
Magazine
Date of
Publica
tion
avail
able
at
URL (Last
visited
on date)
Nagesh
Kumar,
Divide
and Rule,
FRONTLIN
E,
(Aug.
23,
2013)
avail
able
at
http://www.frontli
ne.in/cover-
story/divide-and-
rule/article499512
0.ece?homepage=t
rue
(last
visited
on Aug.
10,
2013)
8/6/2023 46

47. Newspaper
Author
Name (s)
Title of the
Article
Name of
Newspape
r
City Edition Date of
Publication
Page
Prem
Shankar
Jha,
Crisis Looms on
the Horizon,
THE
HINDU
(Chennai) , Aug. 10,
2010
at 14.
Online Newspaper
Author
Name (s)
Title of the
Article
Name of
Newspaper
(Date of
Publicat
ion )
Availabl
e at
URL (Last
visited
on date)
Prem
Shankar
Jha,
Crisis Looms
on the
Horizon,
THE
HINDU
Aug.
10,
2010
available
at
http://www/thehin
du .com/opinion/
lead/crisis-looms-
on-the-horizon
(lasted
visited
on Aug.
10,
2013)
8/6/2023 47

48. Legislative Material
STATUTES
Pin Cite Name of the Statute Year
§ 27, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
BILLS
Pin Cite Name of the Bill (Introduced in Name of
Legislature on Date)
Cl. 6, Companies Bill, (Introduced in Lok Sabha
on Dec. 2, 2011 )
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE AND SUB COMMITTEE HEARINGS
Question by/
Statement of
Name of the
Speaker
Name of the Hearing
and/or Committee/
Sub-Committee
Legislature Pin Cite (Date of
hearing)
Statement of
Manjula
Pradeep
Joint Hearing n on
Caste Based
European
Parliament
Feb.28,
2011
8/6/2023 48

49. Law Commission Reports
LAW COMMISSION REPORTS
Description Title Pin
Cite
(Year )
242nd Report of the
Law Commission of
India,
Prevention of Interference with the
Freedom of Matrimonial Alliances (in the
name of Honour and Tradition): A
Suggested
Legal Framework,
24 (2012)
LAW COMMISSION REPORTS: SHORTEND FORM
Description Pin Cite (Year )
242nd Report of the Law Commission of India, 24 (2012)
8/6/2023 49

50. Web Resources
E-MAIL CORRESONDENCE
e-mail from Author,
Designation
to Recipient
name
Date Time
e-mail from Pradeep
Kumar, IGP
to author (Aug. 6,
2013,
12:45 PM
IST)
WEBLOGS
Author Title of
entry
Title of
Weblog
Posting
date
Available
at
URL (Last
visited on
date)
Shamnad
Basheer ,
The
Impractical
ity of Jan
Chaukidar,
LAW AND
OTHER
THINGS
(Aug. 8,
2013)
available at http://lawa
ndotherthin
gs.blogspot
.in/2013/08
/the-
impractical
ity-of-jan-
(last visited
on Aug. 9,
2013)
8/6/2023 50

51. OSCOLA
8/6/2023 51

52. OSCOLA Citation Method-
Cases
Philips India Ltd. v Labour Court (Madras),
AIR 1963 SC 1241, 1247
Style: <Petitioner/appellant/etc.> v
<Opposite Party>, < Citation No.>, <pin
cite>
8/6/2023 52

53. OSCOLA Citation Method-Cases
Name of the
Petitioner/
Applicant
v. Name of the
respondent
Citation Pin
Citation
Philips India Ltd v. Labour Court,
Madras,
AIR 1963 SC
1241,
1247
• Names of the parties should be italicized
• The connector (v.) should also be italicized
• Name of second party should be followed by
comma
• Several pin citation shall be separated by comma
8/6/2023 53

54. OSCOLA Citation Method-
Books
Herbert Hovenkamp, Federal Antitrust
Policy: The law of Competition and its
Practice (4
th
edn. WEST Publishing, 2011)
87
Style: <author name>, <title of the book
italic>, <vol. no.> <( edn., Publisher, Year)
<pin cite>
8/6/2023 54

55. OSCOLA Citation Method-Books
SINGLE AUTHOR/ EDITOR BOOK
Author Title Edition Number
Edn.,
Publication,
location
Year) Page
Herbert
Hovenkamp
Federal Antitrust
Policy: The law of
Competition and its
Practice
(4th edn. WEST
Publishing,
2011) 87
8/6/2023 55

56. OSCOLA Citation Method-News paper article
Prem Shankar Jha, ‘Crisis Looms on the Horizon’
The Hindu (Chennai, 1 Aug., 2010) 14
Style: <author>, <‘title of Article’>, <newspaper
name Italic > <(City ed., date)> <pin cite>
8/6/2023 56

57. OSCOLA Citation Method-Periodicals
John Bronsteen and Owen Fiss, ‘The Class Action Rule’
[2003] 78 (5) NOTRE DAME LAW REVIEW 1419 ,
1430
Style: <Author>, <’title of Article’> <[year]> <vol.
no.><(issue no.)><Journal> <Start page> <pin cite>
8/6/2023 57

58. OSCOLA Citation Method-Statutory Instruments
Constitution of India, Art. 14
Indian Penal Code1860 s 101
Criminal Procedure Code 1973 ss. 201-204
8/6/2023 58

59. Chicago Manual of Style
8/6/2023 59

60. Chicago Manual of Style-Book
. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–
100.
Style: <author name>, <title of the book italic>, <vol. no.>
<( Place: Publisher, Year) <pin cite>
8/6/2023 60

61. Chicago Manual of Style-Books
SINGLE AUTHOR/ EDITOR BOOK
Author Title (Place: Publisher, Year) Page
Michael
Pollan,
The Omnivore’s
Dilemma: A Natural
History of Four Meals
(New York:
Penguin,
2006) 99–100
8/6/2023 61

62. Chicago Manual of Style-Journal article
Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in
Plato’s Republic,” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 440.
Style: <author name>, <“title of the article” within double
inverted commas>, <name of the journal in italic> <Vol.
no.> <( Year of publication) <pin cite>
8/6/2023 62

63. Journal article
Author
Name (s)
Title of the Article Name of the
Journal
Vol.
no.
Year
of
Publ
icati
on
Pin cite
Joshua I.
Weinstein,
“The Market in
Plato’s Republic,”
Classical
Philology
104 (200
9)
440
8/6/2023 63

64. Chicago Manual of Style-
Article in an online journal
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of
Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American
Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed
February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247.
Style: <authors name>, <“title of the article” within double
inverted commas>, <name of the journal in italic> <Vol.
no.> <( Year of publication) <pin cite>. <Date of
accessed> <Website information>
8/6/2023 64

65. Chicago Manual of Style-Article in newspaper
Daniel Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” New Yorker,
January 25, 2010, 68.
Style: <author name>, <“title of the article” within double
inverted commas>, <name of the news paper in italic> <(
date and Year of publication) <pin cite>
8/6/2023 65

66. Refer
1. The Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition) September
2010. free Online trial for 30 days available at-
www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/
2. OSCOLA Oxford Standard Citation of Legal
Authorities, which is available free of charge on the
University of Oxford Faculty of Law website
(www.law.ox.ac.uk).
3. The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, 19th
edition.
8/6/2023 66

67. 8/6/2023 67
Step 10
A bibliographic citation provides relevant information
about the author and publication as well as a short summary
of the text, usually known as the abstract. Depending on
where you find your information, the bibliographic
citation will vary.
A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article,
web page, or other published item. Citations should supply
detail to identify the item uniquely.
Different citation systems and styles are used in
scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, the arts, and the
humanities

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Works Cited is sometimes referred to as References.
... In Works Cited you only list items you have actually
cited. In a Bibliography you list all of the material you have
consulted in preparing your essay whether or not you have
actually cited the work
Uses
 By using a bibliography you inform your reader on how
widely you researched the topic on which you're writing.
Another use for a bibliography is to allow your reader to
know if you considered a work but chose not to include it
within your piece, or if you didn't consult a particular
author at all.
One of the largest benefits for you personally in creating a
bibliography is that it allows you to keep track of all the
research you've consulted on a topic.

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 Indexes is different It is an alphabetically arranged list
of headings in a written work, with page numbers to
refer the reader to the point in the text at which
information pertaining to the heading is found.
 Catalogue is a comprehensive list of the books,
periodicals, maps, and other materials in a given
collection, arranged in systematic order to facilitate
retrieval (usually alphabetically by author, title, and/or
subject)

70. Types
 Retrospective bibliography
Record of past publication; as separately published monograph, it may
be compiled at a later date from existing records.Llibrary catalogs
of major libraries are important sources of retrospective
bibliographic control
Current bibliography
Recording of publications at or close to their date of publication
Record usually cumulates in a publication that is itself current
(serialized), e.g. trade news publications
Trade bibliographies or directories, along with national bibliographies
and library catalogs are important for the acquisition and
identification of available and “in print” materials
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71. Systematic / enumerative
listing according to some system or reference scheme of books that
have a formal relationship
Analytical (or critical)
Recording of the material aspects of the book
Concentrates on the physical appearance of books
Recording and interpreting evidence about production processes as
preserved in the physical features of books of various periods
National Bibliography List of books published in or about a
country Subject Bibliography Trade Bibliography Produced by
publishers listing books for sale Universal or General Bibliography
Tries to list all published materials in every field of knowledge
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Enumerative Bibliography
A writer of an enumerative bibliography lists references
according to some specific arrangement. Students writing
research papers use this type of bibliography most often.
These academic writers arrange enumerative
bibliographies by author, subject, date or some other
scheme. The items they list share a common theme, such
as topic, language or time period.
Annotated Bibliography
In this type of bibliography, a writer creates an
alphabetical list of sources. The writer of an annotated
bibliography outlines the type of research done on a
certain topic. The writer annotates, or adds notes about,
the sources. Therefore, in addition to information about
the research sources, the writer comments on the source.
The writer may summarize.

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74. Thank You