This document discusses various types of hyperpigmentation including age spots, freckles, melasma, and acne scars. It explains that hyperpigmentation is caused by an excess production of melanin by melanocytes in response to factors like sun exposure, hormones, inflammation, and genetics. The key points are that melanin provides skin protection but can lead to dark spots when overproduced. Various internal and external triggers influence melanin production and the resulting pigmentation depends on an individual's genetic susceptibility and melanocyte reactivity. Common characteristics and causes of different hyperpigmentation types like freckles and melasma are also outlined.

1. Are you hyper-pigmented?
By Theresa Mau

2. WHAT?
Age Spot
Freckles
Liver Spot
Melasma
Acne scar

3. WHY?
The dark spot on our skin
is actually melanin,
produced by a skin cell
called melanocyte,
to protect other skin cell’s
DNA from sun damaged or
other factors.

4. Melanocyte,
is a melanin-
producing cell
located at the bottom
of skin’s epidermis.!
!
!
Melanin
The ration between
normal skin cell and
melanocytes are 10:1
Every human have
almost the same
amount of
melanocytes, the
only difference is
their reactivity.
There are three
type of melanin:
Eumelanin,
pheomelanin,
neuromelanin

5. THE PROCESS OF
MELANOGENESIS
Key Point!
http://www.makeupstash.com/2010/04/shiseido-white-lucent.html
Oxidation process(Pigmentation)
Reduction process (Whitening)
• an enzyme to accelerate the
oxidation process.
• Melanin will be produced more
if tyrosinase reactivity is high.

6. HOW?
Internal Factor External Factor
• Inherited
• Hormonal
change
• Sun Damage
• Incorrect use
of cosmetic
• Chemical
infection

7. Freckles
• Light brown, flat and very small
spots. Usually symmetrical
between both side.
• Will be darker and obvious after
sun exposure.
• Commonly found on children
before puberty.
• More susceptible to UVB harmful
effect. Advisable to avoid
overexposure to sun or apply
sunscreen frequently.
Characteristic
Factors
• Freckles can be found on
anyone but the amount of
freckles are generic.
• Melanocytes are more active.
• Triggered by sun exposure.

8. AGE SPOT
Characteristic
• Small, darkened patches that usually
found on hands, face or other area which
frequently exposed to sun. They are vary
in size.
• Very common in older adults, but they can
affect younger people as well.
• Over-exposure to UV
• Accumulated with chemical
substances
• Low Quality cosmetic and
skin care.
Factors

9. MELASMA
Factor
• Stimulation of melanocyte by
female sex hormone estrogen
to produce more melanin
pigment when skin is exposed
to sun.
• Due to hormonal changes like
pregnancy or those who are
taking oral contraceptives or
hormonal medication.
• Genetic predisposition is also
one of the factor.
• dark, irregular patches commonly
found on the upper cheek, nose, lips,
upper lip, and forehead.
• Often develop gradually over time.
Characteristic

10. ACNE SCAR
Factor
• Acne scars are the result of inflammation
within the dermis brought on by acne.
• The scar is created by the wound trying to
heal itself resulting in too much collagen in
one spot.

11. ACNE SCAR
• develop when there is a loss of
tissue.
Hypertrophic or
keloid scarring
Atrophic or
depressed scarring
• caused when the body
produces too much collagen
as acne wounds heal,
resulting in a mass of raised
tissue on the skin's surface.

12. Thank you!
Next Chapter: The solution for hyper pigmentation

13. Reference
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/
• http://www.makeupstash.com/
• https://www.asds.net/
• http://skincarelabel.blogspot.com/