This document discusses the key concepts of research including: - Research aims to establish facts or principles through careful, systematic study. - The main aims of research are to solve problems and develop theories to predict future occurrences. - Research methodology refers to the systematic approach used to study a research problem, including steps like defining variables, sampling, and data analysis. - Key parts of research design include the sampling method, observational design, statistical analysis, and operational aspects.

1. What is research and write
its aims and baground of
research.
Name: Farooq Iqbal

2. •What is Research?
•Research is a careful, systematic, patient
study and investigation in some field of
knowledge, undertaken to establish facts
or principles. (Grinnel 1993)
1.1 Introduction:

3. Aims of Research
• To obtain solutions to problems through the discovery
of cause-and-effect relationships (or systematic
relationships) between variables.
• To be able to develop generalizations, principles or
theories that will be helpful in predicting future
occurrences.

4. 1.2 Background of Research:
 It is the foundation of your work.
 It makes one more familiar with the topic.
 BR is not what you already know-if it might be
relevant.
 It is really additional information what you look
up for your topic.
 It is the overview of some of important facts.

5. 1.3 Definition of Variables
•DEFINITION:
• Within the context of a research investigation, concepts are
generally referred to as variables. A variable is, as the name
applies, something that varies. Age, sex, export, income and
expenses, family size, country of birth, capital expenditure, class
grades, blood pressure readings, preoperative anxiety levels, eye
color, and vehicle type are all examples of variables .

6. Types of Variable:
1. Qualitative Variables.
2. Quantitative Variables.
3. Discrete Variable.
4. Continuous Variable.
5. Intervening Variable.
6. Suppressor Variable.

7. Qualitative variables:
Qualitative variables are those that express a qualitative attribute such
as hair color, religion, race, gender, social status, method of payment,
and so on. The values of a qualitative variable do not imply a
meaningful numerical ordering.
The value of the variable ‘religion’ (Muslim, Hindu, ...,etc.) differs
qualitatively; no ordering of religion is implied. Qualitative variables
are sometimes referred to as categorical variables.

8. Quantitative variables, also called numeric variables, are those
variables that are measured in terms of numbers. A simple example of
a quantitative variable is a person’s age. The age can take on different
values because a person can be 20 years old, 35 years old, and so on.
Likewise, family size is a quantitative variable, because a family might
be comprised of one, two, three members, and so on.
Quantitative
Variables:

9. Discrete Variable:
A discrete variable, restricted to certain values, usually (but not
necessarily) consists of whole numbers, such as the family size,
number of defective items in a box. They are often the results of
enumeration or counting. A few more examples are;
 The number of accidents in the twelve months.
 The number of mobile cards sold in a store within seven days.
 The number of patients admitted to a hospital over a specified period.

10. 1.Continuous Variable:
A continuous variable is one that may take on an infinite
number of intermediate values along a specified interval.
Examples are:
 The sugar level in the human body
 Blood pressure reading
 Temperature
 Height or weight of the human body
 Rate of bank interest
 Internal rate of return (IRR)
 Earning ratio (ER)
Current ratio (CR)

11. Intervening Variable:
Often an apparent relationship between two variables is
caused by a third variable.
For example, variables X and Y may be highly correlated, but
only because X causes the third variable, Z, which in turn
causes Y. In this case, Z is the intervening variable.

12. Suppressor Variable:
• Suppressor Variable:
• we have good reasons to believe that the variables of
interest have a relationship within themselves, but our
data fail to establish any such relationship. Some hidden
factors may be suppressing the true relationship between
the two original variables.
Such a factor is referred to as a suppressor variable.

13. Research Objective:
There are two types of research objectives.
• General objectives
• Specific objective
• General Objectives:
• General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
• The general objectives of the study states what the researcher
expects to achieve by the study in general terms.

14. Specific Objective:
• Specific objectives are short term and narrow in
focus.
• General objectives are broken into small logically
connected parts to form specific objectives.
• Significance of Study:
• The term significance can mean outstanding, note-
worthiness, importance, attention catching and so on. With
the time, energy and resources, any researcher would want
the research study he/she is doing to be significant,
outstanding, note-worthy, Important and contribute well to
the extant literature.

15. Literature Review
2.1 Relationship between Variables:
• This chapter examines how two or more variables may be related: It
starts by considering the relationship between two variables (bivariate
association) and then expands to consider more variables.
• The chapter examines the types of possible relationships between
variables, explains how relationships are analyzed statistically, shows
how relationship analysis is used to make predictions, and introduces
some advanced statistical relationship analyses used in communication
research.

16. Types of Relationship:
• 1-A scatter plot.
• 2-Linear relationships. 3-Nonlinear
relationships.
• 4-Positive relationship. 5-Negative
relationship.
• 6-curvilinear relationship. 7- Quadratic
• 8- U-shaped curvilinear relationship.
• 9- inverted U-shaped curvilinear

17. 2.2 Contribution of study:
• Contribution of study by looking into the general contribution of
your research, such as its importance to society as a whole, then
proceed downwards towards the individual level, and that may
include yourself as a researcher. You start broadly then taper off
gradually to a specific group or person.
• like an inverted pyramid, a deductive approach. So you write from
the general to the particular uses of your research’s findings

18. Resarch Methodology.
• Research Methodology It is a way to systematically solve a
research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how
a research is scientifically done, how we find out about things, and
how knowledge is gained. In it we study the various steps which are
generally adopted by the researchers while studying a research
problem along with logic behind them. In other words, methodology
is about the principles that guide our research practices.

19. Resarch Design:
MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is the
arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with
economy in procedure.
• Resarch design have following part’s:
• 1) Sampling design 2) Observational design
• 3) Statistical design 4) Operational design

20. 3.2 Population of Study and sample:
•Populations
• In statistics the term “population” has a slightly different meaning from the
one given to it in ordinary speech. It need not refer only to people or to
animate creatures the population of Britain, for instance or the dog
population of London. Statisticians also speak of a population of objects, or
events, or procedures, or observations, including such things as the quantity
of lead in urine, visits to the doctor, or surgical operations.

21. Samples
• A population commonly contains too many individuals to study
conveniently, so an investigation is often restricted to one or more
samples drawn from it. A well chosen sample will contain most of the
information about a particular population parameter but the relation
between the sample and the population must be such as to allow true
inferences to be made about a population from that sample.

22. 3.4 Demographic variables:
• Demographic variables are
independent variables by definition because they cannot be
manipulated. In research, demographic variables may be either
categorical (e.g., gender, race, marital status, psychiatric diagnosis)
•3.5 Scale:
• Nominal Scale OrdinalScale Interval Scale Ratio Scale

23. 6 References:
• .
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmilk.com%2Fwall-o-
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• References.html&psig=AOvVaw1NCf9eGsLGkGgUdfbCcBIo&ust=161746520057200
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3)https://images.nap.edu/books/20064/gif/113.gif
4)https://images.nap.edu/books/20064/gif/114.gif
• Thank you
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