What is Monocytosis, By Doctor Rifat
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Monocytosis is an increase in monocytes, a type of white blood cell, in the blood above 500 cells/μL. It can be caused by infections like tuberculosis, blood disorders, autoimmune diseases, malignancies, obesity, and other miscellaneous conditions. Infections are a common cause, as are chronic neutropenia, myeloproliferative disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hodgkin's disease, and certain types of leukemia.
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Chronic inflammation can be caused by acute inflammation that persists, infections like viruses or parasites, autoimmune diseases, foreign materials in the body, or malignant tumors. Key cells involved include macrophages that respond to infection and secrete inflammatory signals, lymphocytes like B and T cells, eosinophils that fight parasites, and basophils and mast cells involved in allergic reactions. Chronic granulomatous inflammation forms small clusters of modified macrophages and lymphocytes and is characterized by epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes at the periphery, and sometimes central necrosis. Diseases that cause granulomatous inflammation include tuberculosis, cat scratch fever, and fungal or parasitic infections.
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Leukocytosis is an increase in the number of white blood cells. It occurs as part of the body's inflammatory response. The level of white blood cells is regulated by the rate of production and release from bone marrow and other storage sites, as well as the rate that cells exit the bloodstream into tissues. Leukocytosis can be caused by cytokines and growth factors that stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of specific white blood cell types, such as interleukin-5 for eosinophils and G-CSF for neutrophils. In severe inflammatory conditions, leukocytes may display abnormal morphologies including toxic granules, Dohle bodies, and cytoplasmic vacuoles.
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Leukopenia
This document discusses leukopenia, a condition characterized by a reduced number of white blood cells. It identifies several potential causes of leukopenia, including viral and bacterial infections, cancers, autoimmune disorders, malnutrition, and bone marrow diseases. Symptoms of leukopenia include increased risk of infection. The document outlines methods for diagnosing leukopenia via blood tests and bone marrow biopsy and treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or bone marrow transplant. It recommends lifestyle practices like rest, good hygiene and nutrition to help prevent infection for those with leukopenia.
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This document provides information on cell injury and cellular adaptation. It discusses the causes of cell injury including hypoxia, infections, physical and chemical insults. The pathogenesis and outcomes of cell injury are described, including reversible and irreversible injury. Cellular responses like atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia are defined. The morphology of reversible and irreversible injury is outlined, focusing on changes seen in necrosis and apoptosis.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or the immune system. The most common causes are viruses like coxsackievirus and cytomegalovirus. It can also be caused by immune responses to infections, drugs, or transplants. Lymphocytic infiltrates are usually seen, but eosinophils and giant cells may occasionally appear. The pathology depends on the cause, ranging from mononuclear inflammatory cells to multinucleated giant cells or trypanosomes in the case of Chagas disease.
lectureoncellinjury and adaptation-170214073507.pptx
This document discusses cell injury and cellular adaptation. It begins by defining cell injury and discussing its causes, including hypoxia, physical and chemical agents, and infections. It then covers the pathogenesis and outcomes of cell injury, including reversible and irreversible injury. It also discusses the types of cellular adaptation to injury, including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. The document concludes by comparing the morphologies of reversible and irreversible injury, such as necrosis, apoptosis, and calcification.
leukemia
Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to overproduce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The document discusses the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches which may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and stem cell transplant, and management of the different types of leukemia.
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What is Monocytosis, By Doctor Rifat
- 1. Monocytosis By Dr. Rifat Qureishi Usmani
- 2. What is MONOCYTOSIS ? Monocytosis is an increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood. Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune system. In humans, monocytosis occurs when there is a sustained rise in monocyte counts greater than 500cells/µL.
- 3. Monocytosis Causes • Infections: tuberculosis, brucellosis, listeriosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, syphilis, and other viral infections and many protozoal and rickettsial infections (e.g. kala azar, malaria, Rocky Mountain spotted fever). • Blood and immune causes: chronic neutropenia and myeloproliferative disorders. • Autoimmune diseases and vasculitis: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. • Malignancies: Hodgkin's disease and certain leukaemias, such as chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) and monocytic leukemia. • Recovery phase of neutropenia or an acute infection. • Obesity (cf. Nagareddy et al. (2014), Cell Metabolism, Vol. 19, pp 821– 835) • Miscellaneous causes: sarcoidosis and lipid storage disease.
- 5. Monocytosis
- 6. Thankyou Monocytosis Prepared by Dr. Rifat Usmani