This document discusses monocytosis, which is an increased number of monocytes in the blood. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that develop from bone marrow precursors and help fight infection and promote healing. The document defines monocytosis and describes monoblasts and promonocytes, the precursors to monocytes. Potential causes of monocytosis include chronic infections, inflammatory diseases, cancers, and heart attacks. Symptoms may include spleen or liver enlargement. Monocytosis is diagnosed via a blood test and treated by addressing its underlying cause.

2. HAFIZ M WASEEM UNIVERSITY OF
EDUCATION LAHORE

3. TOPIC
MONOCYTOSIS

4. CONTENTS
 Monocytosis
 Differences b/w monoblast and promonocytes
 Development
 Function of monocytosis
 Causes of monocytosis
 Symptoms
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 References

5. MONOCYTOSIS
 It is the increase in number of Moncytes
circulating in the blood
 Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to
macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune
system.
 In humans:
 monocytosis occurs when there is a sustained
rise in monocyte counts greater than 800/mm3
to 1000/mm3.

6. CONTENTS

7. MONOBLAST
 Monoblasts are the committed progenitor cells that
differentiated from myeloid stem cell in the process of
hematopoiesis.
 They are normally found in bone marrow and do not
appear in the normal peripheral blood.
 They mature into monocytes which, in turn, develop into
macrophages.

8. MONOBLAST AND PROMONOCYTES
 Monoblasts and promonocytes are the monocyte precursors that are considered blasts/blast
equivalents. Monoblasts typically have round or oval nuclei with finely dispersed
 Immature chromatin, prominent nucleoli, and moderate amounts of basophilic cytoplasm, with absent to
rare azurophilic granules.
 Promonocytes:
 Although similarly having immature chromatin and visible nucleoli, are differentiated from monoblasts by
having a slightly convoluted or gently folded nucleus.
 monocytes with immature‐appearing chromatin but with prominent nuclear folds or convolutions.


9. PROMOMOBLAST AND MONOBLAST

10. DEVELOPMENT
 Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from precursors called
monoblasts, bipotent cells that differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells.

11. FUNCTIONS OF MONOCYTOSIS
 Monocytes are a critical component of the innate immune system.
They are the source of many other vital elements of the immune
system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells.
 Monocytes play a role in both the inflammatory and anti-
inflammatory processes that take place during an immune
response.

12. HOW DOES MONOCYTOSIS PROTECT THE BODY?
 Monocytes are a type of white blood cell. Like other white blood cells,
monocytes are important in the immune system's ability to destroy invaders
 It also in facilitating healing and repair.
 Monocytes are formed in the bone marrow and are released into peripheral
blood, where they circulate for several days.

13. WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF HIGH MONOCYTOSIS?
 Monocytes and other kinds of white blood cells are necessary to help the body fight disease and infection.
 Low levels:
 can result from certain medical treatments or bone marrow problems.
 high levels can indicate the presence of chronic infections or an autoimmune disease

14. CAUSES OF MONOCYTOSIS
 An increased percentage of monocytes may be due to:
 Chronic inflammatory disease.
 Leukemia.
 Parasitic infection.
 Tuberculosis, or TB (bacterial infection that involves the lungs)
 Viral infection (for example, infectious mononucleosis, mumps, measles)

15. CAUSES OF MONOCYTOSIS
 Neutropenia and bone marrow recovery
 Chronic infections (eg, viral, tuberculosis, malaria, subacute bacterial
endocarditis, and congenital syphilis)
 Immune/inflammatory disorders (eg, collagen vascular diseases, inflammatory
bowel disease, sarcoidosis, and immune thrombocytopenia)
 Myocardial infarction

16. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF HIGH MONOCYTES?
 These monocytes can settle in the spleen or liver, enlarging these
organs.
 An enlarged spleen (called splenomegaly) can cause pain in the
upper left part of the belly (abdomen)

17. DIAGNOSIS
 Blood Test (CBC)
 (Normal range of Monocytes: 1-10%)
 (Normal range in males: 0.2-0.8 x 103/microliter)
 Blood test checking for monocytosis (Abnormal ranges: >10%)
(Abnormal range in males: >0.8 x 103/microliter)

18. WHY ARE MONOCYTOSIS TESTED?
Treatment of monocytosis:
Monocytosis itself is a sign only and does not require treatment.
This test is used to evaluate and manage blood disorders, certain problems with the immune
system, and cancers, including monocytic leukaemia.
This test may also be used to evaluate for the risk of complications after a heart attack

19. REFERENCES
 ^ "monocytosis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
 ^ Rice, Lawrence; Jung, Moonjung (2018). "Neutrophilic Leukocytosis, Neutropenia, Monocytosis, and
Monocytopenia". In Hoffman, Ronald; Benz, Edward J.; Heslop, Helen; Silberstein, Leslie E.; Weitz,
Jeffrey; Anastasi, John (eds.). Hematology. pp. 675–681. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-35762-3.00048-
2. ISBN 978-0-323-35762-3.