Carbon and its compounds are useful in everyday life. Organic compounds contain functional groups that determine their chemical properties and reactions. Key functional groups discussed include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. Ethanol was examined, including its production by fermentation, uses in beverages and medicines, and harmful effects of excessive drinking. Tests to identify aldehydes and ketones like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were also covered. The preparation, properties, and reactions of additional compounds like propanone and ethanoic acid were discussed. The unit concluded with polymers, including natural and synthetic varieties as well as soaps and detergents.

1. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
What have you learnt?
In this unit, we have learnt about information on organic compounds and how organic
compounds are very useful in our everyday life. The study of functional group is essential for
the study of organic compounds.
The atom or group of atoms which carry out reactions of organic compounds is called
functional group.
Functional groups are like carboxylic acid (-COOH), ketone(>C=O), aldehyde(-CHO), alcohol(-
OH), ester(-COOR) and halogen(X).
In this unit, alcohol and ethanol etc., fermentation method of obtaining alcohol, fermentation
reaction and its importance are discussed.
Usage of ethanol in toxic beverages such as whisky , wine, beer and certain syrups, in medicines
necessary for cough and digestion. Drinking toxic drinks and the harmful effect due to that,
necessary medicine for that and properties of ethanol are studied in detail.
You have studied about aldehyde and ketone compounds, their nomenclature, methanal
(formaldehyde), ethanol (acetaldehyde) etc. Preparation of methanal, properties and uses and
also studied the silver mirror test and fehling tests as activity.
Preparation of propanone, properties, uses and study of reduction-oxidation and addition
reactions are also carried out.
In carboxylic acid compounds, ethanoic acid (acetic acid), its preparation, properties and acidic
properties, esterification reaction and uses-acetic acid as preservative (vinegar) have been
discussed.
Also learnt about artificial polymers, classification of polymers, addition and condensation
polymer, rubber, vulcanized rubber, polyester, polyamide and their uses as well as biopolymers.
Also learnt in detail about soap and synthetic detergents, preparation of soap. Detergents and
their uses, method of removing dirt.