What are the stages of childbirth? What is the difference between medicated and nonmedicated childbirth? What preparation should a mother go through who has chosen a nonmedicated delivery? What are the risk factors of a medicated delivery? Solution Answer: There are 4 stages of child birth: 1. 1st stage of labor: Thinning & opening of cervix. 1st stage has 3 parts: Early labor, Active labor & Transition to 2nd stage. 2. 2nd stage of labor: Baby move through birth canal and at this stage, cervix becomes fully open and aids birth of baby. 3. 3rd stage of labor: Afterbirth- Here, uterus continues to contract/ shrink and push out the placenta. 4. 4th stage of labor: Recovery: Nursing baby immediately after the birth helps faster contraction of uterus and reduces bleeding. 1. Taking medicines reduces flexibility to change positions or move during pregnancy and even after child-birth Following are some of the preparation, as mother should go in case of non-medicated delivery: 1. Perform a research about natural/non-medicated child birth. 2. Read lot of information and various books furnishing the positive stories of natural childbirth. 3. Get labor support group ready i.e. one should have proper guiding people in the surrounding. 4. Get information about natural ways to experience lesser labor pain like regular pregnancy suggested exercises, yoga, acupressure, etc 5. Follow a regular healthy diet and perform regular improvements along the line of pregnancy. 6. Have a birth plan in your mind like, you will be positive and excited in labor room, self- motivation, how you will maintain your energy during pushing, etc. Risk factors of medicated delivery could be as follows: 1. Epidural anesthesia can probably reduce the blood pressure suddenly. 2. Sudden drop in blood pressure will then have to be treated with other medications and oxygen. 3. One might experience an extreme headache. 4. person has to often change lying position on sides else one position can slow down the labor. 5. Backaches, nausea, ear-ringing, shiver and even urinating trouble can be the major risks involved. 6. Pushing becomes more difficult. 7. Numbness in body after child-birth. 8. Babies will face trouble in breast-feeding like respiratory troubles.Medicated Child-birthNon- medicated child-birth (natural) 1. Taking medicines reduces flexibility to change positions or move during pregnancy and even after child-birth1. Here, mothers can move freely and change positions easily throughout pregnancy and even after child-birth.2. Medicated treatment prolongs the pushing time during child-birth.2. Naturally, mothers can push easily and faster.3. Here. anesthesia is given to avoid labor pain. Also, C-section is performed. But, later the recovery time here is more.3. Pain at the time of labor, guides mother to change position as per the baby\'s requirement.4. Recovery is slow compared to natural way.4. Recovery is faster and mother can come quickly on normal appetite5. Here, due to medic.

1. What does it mean to be alive?: What environmental, economic, political changes in the past 50
years have contributed to the emergence of microbial epidemics due to HIV, West Nile Virus,
Ebola, and re-emergence of epidemics due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Solution
Changes in Environmental conditions logical changes are providing new opportunities for the
Papa Johns image and gain access into human body. HIV virus cause Aids which emerged in
1983 and West Nile virus cause encephalitis is emerged in 1999, ebola virus causes vhf in 1977
and mycobacterium causes tuberculosis. The factors which contribute for days pathogens to
spread climate changing ecosystems poverty lack of Public Health measures lack of political will
wars and so on.
Some environmental changes like deforestation increase the possibility of agents like animals to
interact more with humans resulting in the spread of the diseases. Natural disaster also cause for
outbrakes of infectious diseases global warming also is helping in the spread of diseases. Disease
of liver Ho shayari are studying YouTube changing sexual more and injection.
Ebola virus caused most devastating clinical disease in humans including chimpanzees Gorilla
with the high mortality rate. West Nile virus also re eerged in 1990 in Europe and America.
Emerging infection are those which newly appear in population I have existed but are rapidly
increasing in incidence recent example is HIV or AIDS.
Some of the factors which are contributing for the emergence of these diseases or climate and
weather like heavy rhymes resulting in the increased breeding sites for the vectors ,changing
ecosystems due to construction of dams change in human geography, and behaviour ,economic
development and land use example deforestation international travel and Technology industry
and poor Public Health measures, social inequality etc.
A number of environmental factors influence of epidemics like water supply sanitation facilities
food and climate
Emerging infectious diseases are caused by newly identified species which may have evolved
from unknown infection to a new population example drug resistant tuberculosis.
HIV is caused by human immunodeficiency virus which makes the people more prone to
opportunistic infections.
West Nile virus is mosquito Borne lunatic arbovirus first identified in East African nation of
Uganda it causes encephalitis with the first large outbreak in Romania in 1996. Recently in news
train of the virus was identified in Italy which is causing worst endemics.
Tuberculosis is sometimes Lethal infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
which infect the lungs.

2. Ebola virus disease easy a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates which spreads
by direct contact with body fluids like blood of an infected person this disease was first identified
in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks 1 NZara and other in yambuku village. The largest
outbreak epidemic in West Africa in December 2013.