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1. COLLAGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ECOLOGY GROUP
ASSIGNMENT
Not title
Mark 2.5/3
SUBMITTED TO: INSTRUCTOR ASMAMAW
ABERA (MSc, PhD Candidate)
SUBMITION DATE: 09-04-2016 E.C.
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2. GROUP ONE
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3. OBJECTIVES
 At the end of this session students will be able to
know:
what are vector born diseases.
types of vector borne diseases.
the ways of Vector borne disease
transmission.
 the relation between Vector borne
disease and climate changes.
General vector control mechanisms.
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4. outlines
 vector born diseases.
types of vector borne diseases.
Vector borne disease transmission.
 Vector borne disease and climate
changes.
General vector control mechanisms.
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5. Vector borne disease
 Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by
pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, other parasites.
 it is transmitted to humans and animals by vectors or
carriers like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.
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6. Types of vector borne disease
 Vector borne diseases can cause a wide range of
symptoms and associated diseases .
 It can be severe and even life-threatening.
 the most common types of vector-borne diseases are;
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7. Malaria
 Malaria is a serious and sometimes life-threatening
disease caused by female mosquito
 it is transmitted to humans through the bite of an
infected mosquito.
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8. Cont..
 it has several types, including ;
 Plasmodium falciparum
 Plasmodium vivax
 Plasmodium ovale
 Plasmodium malariae.
• it can cause fever, chills, headache, and fatigue
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9. Dengue Fever
 Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by Aedes
mosquitoes.
 it can cause fever, headache, muscle and joint pain,
and skin rash.
 Dengue fever can be severe and can lead to
complications such as, hemorrhagic fever.
 which can be life-threatening.
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10. 10

11. Zika Virus
 Zika virus is a flavivirus transmitted to humans
primarily through the bite of infected Aedes
mosquitoes.
 It can cause fever, rash, and joint pain,
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12. cont..
 The virus has been associated with severe birth
defects, such as;
 microcephaly
neurological complications in adults.
 It can cause fever, rash, and joint pain,
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13. Lyme Disease
 Lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by the
spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi .
 it is transmitted to humans through the bite of
infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis).
 It is most commonly found in the United States and
Europe.
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14. 14

15. Yellow Fever
 Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted
by Aedes mosquitoes.
 The virus is maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving
primates and forest-dwelling Aedes mosquitoes.
 However, urban outbreaks can occur when infected
mosquitoes bite humans.
 Yellow fever is endemic in tropical areas of Africa and
South America,
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16. cont..
 it can cause fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain.
 Like that of Dengue fever Yellow fever can be severe.
 it can lead to complications such as hemorrhagic fever,
which can be life-threatening.
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17. Filariasis
 Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by nematode
worms (roundworms).
 it is transmitted to humans through the bites of
infected mosquitoes, primarily Culex and Anopheles
species.
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18. 2.Vector borne disease
transmissiom
 The transmission of vector borne disease occurs when
an infectious agent, such as a virus, bacterium, or
parasite.
 is transmitted to humans through the bite of a vector
organism, such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas.
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19. cont..
 These vectors are capable of carrying and transmitting
the infectious agent from one host to another.
 Vector-borne disease transmission can be influenced by
various factors, including :
The abundance and distribution of the vector
population,
 environmental conditions that affect vector breeding
and survival, and
 Human behaviors that increase exposure to vectors.
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20. cont..
In general vector borne disease transmission has two
ways of transmission namely
 mechanical and
 biological transmission pathways:
A.Mechanical transmission-
• It takes place when a vector simply carries pathogenic
microorganisms on their body and transfers them to
food, which we then consume.
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21. cont..
 They can carry infectious agents through their mouth
and on their legs and other body parts.
 They deposit these agents on ready-to-eat foods .
 the recipient gets infected if they consume the
contaminated food.
 Flies and cockroaches are in this category.
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22. cont..
B. Biological transmission-
It involves the multiplication and growth of a disease-
causing agent inside the vector’s body.
With in the hosts body the genetic and physiologic
multiplication and general growth takes place.
For instance, Malaria is a good example of biological
transmission.
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23. Vector borne disease and climate
changes
 Climate changes has an impact on the distribution
and prevalence of vector-borne diseases.
 Rising temperatures, changes in precipitation
patterns,
 Extreme weather events can create more favorable
conditions for vectors .
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24. cont..
 it can also affect the behavior and life cycle of vectors.
 potentially leading to longer transmission seasons and
increased risk of disease spread.
 It also affects human behavior and migration patterns.
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25. cont..
 leading to increased exposure to vectors and
 potential introduction of new diseases to previously
unaffected areas.
 Overall, addressing the intersection of vector-borne
diseases and climate change requires coordinated
efforts across multiple sectors, including
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26. cont..
public health,
 Environmental conservation, and
Climate change mitigation and adaptation.
 When we look the interaction between vector borne
diseases and climate change.
 there are three key ways climate change affects vector-
borne diseases:
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27. A. More places will become
suitable for vectors.
 Warmer temperatures can increase the geographic
spread of where vectors.
 Increased rainfall can increase the amount of
standing water, creating more breeding areas for
many vectors.
 Droughts can support breeding by forming pools of
standing water from previously flowing water.
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28. B. Warmer climates extend the
disease transmission season.
 Climate change is improving the climatic and
environmental conditions for the transmission of
many diseases.
 This may also lead to an increase in the duration of
disease transmission seasons.
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29. C. Temperature change can affect
the behavior of vectors.
 Temperature has a significant impact on the behaviour
of vectors.
 for example, increased temperatures change the biting
behavior of mosquitoes.
 reducing the effectiveness of barriers such as bed nets.
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30. Vector borne disease status in
Ethiopia
 Ethiopia is a country with a diverse geography and
climate.
 which makes it prone to various vector-borne diseases.
 Some of the most common vector-borne diseases in
Ethiopia include:
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31. 1. Malaria:
 Malaria is one of the most prevalent vector-borne
diseases in Ethiopia.
 with an estimated 60% of the population at risk of
infection.
 According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
 Ethiopia reported 2,153,671 cases of malaria in 2020,
with a mortality rate of 0.5%.
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33. 2. Dengue Fever:
 Dengue fever is another vector-borne disease that is
prevalent in Ethiopia.
 According to the WHO, Ethiopia reported 1,160 cases
of dengue fever in 2020.
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34. 3. Yellow Fever
 Yellow fever is a vector-borne disease that is present in
some parts of Ethiopia.
 particularly in the south and southwestern regions.
 According to the WHO, Ethiopia is considered a high-
risk country for yellow fever transmission.
 the disease is a significant public health concern in
the country.
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35. 4. Rift Valley Fever
 Rift Valley fever is a vector-borne disease that is
endemic in Ethiopia.
 particularly in the south and southwestern regions.
 The disease is caused by a virus.
 it is transmitted to humans through the bite of
infected mosquitoes and ticks.
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36. cont..
 According to the WHO,
 Rift Valley fever is a significant public health concern
in Ethiopia,
 The outbreaks of the disease have been reported in
the country in recent years.
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37. 5. Lassa Fever:
 Lassa fever is a vector-borne disease that is present in
some parts of Ethiopia.
 particularly in the south and west.
 The disease is caused by the Lassa virus.
 which is transmitted to humans through the bite of
infected rats.
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38. cont..
 According to the WHO,
 Lassa fever is a significant public health concern in
Ethiopia.
 The outbreaks of the disease have been reported in
the country in recent years.
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39. General vector control mechanisms
 Vector control refers to the methods and strategies
used to reduce or eliminate the population of vectors.
 These control measures aim to prevent the spread of
vector-borne diseases by targeting the vectors
themselves, their breeding sites, or their ability to
transmit diseases to humans.
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40. cont..
 There are different methods to control or reduce the
population of vectors,such as;
 Eliminating breeding sites
 using insecticides
 public education
integrated vector management, and monitoring and
surveillance.
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41. cont..
Environmental management
Chemical control
Biological control
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42. cont..
 References:
 1. Vector-Borne Diseases” by the World Health
Organization (WHO) (Retrieved on 01/12/2023 G.C)
 2. “Vector-Borne Infections” by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) (Retrieved on 01/12/2023
G.C)
 3. “Vector-Borne Diseases: A Reference Guide” by the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
(NIAID) (Retrieved on 29/11/2023 G.C)
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45. Group members
No Names of students ID.no
1 ABEBE KIBRET 1402810
2 ABENEZER HAILEMARIAM 1402833
3 ABIY DEREBE 1402843
4 AMARE GETACHEW 1400880
5 EDEN HABTAMU 1401185
6 MASTEWAL EPHREM 1401692
7 NATAL SISAY 1402047
8 SHEMSIYA JEMAL 1402358
9 TEKETELEW TEMECHE 0306/13
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