What Causes Kidney Failure

What Causes Kidney Failure
The kidneys are the organs in the body that serves a number of functions, including filtering waste
products from the blood, regulating blood pressure and red blood cell production in the body, and
balancing electrolytes. When kidney failure sets in, a number of symptoms can be experienced by
patients that results from the build–up of waste products and excess fluid in the body. This
disruption of the kidneys' function can lead to symptoms such as weakness, shortness of breath,
lethargy, swelling, confusion, sleep disruption, nausea and vomiting, and loss of appetite, among
other unpleasant symptoms. Kidney disease can be caused by a number of underlying diseases and
conditions, and while some caused of kidney failure are treatable, it can ... Show more content on
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Diabetes causes injury to the small blood vessels in the body, inhibiting the kidneys from cleaning
your blood properly, which causes the body to retain more water and salt than is normal.
Furthermore, diabetes can damage the nerves in your body and make it difficult to empty the bladder
which can injure the kidneys. Hemp oil is known its low content of carbohydrates, and consists of
nutrients that moderate blood sugar levels. The essential fatty acids in the hemp oil accelerate the
metabolic processes in the human body, lowering sugar levels in the bloodstream. By protecting the
blood vessels from diabetic damage, hemp oil helps the kidneys to clean the blood
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Complications Of Kidney Failure
The Complications of Kidney Failure and How Hemodialysis Works to Fix Them
Katie Sullivan
Professor Manny Rodriguez
CHE102–002
Parkland College
April 2, 2015
Kidney Dialysis
Kidney failure is deadly disease if not treated immediately.
When functioning normally, the kidneys clean the blood of waste and other fluids, but when they
fail the kidneys can 't clean it. This is where kidney dialysis comes in.
Kidney dialysis is the method that is used to clean the blood of waste and other fluids.
Dialysis is often a last resort for people that are undergoing kidney failure.
Possible Complications of Kidney Failure
Anemia and Erythropoietin (EPO)
– Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and is the hormone that regulates the production of red
blood cells. The kidneys don't make enough erythropoietin, so there are fewer blood cells, which can
lead to anemia.
Renal Osteodystrophy
– Since the kidneys can't regulate the proper chemical levels in the blood during kidney failure, the
bones don't get enough calcium and other chemicals to keep them strong.
Hyperkalemia
– When the kidneys fail, it runs the risk of high levels of potassium, which can influence many
factors that are dangerous.
Uremic Acidosis
– In kidney failure, toxic waste can build up in the blood, which normally the kidneys would absorb
and then filter out if they were functioning normally.
Functions of the Kidneys and an Overview of Hemodialysis
The kidneys are responsible for removing waste and

Anatomy And Physiology : Normal Structure And Function
1. Anatomy and Physiology:
Normal Structure and Function
According to Patton and Thibodeau (2012), the kidneys are a pair of bean–shaped organs found
along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. The convex side of each kidney is located
laterally and the concave side medial. The renal hilum on the concave side is the point where the
renal artery enters, the vein and ureter leave the kidney. Deep to the perirenal fat, the kidney is
surrounded by fibrous connective tissue called the renal capsule. Deep to the renal capsule is the
renal cortex, which surrounds the renal medulla with their apexes facing inward toward the centre of
the kidney. Nephrons, the basic structural and functional unit that filters blood to produce urine, are
located within the cortex and medulla. The minor calyces that collects urine are connected to the
papilla of each pyramid, and merge to form major calyces, which further merge into the renal pelvis.
Urine drains into the ureter at the renal hilum where renal pelvis exits the kidney (Brenner, 2007).
Brenner (2007) explained that the primary function of the kidneys is to excrete waste products
resulting from metabolism by filtering them out of the bloodstream into urine. The kidneys also
have many homeostatic functions such as maintaining acid–base homeostasis and electrolyte
concentrations, and regulating plasma osmolarity and blood pressure (Brenner, 2007). The kidneys
secret and interact with a variety of hormones such as

What Is Hydronephrosis?. . . . . Angela Lee. Iot. Vn 2.
What is Hydronephrosis?
Angela Lee
IOT
VN 2
What is hydronephrosis?
Hydronephrosis is when there is a disorder on one or both of the kidneys. The kidney starts to swell
up due to urine back up and not able to filter out. But it can be caused by varies reason why it lead to
this condition. Changing lifestyle by nutritional and exercises will help prevent chances of becoming
kidney failure. Kidney function will begin decreasing immediately with the onset of hydronephrosis
but is reversible if the swelling resolves. Usually kidneys recover if taking care of the obstruction
right away even if it lasted for several weeks. Our kidneys have the most important job of filtering
your blood. They remove waste products and extra ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High blood sugar levels caused by diabetes damage blood vessels in the kidneys. If the blood sugar
level remains high over many years, this damage gradually reduces the function of the kidneys.
Uncontrolled high blood pressure damages blood vessels, which can lead to damage in the kidneys.
And blood pressure often rises with chronic kidney disease, so high blood pressure may further
damage kidney function even when another medical condition initially caused the disease. Kidney is
one of the major systems in your body and can lead to kidney failure and become more complicated
than what it's already is. Along with this causes there are some signs and symptoms that's included
such as nausea and vomiting, fever, painful urinary, increase in urgency, sudden intense abdomen
pain, lack of sleep, depression, lack of nutrient, abdominal mass, imbalance pH. The
pathophysiology to hydronephrosis is when there is an obstruction in either upper or lower urinary
tract that increases pressure into the kidney. Additionally it becomes inability to pass urine through
to the bladder. The pressure delicate the tissue to make it hard to pass which leads to complication
and loss of function to work properly. If the kidney swells up or there's a blockage it cannot do what
a normal kidney functioning does. When it comes to detecting this conditions there are

Kidney's Disease: The Urinary System
The Urinary system is a very complex system. It's operated by the Peripheral nervous system thus
meaning that we do not have to think about or tell the brain or spinal cord to do its job. The renal
system produce, store and eliminates waste from our body, the kidney is the manufacturing plant of
this system. If the Kidney develops a disease it will be treated by a nephrologist and there are
several diseases a kidney could face. On the other hand, a Urologist will treat issues pertaining to
the urinary tract. The kidneys are very important, one would be surprise as to what these organs
control such as blood pressure, ph, and Ions just to name a few.
The Kidney's
"The Kidney are bean shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chabner, 2014) "Kidney stones usually are composed of uric acid or calcium salts. Stones often
lodge in the ureter or bladder, as well as in the renal pelvis and may require removal by lithotripsy
or surgery." Though this is not a life threating condition it is very painful and one may feel like they
are dying.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) PKD are cysts on and in the kidneys, this condition is hereditary
meaning it can be passed down within a family. One type generates within middle age marked by
Urinary Tract infections and blood in the urine. The other type is found early in infants and children
both can lead to renal failure.
Renal Failure Is the "decrease in execration of wastes resulting from impaired filtration." According
to (D. Chabner, 2014). "Renal failure may be caused both in the acute and chronic scenarios due to
several factors. Acute renal failure for example may be brought about by problems affecting the
flow of blood to the kidneys (including dehydration, heart failure etc.), problems or diseases of the
kidneys (including damage to kidneys caused by certain medications or toxins) or problems
affecting the outflow of urine from the kidneys (including kidney stones, posterior urethral valves
etc. Chronic renal failure commonly results from long term or chronic damage to the kidney
function." According to

Sonography Research Paper
Often times we may ignore the signs our body is trying to tell us. Mainly due to fear of the
unknown. Our kidneys play an important role in our body. They are used to filter out waste through
urination. There are many exams that physicians use to help diagnose renal failure and there are
some less commonly used because they have no effect of diagnosis of renal failure. Ultra– sounds
are the number one imaging modality to help in diagnosing renal failure and angiography of the
kidney is the least used imaging modality. In order to prevent our body from shutting down it is
imperative we pay attention to the signs of what our body is trying to tell us. Kidneys are a vital
organ because they help our bodies eliminate waste. They filter ... Show more content on
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They are useful when a patient has abdominal pain and in establishing the size of a kidney stone.
They may also help when it comes to masses or obstructions. These x–rays are 1D images and are
not able to diagnose if a kidney is in failure or not (hopkinsmedicine.org, 2018). Renal angiograms
are the lease used study when it comes to renal failure. This study is used to look at blood vessels in
the kidneys and used to help determine if there is an aneurysm or stenosis. Not to mention injecting
contrast into a patient for an angio study, who is in renal failure may not be the best. This study not
only aids in the discovery of stenosis or aneurysms, but it helps with vasospasms, thrombosis,
occlusions, tumors, hemorrhage, and complications from a kidney transplant. These two studies are
rated number two for the helping with diagnosing renal failure (hopkinsmedicine.org, 2018). While
these two studies are good for many other things it is not for diagnosing renal failure. This should be
done with those modalities who have more to offer than these

Headline: Kidney Failure
Headline: Kidney Dialysis: What Are the Long–Term Risks?
Keywords: Kidney, Dialysis, Risks, Diet, Failure
Page Description: Kidney dialysis is a procedure used for the treatment of chronic kidney failure.
This is a life saving treatment that helps in restoring the functions associated with the kidneys. There
are some risks associated with it that can occur for long term. Patients undergoing dialysis should
take proper diet is recommended with renal diet by the dieticians.
Text:
{
Kidney Dialysis
Kidney dialysis is a life saving treatment for chronic kidney failure. Kidney is an organ which is
responsible for filtering the waste material and excess fluid from the blood but failure of this organ
to do so leads to accumulation of the waste ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In hemodialysis, machine and dialyzer are used for filtering
the blood. In peritoneal type, after filling of abdomen with a special cleaning solution, filtration of
blood is done inside the body. On this treatment, patients of renal failure need to take proper diet.
When the renal failure patient is under dialysis, body loses protein and hence to maintain the
adequate level of protein, protein rich diet is recommended. Patients of renal failure can contact the
dietician for the proper diet to be taken during dialysis treatments.
Risks of Kidney Dialysis
Patients of renal failure undergoing kidney dialysis have some risks and complications associated
with it. Risks of kidney dialysis include muscle cramps. Risks of muscle cramps are there in the last
half of dialysis session only. Patients of renal failure under treatment with kidney dialysis can also
have the risks of hypotension. Hypotension risks are some of the common risks that often occur in
women and in people aged above 60. Nausea, headache, vomiting and confusion can also be the
possible risks faced by renal failure patients. Some of the possible risks are listed as follows:
Irregularity in heartbeat
Formation of blood

Chronic Kidney Failure
My nephew was diagnosed with kidney failure in 2013. So I immediately wanted to know the
answer to the question is kidney failure permanent? Kidney failure is the condition in which your
kidneys lose the ability to remove waste and balance fluids. There are 2 types which are acute and
chronic. Acute kidney failure happens suddenly and it can be reversed. Chronic kidney failure is
longstanding disease of the kidneys and usually results in the person going on dialysis or needing a
transplant to survive.
Acute kidney failure happens over a few hours or a few days. It can be reversed. This is not the type
my nephew was diagnosed with. This type if caught right away can be treated and reversed. Getting
routine test done and catching any problems earlier on can really contribute to your kidney failure
not becoming permanent.
Chronic kidney failure however is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However David W. Johnson says on www.hdcn.com (Screening and overview para. 2 ) " early
identification and management of chronic kidney disease is highly cost effective and can reduce the
progression of kidney failure by 50 percent". His purpose in explaining this was to educate on
screening and early detection of ckd. In his writings his statistics are very detailed as to the risk
factors and who should be screened for ckd. He goes on to break down the different levels of
chronic kidney diseases with charts and graphs. So although not reversal once your kidneys
deteriorate to the kidney failure stage if caught early you could still salvage some kidney function. If
not however, the solutions to keep the person with chronic kidney failure alive is dialysis or either
transplant. Both are life saving options. There are a lot of different variables for chronic kidney
failure including hypertension, diabetes, smoking or infections that weren't taken care of soon
enough. All these contribute to chronic kidney failure. My nephew's kidney failure stemmed from

Diabetic Nephropathy : An Irreversible Kidney Failure
Diabetic nephropathy, an irreversible kidney failure, continues to be the most common cause of end
stage renal disease requiring either a kidney transplant or renal replacement therapies, such as
dialysis (Bilous, 2013). Worldwide, approximately fifty percent of cases of end–stage chronic
kidney disease are caused by diabetes mellitus, with type II comprising the majority (Vladu, 2014).
The prevalence of diabetes has been estimated to increase worldwide with the total number of
diabetics rising from 285 million in 2010 to 439 million in 2030 (Mantelo, Oliveira, Ferraz, Lima, &
Silva, 2015). This rise in diabetes is a concern to public health, as the effects of diabetes can have
life altering consequences. Pathology According to Bilous (2013), unmanaged diabetes over time
can cause an accumulation of matrix material on the glomerular capillary basement membrane and
in the area between the capillaries known as the glomerular mesangium. This thickening of matrix
will eventually obliterate the capillaries leading to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and
eventual organ failure. The pathological course that leads to diabetic nephropathy has several
warning signs that can be used to detect and slow down the progression of the disease. One of the
earliest clinical findings is the increased concentration of albuminuria protein in the urine. This
protein is indicative of leaky capillaries that have been damaged due to increased concentration of
glucose in the

Kidney Failure Essay
Introduction There is a pair of kidneys in the human body. They are situated towards the back of the
body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist where one on either side of the body. Each kidney
is composed of about one million units which are called nephrons and each nephron consists of two
parts: a filter which is called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephron (Cameron
1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008) the kidneys have three major functions. Firstly,
the kidneys are excretion of waste from plasma in the blood. The second function is that, they
maintain of extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys have a role in hormone
synthesis.
Renal Failure The renal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when the kidneys stop working completely, this situation is known as end–stage renal
failure (ESRF). There are some diseases may cause chronic renal failure and this essay will focus on
two types of these common diseases.
Diabetes Mellitus One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure.
This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in
insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8–6.0 mmol/L. It is
classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin–
dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often
when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United
States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal
failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of
dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has
negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the
damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is
known as glycosuric.
Hypertension
High blood pressure which is called hypertension is another common disease which can cause
chronic renal failure. This

Hypertension: Main Cause Of Stroke And Kidney Failure
Hypertension as defined by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2015 is "a serious medical
condition. It happens when the force of the blood pumping through your arteries is too strong".
Hypertension is a very serious disease because of its complications. This disease may lead to heart
failure and/or hypertrophy, and cause damage to blood vessels. Also, increases the risk kidney
failure, stroke and may lead to death if left untreated. Hypertension is considered as one of the most
common diseases that can be identified as the main cause of stroke and kidney failure. Hypertension
usually present as one of a group of multiple illnesses always accompanied by diabetes, obesity,
kidney disease or many other pre–existing problems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute implemented High Blood Pressure Education
Program (NHBPEP). The program's main goal is to educate through recommending prevention of
hypertension "through both a population–based strategy and an intensive strategy focused"
(Whelton, 2002) on individuals at high risk for high blood pressure. The population–based and the
intensive strategies are complementary and constructed to point out six approaches: Increase
individuals' physical activity; control body weight and avoid obesity; limit alcohol consumption;
lower sodium intake; lower intake of potassium; and increase daily consumption of fruits and
vegetables, and low–fat dairy products and contain low saturated and total fat. Applying these
approaches can prevent the incidence rate of hypertension rising in the population and also can
lower blood pressure in persons with pre–hypertension or diagnosed with hypertension. (Whelton,

An Effective Treatment of Kidney Failure Essay
An Effective Treatment of Kidney Failure
The kidney can fail for many reasons, when it does it leaves the sufferer with an inability to filter
out harmful substances in the blood. This leads to a number of symptoms.
The first treatment for kidney failure would normally be dialysis, there are two techniques.
Haemodialysis cleans blood outside the body by using a pump to pump out the blood and through a
dialyser. This filters out the blood via diffusion and pumps the "clean" blood back around the body
to pick up more toxins and back to the dialyser. It also takes out the excess water, this is called
ultrafiltation. It needs to be done for four hours, three times a week. Peritoneal dialysis ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There can be problems with fluid leaks in the groin or around the catheter when dialysis starts.
Infections are the major risk – either in the exit site or most importantly in the tummy itself,
peritonitis. In the long term, there can be a thickening of the peritoneal membrane so that it does not
work efficiently. The dialysis fluid may need to be changed or switched to haemodialysis.
The treatment of dialysis is used in conjunction with a special diet that has to be customized to each
individual. Because the kidney takes away so many different toxins from the blood it is important to
have regular blood tests to see what is missing from the diet. Medication is also a big factor in
treating kidney failure; once it is established what is missing, drugs can be given to help
It is possible to be considered for a kidney transplant. A transplant of a healthy kidney from
someone who has died is called a cadaveric transplant it is the most common in this country, but it is
possible to receive a kidney from a living donor who is a suitable match. If the person is a close
relative, this is called a living related transplant. It may be possible to receive a kidney from
someone who is not a relative – such as a husband, wife, partner or good friend. This is a living
unrelated transplant. Over 1,500 kidney transplants are performed in the UK every year

Kidney Dialysis
Kidney Dialysis There are a few options when it comes to dialysis. Depending on your diagnosis
you may have the option of peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. With these two treatments you have
the option of completing the treatment either in a center or at home if you are able to learn how to
treat yourself through training. Peritoneal dialysis cleanses your blood of waste products when your
kidneys can no longer take on the task adequately. This can be caused by diabetes, high blood
pressure, kidney inflammation, or multiple cysts in the kidneys. As wastes build up in the body, it
can be dangerous and may even cause death. The patient is trained on what peritoneal dialysis
involves and how to use the equipment which may consist of a catheter ... Show more content on
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Hemodialysis removes wastes, salts, and excess fluid from the body when your kidney can no
longer do the work adequately. The treatment is used with end advanced kidney failure and can help
maintain an active life despite failing kidneys. In any case, the process can help control blood
pressure, maintain the proper balance of fluid and various minerals. A vascular access is created by a
surgeon and then the site will need to heal for any a period of a few weeks to a month. This access
point allows a mechanism for a small amount of blood to be removed, cleansed and then returned to
your body in order for the hemodialysis to work. In a dialysis center your weight, blood pressure,
pulse, and temperature are checked then the access site cleaned. Two needles are inserted, attached
to a flexible plastic tubing, and then connected to a dialyzer. With other options this can be done in
your own home, which is easier on your body, and may give you more freedom. Equipment that
may be used includes a graft or catheter, and a hemodialysis machine if the treatment will be at
home and a filter called a dialyzer. The concept behind this process is to help cleanse your blood of
the toxins in your body. This will help with a better quality of life, increased well being, reduced
symptoms, less cramping, headaches and shortness of breath, improved appetite, sleeping patterns,
energy levels and the ability to

Persuasive Speech : Donating Organ For A Person
Argument
Donating organ to a person in need adds significant years to his life. The donor will be back to his
normal life within a week after donation and will have no side effects if treated carefully. Here is an
example of Tom Walker, a coach who decided to donate his kidney to one of his team player. Kevin
Jordan, a left handed outfielder, was offered admission to Wake Forest University and their baseball
team in his senior year at high school. He amazing talent on field was recognized by the baseball
coach at Wake Forest, Tom Walker. Summer before college, Kevin was diagnosed with kidney
failure and put on dialysis. Even after his parent's advice to stay with them, Kevin decided to attend
college and live life like a normal college kid. During his first semester, he was able to manage
practice sessions, attend all classes and time for workout with his team in addition to dialysis. Due
to worsening conditions, he discontinued college the next semester. After futile attempts of finding a
match within his family and friends, his coach Tom, decided to test for the match with Kevin as they
had the same blood group. It matched perfectly and Tom willingly donated his kidney to Kevin. Due
to this noble act of kindness from his coach, Kevin can now live a normal life and play for the
college like everyone else. Even Tom, is hale and hearty and back as a coach within two weeks after
the operation. As the coach was readily willing to donate his kidney, this ended on a

Benefits Of Chronic Kidney Failure
Regardless if you refer to it as chronic kidney failure, chronic renal failure, or end–stage renal
failure, if your condition is severe enough you are eligible for Social Security benefits.
Kidney failure is evaluated by the Social Security Administration according to its genitourinary
impairments listings. If there is completion of a kidney transplant, serious complications caused
from kidney disease, a need for regular dialysis, nephrotic syndrome, or a combination of reduced
glomerular filtration and symptoms of damage, disability benefits will be approved to the patient.
If there is a poor functioning of the kidneys created by any form of chronic disease, SSA listings
6.03, 6.04, and 6.05 automatically approve benefits if one of the following is present: reduced
glomerular filtration or kidney transplant, ongoing hemodialysis, (toxins being removed from the
blood by an artificial kidney machine), or ongoing peritoneal dialysis, (a hemodialysis method
which requires dialyzing solution put into and then removed from the peritoneal cavity either
continuously or intermittently. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to use reduced glomerular filtration, you will need to be able to verify that you suffer from
one of the following conditions: Peripheral neuropathy, which is the inability to filter toxic
substances out of the blood, Bone pain and renal bone degradation, or a fluid overload syndrome,
even though taking medication, which has been documented by diastolic hypertension, anasarca or
signs of vascular congestion, or anorexia along with weight loss and BMI of 18.0 or

Your Kidneys during Acute Renal Failure
What happens when your kidneys fail? Acute renal failure is a disorder of the kidneys when it's
ceased to perform its functions. For example, the kidneys lose its ability to excrete wastes. When
your kidneys fail because of a disease or injury, wastes and extra fluid can build up in the blood and
make you sick. Kidneys will not be able to maintain homeostasis of electrolytes. A high level of
plasma potassium, sodium concentration, and elevated pH will be evident as well.
ARF can be arranged depending upon the underlying cause. Pre–renal is the disruption of flow to
the glomerulus. Decrease flow to the afferent arterioles can severely affect the nephrons ability to
perform its functions. This is due to an abrupt drop in blood flow because of massive
vasoconstriction in relation to decrease in volume. Intra–renal failure, however, is an actual damage
to the kidneys. Damage to the nephrons may be short–term that injury to the cells and nephrons are
not able to work. It could also be permanent where the damage to the nephrons is so severe that it
becomes completely dysfunctional. Despite the injuries, the nephrons are capable to restore itself
and recover once blood flow is brought back to normal. Post–renal is an obstruction beyond the
nephron. Blockage in the ureters, bladder, and urethra can cause buildup of waste products. An
example of this is BPH or benign prostate hypertrophy where the prostate gland gets so enlarged
that it causes disruption of urine flow.
History

Kidney Failure: A Case Study
Melanie Hollins found out some unexpected news when she went to the hospital following stage 4
kidney failure. WDSU reports at 42–years old, the woman was being treated for diabetes, high blood
pressure and her kidney failure. Melanie was told something during a visit to the doctor that shocked
her, she was pregnant. The mother–to–be said: "We were trying to get placed on the active transplant
list, and that's how we found out we were pregnant." She didn't even think she could still get
pregnant when she was given the news she had a baby on the way. Emily Rose Hollins arrived
weighing only 12 ounces when she was born four months premature, making her a medical miracle.
Melanie described the moment she laid her eyes on her newborn daughter ... Show more content on
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I have never seen someone so small but she had all 10 fingers and all 10 toes. She had a nose, ears
even girly parts. She was my baby. My little miracle." The new mother was surprised by the size of
her baby, who became Oklahoma City's Integris Baptist Medical Center's smallest baby to be born
there and survive: "She was so small, and I had never seen a baby so small. I wasn't really aware
that micro–premies existed until now. It was very hard. She was about the size of a Coke can."
Emily was small, but she soon showed everyone she was also strong, and with the help of her
mother's encouraging words, she flourished, teaching her mother an important lesson along the way.
Melanie told Dearly: "Her fight and her journey has shown me to never give up and to believe. I
prayed over her everyday and spoke words of affirmation over her everyday such as You are strong,
you are healed, you are whole you are healthy, you are eating, you are growing, you are blessed and
highly favored, you can do all things through Christ who gives you strength, and you are a Victor
not a victim." After spending the first five months of her life in the hospital, fighting to survive,
Emily was ready to go

Kidneys For Sale: A Reconsideration By Miriam Schulman
Kidneys for Sale: A Reconsideration
In the essay " Kidneys for Sale: A Reconsideration" by Miriam Schulman, kidneys are fair in our
lives. The writer talks with important things in our lives related to our organs specificly kidneys.
Everyday almost 17 people die when they wait for a suitable organ. In 2011, in United States,
kidney transplants were about 15,417. They had a healthy way to transplant kidneys to other people.
As they got it tested wheather if they can accept it or not. After transplangt there has been seen no
harm. Ninty percent of people got kidneys from a living– donor and 82 % of people from died–
donor. When they get it from poor people, they remain still alive at least five years. Actually the
poor people sell their kidneys.

Kidney Failure Essay
Kidney Failure
And
Treatments
By Andrea Sands
6/21/10
Professor Noahleen Betts
The kidneys are important organs in your body to help filter waste. Sometimes organs may fail and
cause further problems within your body. There are treatments available for kidney failure including
dialysis and a kidney transplant. Both treatments do involve life changes and the patient must stay
healthy. It is important to learn about your body and learn the signs and symptoms of when
something goes wrong. The kidneys keep your body regulated by maintaining your fluid volume,
mineral composition, and acidity. This is done by excreting and reabsorbing water and electrolytes.
They keep a balance in sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, ... Show more content on
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The other will allow the blood that is returning to back into the body. Treatments will last anywhere
from 2 ½ to 4 ½ hours. Your blood pressure will be check regularly. Your machine will be adjusted
to ensure that correct amounts are being removed from your body. You are allowed to relax, read,
watch television, do work, or even sleep. The other type of dialysis is called peritoneal dialysis. This
requires more work from the patient. The patient must maintain a clean surface on the abdomen in
order to help prevent infection. The patient will again weigh themselves to determine the amount of
fluid. Then the patient will wear a mask while cleaning the catheter site. Fluid allowed to stay in the
peritoneal cavity is drained back into a plastic bag. The patient will then remove the bag and connect
a new one. Once the fluid is in the body, the new bag will be rolled up and placed on the patient's
underwear until time for the next treatment. This type of dialysis is more work, more intense, and is
required much more. It is done four to five times a day at about 30 minutes each time. There is
alternative machine to this called a cycler. It is used every night. Five to six bags are used and the
machine will automatically change fluid while the patient is sleeping. Dialysis can make things
easier on the patient however it depends on how much help your kidneys need as to which treatment
you will need. Sometimes patients will require an entire kidney

Chronic Kidney Disease : A Disease
Chronic kidney disease
Everglades University
Gia Davis
Dr. Cesar Irrazy
Abstract
Chromic Kidney Disease is a disease that affects 80 percent of the United States population. Though
it may seem to come suddenly, it can be prevented and treated by monitoring what you put into the
body and how the body functions. Also, knowing the different stages of the disease can help you
recognize what is happening to the body and how to help it to recover.
Many people are diagnosed with Kidney Disease but few know or understand how they get it, how
to treat it, and how to prevent family members from getting it. Chronic Kidney Disease causes many
diseases when not approached with suitable knowledge and care. Chronic Kidney Disease can be
treated and prevented by both Western and Eastern medicinal methods. In order to learn how to treat
this disease, you must first gain an understanding of what the urinary system is, how it functions,
and which causes lead to failure of the kidneys.
The urinary system is made up of six organs: the two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and
the urethra. Each plays a role in excreting toxins out the body through urination. The urinary system
excretes a board variety of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and
water out of the body. In the urinary system the main focus are the kidneys. Although their primary
role is excretion, they play more roles than commonly recognized. The kidneys

Kidney Transplants Advantages And Disadvantages
Kidney diseases are an increasing problem in today's world. There are various types of kidney
diseases that affect the function and structure of kidneys (1). If kidney diseases continue to progress
they can lead to kidney failure (1). Acute and chronic renal failure both have high morbidity and
mortality rates (2). The current treatment options for patient's suffering from kidney failure are
dialysis or kidney transplant (1). Kidney transplant is the most effective treatment of kidney failure
but there is a lack of supply of donor kidneys which leaves patients waiting very long periods of
time in order to undergo a kidney transplant (2). The ongoing developments being made in stem cell
technology are making it a possibility to treat kidney diseases through the use of patient–derived
stem cells in order to regain kidney function. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this review I will discuss the application of iPSCs, ESCs and MSCs in kidney disease models and
treatment. Stem cell technology allows kidney disease models to be created from patient–derived
stem cells in order to get a better understanding about the particular kidney disease and to test
possible methods of treatment (1). Through the use of stem cell technology researchers can identify
the causative mutated gene in kidney diseases that are caused by a genetic mutation, once this
mutated gene has been identified they can then employ the use of genome editing technology in
order to correct this mutation (1). In this review I will discuss the application of iPSCs, ESCs and
adult stem cells in kidney disease models and treatment in order to regain kidney

Essay on Ap2 Urinary Labpaq 18 Answers
How is the tissue of the kidneys structurally modified to aid in filtration?
It has tubules and is porous
B. What is important functionally about transitional epithelium?
It allows for stretching. Transitional epithelium contains cells that are flattened and cells that are
cuboidal; hence the name "transitional". You can find transitional epithelium in the bladder and in
the first expansion of the ureters as they leave the kidneys (called a calyx).
C. What is the function of the ureter? How does its structure support this function?
Covey urine from kidneys to bladder Enter base of bladder through posterior wall Strength and
frequency of muscle contractions change with amount of urine present ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Regulate blood pressure and kidney function. Producing erythropoeitin. Metabolizing vitamin D to
its active form.
The kidney has evolved to maintain many homeostatic functions, including:
1. Ion balance: This includes [Na+], [K+], macronutrients, etc.
2. Osmotic balance: Controlling volume of urine produced.
3. Blood pressure: Controlling blood volume, over the long term regulates blood pressure.
4. pH balance: Controlling secretion & absorption of H+ & HNO3–
5. Excretion: The removal of toxic water insoluble compounds from the body
6. Hormones: Hormone production and regulation
Kidneys must process tremendous amounts of blood, which may be up to 4 liters of blood per
kilogram every minute in humans. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, comprised of the
renal tubule and associated vasculature. Major kidney structures are described below.
C. Name some ways in which the body excretes waste.
Urinary–Kidney– Nitrogen compounds, toxins, water, electrolytes.
Integumentary–Skin–sweat glands– Nitrogen compounds, Electrolytes, water.
Respiratory–Lung–Carbon dioxide, Water.
Digestive– Intestine– Digestive wastes, Bile pigments, Salts of heavy metals.

D. What is a nephron and what does it do? Nephrons are the basic structural and functional unit of
the kidney. The shape of the nephron is unusual, unmistakable and uniquely suited to its function of
blood plasma processing and urine formation. Each

Kidney Failure: A Short Story
Hey there Mary, it would great to see you, just give a text when you're in the village. And yep just
picked up the insulin this morning. Going give her two shots a day, did one this morning at the vet's
office and the cat didn't even flinch, so should be a hassle there (but 56 bucks for the little vial of
insulin). And as for having the cat now, I thought I told you last year what happen, I don't what to be
a bummer on a crap day like this. But my mother passed away last April from Kidney failure, it's a
long story, but due to increasing dementia she wasn't eating or drinking and that lead to UTI's and in
effect lead to kidney failure and at her age dialysis was not a good option (more painful then
helpful). Sad but she passed peacefully and

Rhabdomyolysis And Renal Kidney Failure
Rhabdomyolysis results when the skeletal muscle rapidly breaks down and releases myoglobin into
the bloodstream. Myoglobin is a protein that composes muscle cells that carry and store oxygen in
the muscles. Therefore, when myoglobin is released into the bloodstream, the skeletal muscle
rapidly deteriorates and is rapidly being destroyed. Rhabdomyolysis can lead to renal kidney failure.
Renal kidney failure is when the kidneys can't remove waste and urine. In some cases,
rhabdomyolysis can lead to death. However, there is treatment for rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis
has many causes; young adults are more vulnerable than adults to getting rhabdomyolysis because
they are exposed to high intensity, longer–duration, and weight–bearing exercises.

Creative Writing: Kidney Failure
"Anthony!" My mother beckoned for me to come downstairs "what?" i replied "i have some bad
news." she said back. Intrigued by this i quickly stood up and rushed to the first floor of our house.
When i got to the bottom of the stairs i looked at her and asked "what was wrong? Was someone
hurt?" my mind raced with questions and i tried to start rifling them off when i was interrupted by
her saying "Your father is in the ICU." my heart sank at those words, as if i was hit by a car. I had
known something was wrong with my father for a long time now. Even with how young i was at the
time i still had a firm grip on death and how closely it is associated with the ICU. my thoughts were
then interrupted by her continuing to speak "he went to go ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He also had constant blood pressure of about 270/170 the doctors say it was the highest they had
ever seen on a conscious living person, but the strangest part was that he was still standing and
walking around. I remember him telling me that a priest was reading his last rights to him while he
was eating a bag of skittles. They had told us his kidneys were operating at combined efforts only to
achieve 5% effectiveness. But out of all the details i will never forget is the general sadness of the
hospital when we went to visit him, it felt like it was dense with death and the sounds of the gurneys
and carts the nurses were periodically pushing by. I will never forget the look my father gave me
when we were playing a board game that was set up in the lobby outside his room. It was a look of a
man who did not know what was ahead of him ,or even care for that matter, all he cared about was
the time he was spending with me and my sisters at that very moment, none of us wanted that
moment of peacefulness and calm to end, but the visiting hours for the ICU said otherwise. I left that
hospital that day never knowing if i was going to see my father ever

Analysis of a Webpage of the Kidney Failure
Analysis of a Webpage of the Kidney Failure
Internet has grown rapidly into an immense information source. Internet resources can be used as a
patient education tool and they offer the opportunities for personal interaction. Instead of following
health advice and instructions passively, internet tools allow people to maintain their physical well–
being actively by providing updated health information, user friendly activities, and support groups
(Rankin et al., 2005).
64% of the 113 million internet users in America have searched for medical information. (as cited in
Rankin et al., 2005). Many health professionals concern that the internet resources can be potentially
negative by spreading misinformation (as cited in Rankin et al., ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It could result in negative effect to maintain physical health.
Nearly half of all 90 million American adults have problems understanding and using health
information, and there is a higher percentage of hospitalizations and use of emergency departments
among patients with deficits in health literacy (Wojciechowski & Cichowski, 2007). Health literacy
is defined as the ability to which individuals are capable of obtaining, processing, and understanding
basic information and needs to make appropriate decisions about their health.
Readability can be assessed using the Fry Readability Formula (Rankin et al., 2005, p.248). In this
paper, the webpage of the chronic kidney failure is used. As this page is short, three samples from
different parts are tested. The result of the three 100 word samples according to the Fry Readability
Formula is as following; Number of Sentences Number of Syllables
1st 100 words 7.6 153
2nd 100 words 7.7 161
3rd 100 words 10.5 165
Totals 25.8 479
Divide Totals by 3 8.6 159
Referring to the Fry graph (Figure 9.2), the readability level of this page is at the 9th – grade level.
SAM (Suitability Assessment of Materials) shows that 9th– grade level and above is not suitable for
patient comprehension. Superior is the 5th– grade level or lower, and 6th–, 7th–, 8th – grade level is
adequate (Rankin et al., 2005, p.241). However, the website offers other tools, such

Kidney Failure Paper
Renal (kidney) failure is a serious medical condition in which the kidneys fail to filter blood
effectively. This causes waste products to build up in the body causing immense pressure on organs–
such as, the heart. (Mayo, 2012) Along with this, renal failure begins a down–spiral to insufficient
and unbalanced levels of the person's blood chemical make up. Kidney failure unfortunately
develops extremely rapidly and causes the patient to become extremely ill very quickly (Smith,
2013).
Signs and symptoms of kidney failure include: dehydration, little or no urination, swelling
(including feet and legs), loss of appetite, feeling of nausea, vomiting, possible feelings of
confusion, anxiety, restlessness, and sleepiness, as well as flank pain (Mayo, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Although, three common treatments are: kidney transplantation, peritoneal dialysis, and
hemodialysis. Kidney transplantation requires chemicals, and waste from the patient's body. This
dialysis uses the specific lining of the abdomen to filter the blood. This lining is the peritoneal
membrane which actually acts as the artificial kidney. Finally, hemodialysis is another procedure
which helps control blood pressure and helps to keep the appropriate balance of chemicals while
using a machine to temporarily rid the patient's body of harmful wastes, excessive water, and extra
salt (Owen,

Effects Of Kidney Failure On Erectile Dysfunction
The effects of kidney failure on erectile dysfunction
Impotence is defined as "male erectile dysfunction, that is, the inability to achieve or maintain an
erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance." (1)
Age, smoking and metabolic disorders are some of the major risk factors for ED. Kidney failure is a
medical condition in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from the blood (2)
and is also a risk factor for developing ED. ED's prevalence is estimated to be approximately 80%
among these patients. The etiology of ED in CKD patients is multifactorial. Abnormalities in
gonadal–pituitary system, endothelial dysfunction, disturbance in autonomic nervous system,
anemia and erythropoietin deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism,

Kidney Injury And Hormonal Failure
The kidneys play host to a variety of different important functions in our bodies. The kidney's
primary function is the removal of toxins, which is excreted in the form of urine. The second
extremely important role of the kidneys is maintaining the body's acid–base balance. This is balance
is maintained by the excretion of fixed acids and the reabsorption of bicarbonate. The hormonal
functions of the kidneys include the regulation of blood pressure and the manufacturing of red blood
cells.
As critical care nurses, why should we be concerned about acute kidney injury (AKI)? How about a
few statistics to help you answer this question. Approximately 5 % of all hospitalized patients will
develop AKI during their hospital stay (Yaklin, 2011). For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There are a variety of options for anticoagulation in CRRT patients. Heparin is the least expensive
and drug with the shortest half life, which is why it is the preferred method of anticoagulation.
Heparin does require frequent PTT monitoring and dose adjustments. The disadvantages to heparin
use are increased bleeding risk and thrombocytopenia. For those patients who develop heparin
induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), the use of a direct thrombin inhibitor is recommended. Argatroban
and Lepirudin are the two direct thrombin inhibitors of choice. Deciding between the two is based
on patient history, current medical condition and method of CRRT used. Argatroban is eliminated by
the liver, whereas Lepirudin is eliminated by the kidneys and may not be used in patients with AKI.
For those patients with an allergy to Heparin, the use of citrate is an option. Citrate binds to calcium
in the patients blood within the CRRT circuit and will help prolong circuit life. Citrate requires
monitoring of labs, specifically ionized calcium, sodium and acid base status. Citrate is
contraindicated in patients with hepatic failure or with lactic acidosis. When the use of
anticoagulates are contraindicated, sodium chloride is used. Small boluses, approximately 100–200
milliliters, are used to flush the CRRT circuit. These fluid boluses are used to reduce the stagnation
of blood in the

Managing Renal Condition Of Renal Insufficiency
Running head: Managing Renal Insufficiency 1
Managing Renal Insufficiency
Victoria Hurst
Morehead State University
Managing Renal Insufficiency 2
Managing Renal Insufficiency
Introduction
The Urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a single urinary bladder and a single
urethra. The Kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, with the right kidney just below the liver,
and the left kidney below the spleen. The ureters extend from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
within the pelvic cavity. An adrenal gland is located at the superior pole of each kidney. The kidneys
are located behind the parietal peritoneum. Surrounding each kidney is the perirenal fat. The renal ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, the amount of the filtrate that becomes urine is markedly reduced. Blood levels of urea
and creatinine increase, because of the reduction in filtrate formation and reduced function of the
tubular epithelium. The small amount of
Managing Renal Insufficiency 3 urine produced has a high Na+ concentration, but has an osmolality
that is close to the concentration of the body fluids; because the kidneys are not able to reabsorb
Na+ the urine–concentrating ability of the kidneys is severely damaged.
Individual and Societal Impact of the Issue
Zyga et al (2009) states that acute renal failure (ARF) remains one of the major challenges of
modern medicine. In the intensive care unit (ICU), the uremic complications of ARF aggravate the
clinical and hemodynamic status of critically ill patients and impede their clinical recovery. Zyga et
al (2009) continues to state that ARF constitutes an additional aggravating factor that increases
hospital mortality.
Monetary Impact of the Issue
Zyga et al (2009) states that it is estimated 10–30% of patients with ARF will need a renal
replacement therapy (RRT).
Evidence Based Guidelines
The value of each method of RRT depends on the patients' general situation and their individual
problems.

Enid: The Nature Of Patients With Kidney Failure
One of the first things that we learn about Enid is that she must be a good nurse. The first paragraph
on page 31 is full of observations that a nurse would make. She notes the coloration of Mrs. Quinn's
urine, which is an indication of the condition of her failing kidneys. She also observes the smell of
her patient's breath and the stains on her body. These are all signs that give her some idea of how
much time Mrs. Quinn has before dying as well as her mental state.
A nurse that is as skilled as Enid is would surely know about the nature of patients with kidney
failure: the toxins, no longer filtered out by the kidneys, remain in the bloodstream until they go to
the brain. This results in patients becoming confused. In my own experience, several of my most
troublesome patients have had diagnoses pertaining to their kidneys. Some patients become violent,
some keep trying to crawl out of their bed and escape (even if they've lost their ability to walk
decades ago), and some will tell crazy stories. I've even had a male patient with kidney failure tell
the nurse that I had raped him. My point is, because of Mrs. Quinn's condition, she may be talking
out of her mind. I can further support the idea that Mrs. Quinn is talking out of her mind by the
inconsistencies in her stories. Pages 57, 59, and 62 all tell the story of Mr. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Quinn's story. In fact, I think that absolutely nothing will happen, besides Enid going home and
leaving Mrs. Quinn and Rupert in the past. Yes, the last paragraph on page 78 seems to be building
up suspense for something important, but one needs to remember that stories with big notable
endings, i.e. happily ever after don't have much of place in the more Realist
Modernism/Postmodernism genre. This story tries to capture life as it really is; in real life, you don't
always get a big explanatory ending that answers all of your questions or provides

What Is Kidney Failure?
Kidney failure may often lead to the need for kidney dialysis. The kidneys play a very important
role in filtering the waste, toxins, and water from the body. When the kidneys fail to properly do
their job various wastes and excess fluids can build up in the body, leading to swelling and edema.
The two most common causes of kidney failure are acute renal injury and chronic kidney disease.
Signs and symptoms are not always present right away. It may take some time to notice these signs
and symptoms. Some signs and symptoms include increased levels of urea in the blood, a buildup of
phosphates and potassium in the blood, anemia, and edema. Glomerular filtration rate is used to
determine which of the five stages of kidney failure an individual is at. Glomerular filtration rate
determines level of kidney function. The need for dialysis arises at end stage kidney disease when
the kidneys lose about 85% – 90% of their function. Kidney dialysis does the work that the kidneys
fail to do during kidney failure. Dialysis uses a unique machine designed to filter the blood and
return it to a healthy state. There are a couple of different types of dialysis available depending on
the patient's needs, hemodialysis and periodontal dialysis. Dialysis itself is not painful but it may
lead to uncomfortable side effects. It takes a few hours about ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Before beginning dialysis for the first time a physician must create vascular access. Vascular access
provides an entrance point for the machine to be connected to the body. There are several access
points available including fistulas, grafting, and a temporary option. A fistula is when an artery is
connected to a vein. A graft is connecting an artery and vein together using a soft plastic tube. A
temporary access site can be created by placing a thin plastic tube into a large

Heart Failure And Acute Kidney Injury
Our current study demonstrates that among hospitalized HF patients, 2179 (32%) had traditional
AKI (rise in serum creatinine by >=0.3 mg/dl) and 789 (12%) of hospitalized HF patients developed
reverse AKI (drop in serum creatinine by >=0.3 mg/dl). The change in serum creatinine of greater
than or equal to 0.3mg/dl was associated with higher 30–day all–cause readmission and mortality.
Interestingly, reverse AKI group was also associated with higher 30–day all–cause readmission and
mortality. To our knowledge this is the first study that reports 30–day all cause readmission and
mortality by serial changes in serum creatinine in hospitalized HF patients. There is a need for
increased awareness regarding this particular subset of patients. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The explanation for presentation of this group is multifactorial including advanced stage of heart
failure, old age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, acute coronary syndrome, secondary to aggressive
diuresis as supported by increased use of loop and potassium sparing diuretics and an intrinsic
imbalance between the vasoconstrictive (epinephrine, angiotensin, endothelin) and vasodilatory
hormones (natriuretic peptides, nitric oxide). 7
The risk of readmission and mortality in reverse AKI group is similar to traditional AKI as shown in
our study. Hence the increase in creatinine is not only a marker of severity of heart failure but also
represents a pathway for accelerated cardiovascular injury.
In a study of chronic heart failure patients in ambulatory setting the authors found that worsening
renal function within 6 months of referral was prognostically associated with all–cause mortality
and heart failure readmission. 8 Major studies to date predicting heart failure morbidity and
mortality do not include AKI as one of the prognostic indicators.9, 10 A recently published meta–
analysis suggests that the benefit of renin–angiotensin aldosterone inhibitor is not diminished by
worsening renal function and is in fact greater in the group with the worsening renal function.11
Hence contrary to the practice of stopping ACE/ARB in patients with AKI they are more essential in
this high risk group with increased readmission and mortality. Also

The Treatment Of Dialysis And Renal Transplant
By the satisfaction of both dialysis and renal transplant, the treatments work efficiently and
effectively to cure kidney failure and to reduce the effects and physical impacts. Further research
has shown an exhibit, all the more effective and capable course of action. The analyst has found a
new cell improvement to start producing an individual organ, this is a productive and most preferred
way, where the standards of dialysis and regular transplant both include significant cause and
effects. One in ten Australian grown–ups aged 18 and over (roughly 1.7 million individuals) have no
less than one indication of constant kidney infection and more than 20,000 get dialysis or a kidney
transplant for a failing kidney. Kidney failure may also be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They have multipotent and self–renewing properties and can separate into cells of the mesodermal
heredity.
Mesenchymal undeveloped cells move to harmed kidney tissue whilst deliver a variety of
comforting cytokines and chemokine's that can modify the course of damage. Mesenchymal
undifferentiated organisms are thought to prompt repair through paracrine. Endocrine systems that
balance the safe reaction bringing about tissue repair and cell substitution.
This review will examine the elements of mesenchymal undifferentiated organisms. The variables
they discharge that secure against kidney harm. The systems of homing and engraftment to
destinations of irritation; and further clarify the immunomodulatory impact of mesenchymal
immature microorganisms and their capacity to change macrophage phenotype in a setting of kidney
harm and repair. The procedure of endogenous kidney recovery is vital for the advantage of the new
remedial techniques. Tissue stem/ancestor cells assume a crucial part in looking after homeostasis, a
procedure of self–reestablishment. Epithelial cells of the digestive tract and skin have a high cell
turnover rate and can self–restore. Interestingly, the kidney has an extensively has a cell turnover
rate, with proliferative capacities that vary contingent upon the particular

Kidney Failure
Modern technology is constantly changing. The main way to combat the rejection of foreign organs
by the immune system is to use immunosuppressant medicines. Some immunosuppressant drugs
include Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, and Prednisone, among many others. These drugs offer a wide range
of effects on the body; some that are steroids, while others are inhibitors. The major problem with
this, however, is that immunosuppressants weaken the immune system, which therefore makes the
body more susceptible to other diseases, mainly viruses. As a result, the weakest viruses can be
deadly to the body because of the weakened immune system. Additionally, recipients of organs
become completely dependent on these medications and are not able to get off of them; ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dialysis is generally only considered an option when more than eighty percent of the kidney is
unusable, damaged, and unable to carry out its functions. The prominent feature of dialysis is to
filter out wastes and clean the blood in order to have the same effect that a healthy kidney would.
There are two primary types of dialysis; hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In hemodialysis, a
hemodialyzer, or an artificial kidney, is placed in the body and cleans the blood in the body. To get
the blood into the hemodialyzer, surgery has to be done on the leg or arm. There are two main
components, one for the blood and one for dialysate, a washing fluid. Blood is removed from the
body and filtered through a man–made thin membrane, the dialyzer. Blood cells and proteins are too
large to pass through the membrane, while waste products, such as urea, potassium, and extra fluid
are able to travel through the dialyzer. The blood is then returned to the body. In peritoneal dialysis,
a cleansing fluid flows through a catheter, which is placed in the abdomen, in order to filter out
waste products within the flood. After a period of time where the filtering process is completed, the
fluid containing the wastes is removed through the tube and

Acute Kidney Failure (AKF)
Sepsis or septicemia is a serious medical condition where the blood could be infected be various
ways. The most common way is an earlier infection of any organ such as the lungs or the skin. Also,
it can be induced by some certain types of bacteria which are presented on the catheters such as the
one that are used for injecting drugs directly into the bloodstream (NIGMS., 2014).
Basically, when the immune system reacts in a tremendous way toward certain infection, it may
produce more chemicals and cytokines than the normal range in the blood stream. However, as the
range of these chemicals increase, it may induce blood clots which as it circulates in they body may
block the blood supply to some tissues or damage other organs (World Sepsis Day., n.d.).
People should be aware of this condition as it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such factors may include cardiovascular diseases, kidney stones, sepsis and other factors which
affect the normal function of the kidney (Neyra., 2015).
The main principle behind the AKF condition which makes it a series condition is the inhibition of
body fluids which should be execrated from the body and therefore, they accumulate in the body
and cause problems. However, AKF is considered to be a very common condition since it may
develop in a ratio of one person in each five people, as it was stated in America (Neyra., 2015).
In fact, these two medical conditions could be related to each other in some cases as septic shock
may induce AKF and, of course, the patient will be at higher risk to die faster. One study which was
done in Mexica stated that, out of 332 patients who entered the hospital for having septic conditions,
107 patients has developed AKF. However, it also stated that the mortality rate of patients with AKF
due septic shock is remained increasing (León, Moreno, Díaz, & Briones.,

Insufficient Urine Production Research Paper
What is Insufficient Urine Production in Cats?
Healthy cats typically produce approximately one to two grams of urine for every kilogram of their
body weight per hour. Oliguria and anuria are the medical terms that are used to describe insufficient
urine production in cats. Oliguria refers to a small amount of urine production. Cats with oliguria
typically produce less than 0.25 milliliters of urine per kilogram per hour. Anuria refers to a medical
condition where essentially no urine is being produced by the body. Cats with anuria produce urine
at a rate of less than 0.08 milliliters of urine per kilogram per hour.
Oliguria and anuria are both indicative of dehydration and/or severe kidney problems.
Differentiating between insufficient urine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The primary cause of the oliguria or anuria must be addressed in order to increase urine production.
The following may be recommended by the veterinarian to treat the cat.
Fluid Therapy
If the cat is extremely dehydrated, intravenous fluid therapy will be administered. The cat's weight
will be taken prior to the fluid therapy beginning and a catheter will be inserted. Urinary output,
total weight and bloodwork will be continually monitored to ensure that the cat's organs are
responding appropriately to the fluids.
Medications
There are a variety of medications that the veterinarian may prescribe to stimulate urine production.
Mannitol works by increasing blood flow to the kidneys, which may help the kidneys to function
better. This drug is administered intravenously and typically works within 15 to 30 minutes.
Furosemide is a medication that may also be prescribed alters the electrolyte balance in the blood,
which can stimulate urine production. If other medications aren't successful, the veterinarian may
prescribe dopamine. Dopamine works by dilating the blood vessels.

Research Paper On Kidney Failure
Kidney failure is a public health problem, which has dramatic effects on patients' health. In some
causes it is associated with increased mortality. It is estimated that 4,270 patients die from kidney
failure.1 Thus, it is considered a serious threat to millions of patients with kidney failure. This
research paper, is to provide a general overview of the causes of kidney failure, shedding light on it
stages, symptoms and risk factors. It also examines the process of kidney transplantation to treat
kidney failure. Finally, it presents the potential side effects of kidney transplantation surgery.
Ultimately, talking about kidney failure may coordinate future examination to reduce the incidence
of kidney failure. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first side effect of kidney transplantation is infections. Infections are divided into: bacterial,
viral, and fungal.21 In general, infections may happen in the first six months because patients have a
weak immunity system.21 Due to bacterial infection, ''Pneumocystis and opportunistic infection''
and bacterial urinary tract infection, which is the most common side effect, may occur.21 Other
patients may suffer from viral infection.21 They could get the virus from the transplant of the
donors' kidney to the patients.21 For example, BK viral occurs ''in the urine and can cause
inflammation and stricture in the ureter''.21 Furthermore, fungal infection is another side effect of
kidney transplantation.21 It may cause urinary infection, esophagitis, or invasive fungal
infection.21Yet, these infections are rare.21 To avoid these infections, patients should eat healthy
food and do exercises. The second side effect of kidney transplantation is cardiovascular disease
(CVD). CVD is common in patients who have had kidney transplantation.22 There are several
causes that lead to CVD in patients with transplanted kidney. One cause is diabetes. After the
surgery, some

Chronic Kidney Failure Of The United State
The most common cause of kidney failure in the United State is Diabetes. According to "the U.S.
renal data system the top five causes of renal failure are diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis,
cystic diseases and Urologic diseases". Unfortunately, people can have renal disease for a long
period of time before detecting or notice any symptom leading to a potentially life treating. Kidneys
are equipped with millions of nephrons that continually filtering out and removes waste products
such as urea and extra fluid (electrolytes) of the blood and discharge as urine through the urethra. If
nephrons are damaged it cannot regenerate, resulting functional failure of the renal, leading to
accumulation of waste products in the body, causing serious number of complications such as
Rhabdomyolysis and Somatalgia. Not only that, but uremic poisoning.
One of the main renal failures is known as chronic kidney disorder (CKD). This disease is non–
reversible and has no cure. CKD have this stages that definite the progression of a the kidneys.
"CKD stages range from 1 to 5: the higher the number of stages, the greater the progression of the
disease. CKD is a progressive condition that develops over an extended period before being
detected". In most cases when the symptoms is noticeable, the patient have already experience a
large percentage of the kidney tissue that's been destroyed. "Doctor uses a measurement called the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to determine how the efficiency

What Causes Kidney Failure

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