What are plants 2 a
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The leaf is made up of several layers that carry out important functions. The cuticle acts as a waxy protective coating to prevent water loss. Below this is the upper epidermis, which provides physical protection to the leaf. Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll give leaves their green color and perform photosynthesis. Stomata open and close to regulate the intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen during photosynthesis. Leaves come in many shapes and sizes between different plant species.
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What are plants 1
Plants have families with different parts that each have important jobs. Flowers attract insects and birds to help make seeds inside fruits. Stems act like pipes to carry water and nutrients from roots to other parts. Roots absorb water and nutrients from soil and anchor the plant. Leaves make food for the plant through photosynthesis, which uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and sugar. The structure of leaves includes a cuticle that protects from water loss, epidermis layers that protect from damage, chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis and stomata that regulate gas exchange.
What are plants 2
The document summarizes the structure and functions of a leaf. It describes the cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, chloroplasts, and stomata. The cuticle is a waxy coating that protects the leaf from losing water. The epidermis layers protect the leaf from damage. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis. Stomata open and close to regulate gas exchange. The document then asks if all plants look the same and explains that plants can be classified by their roots, such as tap roots or fibrous roots, and stems, including woody or soft stems.
How do objects move
Motion can be described as the change in an object's position over time. There are different types of motion including straight line, round and round, zigzag, and back and forth. Motion can be measured by considering distance, time, and speed. Forces like pushes, pulls, gravity, and friction affect the motion of objects. Characteristics such as the strength and direction of applied forces as well as the mass and friction of an object determine how it will move.
Friction
When a ball is kicked, it slows down and stops due to friction between the ball and the ground. Friction is the force that occurs between two surfaces in contact with each other which causes objects to slow down. It is more difficult to ride a bicycle on rough surfaces like sand that produce more friction, while smooth surfaces produce less friction and make bicycling easier. Friction is a contact force that acts between objects in physical contact with each other.
Slideshare gravity, friction
Gravity pulls all objects toward the center of the Earth, causing things like pencils to fall when dropped. Friction is the force that resists the relative motion of objects in contact and can cause heat, as when rubbing hands together. Friction in car brakes and tires helps slow and stop vehicles safely. The document discusses gravity and friction, provides examples of each including falling objects and braking in cars, and asks questions to check understanding.
Forces
Forces are pushes or pulls that have both direction and size. Different types of forces include friction, gravity, air resistance, upthrust, surface tension, magnetic, and electric forces. Forces can be either contact forces, which require touching, or non-contact forces like gravity and magnetism that work from a distance. Balanced forces occur when forces are equal in opposite directions, while unbalanced forces can cause an object to move, stop, or change direction. Speed is the distance traveled over time and can be measured using a formula that divides distance by time. Air resistance and friction affect an object's speed.
Gravity and friction
Gravity is a force that pulls everything down to the ground and keeps objects on Earth, though it cannot be seen. Weight measures the strength of gravity's pull on an object, with more massive objects experiencing a stronger pull. Friction is the force that occurs when two objects rub together, causing them to slow down, and can be increased or decreased depending on the materials, with oil reducing friction and rubber or sandpaper increasing it.
Friction as a necessary evil
Friction is the opposing force that arises when two surfaces contact each other and one tries to slide over the other. Friction can be both beneficial and detrimental. It allows for important functions like walking, driving cars, and writing on paper but also causes wear and tear of moving parts, generates noise pollution, and wastes energy overcoming the force. Overall, friction is generally seen as a necessary evil since some friction is needed for movement but too much causes damage.
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What are plants 1
Plants have families with different parts that each have important jobs. Flowers attract insects and birds to help make seeds inside fruits. Stems act like pipes to carry water and nutrients from roots to other parts. Roots absorb water and nutrients from soil and anchor the plant. Leaves make food for the plant through photosynthesis, which uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and sugar. The structure of leaves includes a cuticle that protects from water loss, epidermis layers that protect from damage, chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis and stomata that regulate gas exchange.
What are plants 2
The document summarizes the structure and functions of a leaf. It describes the cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, chloroplasts, and stomata. The cuticle is a waxy coating that protects the leaf from losing water. The epidermis layers protect the leaf from damage. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis. Stomata open and close to regulate gas exchange. The document then asks if all plants look the same and explains that plants can be classified by their roots, such as tap roots or fibrous roots, and stems, including woody or soft stems.
How do objects move
Motion can be described as the change in an object's position over time. There are different types of motion including straight line, round and round, zigzag, and back and forth. Motion can be measured by considering distance, time, and speed. Forces like pushes, pulls, gravity, and friction affect the motion of objects. Characteristics such as the strength and direction of applied forces as well as the mass and friction of an object determine how it will move.
Friction
When a ball is kicked, it slows down and stops due to friction between the ball and the ground. Friction is the force that occurs between two surfaces in contact with each other which causes objects to slow down. It is more difficult to ride a bicycle on rough surfaces like sand that produce more friction, while smooth surfaces produce less friction and make bicycling easier. Friction is a contact force that acts between objects in physical contact with each other.
Slideshare gravity, friction
Gravity pulls all objects toward the center of the Earth, causing things like pencils to fall when dropped. Friction is the force that resists the relative motion of objects in contact and can cause heat, as when rubbing hands together. Friction in car brakes and tires helps slow and stop vehicles safely. The document discusses gravity and friction, provides examples of each including falling objects and braking in cars, and asks questions to check understanding.
Forces
Forces are pushes or pulls that have both direction and size. Different types of forces include friction, gravity, air resistance, upthrust, surface tension, magnetic, and electric forces. Forces can be either contact forces, which require touching, or non-contact forces like gravity and magnetism that work from a distance. Balanced forces occur when forces are equal in opposite directions, while unbalanced forces can cause an object to move, stop, or change direction. Speed is the distance traveled over time and can be measured using a formula that divides distance by time. Air resistance and friction affect an object's speed.
Gravity and friction
Gravity is a force that pulls everything down to the ground and keeps objects on Earth, though it cannot be seen. Weight measures the strength of gravity's pull on an object, with more massive objects experiencing a stronger pull. Friction is the force that occurs when two objects rub together, causing them to slow down, and can be increased or decreased depending on the materials, with oil reducing friction and rubber or sandpaper increasing it.
Friction as a necessary evil
Friction is the opposing force that arises when two surfaces contact each other and one tries to slide over the other. Friction can be both beneficial and detrimental. It allows for important functions like walking, driving cars, and writing on paper but also causes wear and tear of moving parts, generates noise pollution, and wastes energy overcoming the force. Overall, friction is generally seen as a necessary evil since some friction is needed for movement but too much causes damage.
What are plants 3
Plants have families with different parts that each have important jobs. Flowers attract insects and birds to help make seeds, stems carry water and nutrients, roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and leaves make food through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food and oxygen. Plants can be classified by their structure, root type, stem type, and whether they produce seeds or spores.
What are plants
This document discusses the different parts of plants and their functions, as well as the process of photosynthesis. It notes that plants have leaves, stems, roots, and flowers, with each part playing an important role - leaves make food through photosynthesis, stems transport water and nutrients, roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and flowers produce seeds. The document then examines the structure and function of leaves in more detail, and classifies plants based on their structure, root and stem types, whether they produce seeds or spores, and whether they are edible.
What are plants
Plants have families with different parts that each have important jobs. Flowers attract insects and birds to help make seeds, stems carry water and nutrients, roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and leaves make food through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water to make food and release oxygen. Plant leaves have structures like the cuticle, epidermis, chloroplasts, and stomata that help them survive. Plants can be classified by their structure, root type, stem type, whether they produce seeds or spores, and if they are edible.
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The internal structure of a leaf consists of the following layers from top to bottom: cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis. The cuticle is the outer waxy layer that protects the leaf from drying out. Beneath this is the upper epidermis containing pores called stomata that allow gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass in and out. Directly below is the palisade mesophyll containing column-shaped chloroplast-rich cells, followed by the spongy mesophyll with loosely packed irregular cells containing fewer chloroplasts. On the bottom is the lower epidermis containing stomata and vascular bundles. Stomata are
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1. Plants have three main parts - roots, stems, and leaves.
2. Roots take in water from the ground, which travels up through tubes called xylem. Xylem carries water to the leaves where it is used for photosynthesis.
3. Leaves make glucose during photosynthesis, which travels down the plant through tubes called phloem. Phloem carries glucose to all cells in the plant.
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The document discusses the structure and function of leaves. It describes the external and internal structures of leaves, including the epidermis, stoma, palisade and spongy mesophyll layers, and vascular tissues. Leaves have adaptations for gas exchange, such as their flattened shape, thinness, internal air spaces, and stomata, which allow diffusion of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. The document also compares monocot and dicot leaf structures.
Internal structure of a leaf
A leaf consists of the following layers from top to bottom: cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis, and pores called stomata. Stomata are pore-like openings found on the underside of leaves that allow gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to diffuse in and out. They are surrounded by guard cells that open and close to regulate gas exchange and water loss from the leaf. Keeping stomata open all the time would cause excessive water loss, threatening plant survival.
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Plant Tissues and Organs.ppt
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2. It explains how leaves are adapted for photosynthesis with structures like the palisade cells, spongy mesophyll, stomata, and waxy cuticle.
3. It discusses how xylem transports water and minerals up the plant and phloem transports glucose and other products of photosynthesis throughout the plant using active transport.
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1) A raindrop is absorbed into the root of a plant through osmosis. It then travels through the xylem, which carries water and nutrients up the stem.
2) The xylem transports the raindrop to the phloem, which carries the water and nutrients throughout the rest of the plant.
3) The raindrop reaches the leaves and undergoes photosynthesis, producing oxygen and food for the plant using energy from sunlight. It exits the plant through pores called stomata.
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Plants have families with different members that each have important jobs. Flowers attract insects and birds to help make seeds inside fruits. Stems carry water and nutrients from roots to other plant parts and hold plants upright. Roots absorb water and nutrients from soil and anchor plants. Leaves make food for plants through photosynthesis, which uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce food and oxygen.
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Plants use their leaves to photosynthesize and produce food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. Leaves help plants by absorbing sunlight to fuel photosynthesis, taking in carbon dioxide from the air, and regulating the plant's water levels through tiny holes on their surface. Leaves also protect plants by deterring predators through poison, sharp edges, or tough textures, and some leaves have waxy coatings or fuzz that help retain water in dry environments.
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- Plants are multicellular organisms that photosynthesize and produce their food from sunlight. They live on land and are anchored in place.
- Plant cells contain rigid cell walls, central vacuoles, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
- Plants are composed of tissues including dermal, ground, and vascular tissues which transport water and nutrients.
- The main plant organs are roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Roots take in water and minerals while leaves perform photosynthesis. Flowers contain reproductive structures and fruits hold seeds.
Plants and their parts wiki
Plants have several key parts that allow them to grow and survive. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Some plants store food in their roots. Roots can be taproots or fibrous. Stems support the plant, carry water and nutrients throughout, and come in different forms like flexible green stems or stiff woody trunks. Leaves contain chlorophyll and are the main site of photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and food (sugar). While plants vary in shape and size, they all share characteristics like having the same basic parts, producing their own food, and being unable to move.
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What are plants 3
Plants have families with different parts that each have important jobs. Flowers attract insects and birds to help make seeds, stems carry water and nutrients, roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and leaves make food through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food and oxygen. Plants can be classified by their structure, root type, stem type, and whether they produce seeds or spores.
What are plants
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What are plants
Plants have families with different parts that each have important jobs. Flowers attract insects and birds to help make seeds, stems carry water and nutrients, roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and leaves make food through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water to make food and release oxygen. Plant leaves have structures like the cuticle, epidermis, chloroplasts, and stomata that help them survive. Plants can be classified by their structure, root type, stem type, whether they produce seeds or spores, and if they are edible.
Answers for lab discussions!
The document discusses different types of sugars and their ability to act as reducing agents. It states that monosaccharides are reducing sugars because of their simple structure. The disaccharides maltose and lactose can also act as reducing agents because they have open chemical structures that allow them to be broken down. However, sucrose and polysaccharides are non-reducing sugars. Sucrose has a closed structure that bonds its rings together, while polysaccharides like starches have multiple bonded rings. Both of these structures prevent them from being easily broken down.
1. structure of leaf.pdf
The internal structure of a leaf consists of the following layers from top to bottom: cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis. The cuticle is the outer waxy layer that protects the leaf from drying out. Beneath this is the upper epidermis containing pores called stomata that allow gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass in and out. Directly below is the palisade mesophyll containing column-shaped chloroplast-rich cells, followed by the spongy mesophyll with loosely packed irregular cells containing fewer chloroplasts. On the bottom is the lower epidermis containing stomata and vascular bundles. Stomata are
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The document summarizes the structure and function of key plant tissues and organs involved in photosynthesis. It discusses the three main tissue systems - dermal, ground, and vascular - and key cell types like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. It focuses on the role of xylem and phloem in transporting water, minerals and glucose throughout the plant. Key plant organs like leaves, stems, and roots are also summarized. Leaves contain chloroplasts and stomata for gas exchange to facilitate photosynthesis. Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil. The stem provides structure and uses xylem and phloem to transport throughout the plant.
Plant structure
1. Plants have three main parts - roots, stems, and leaves.
2. Roots take in water from the ground, which travels up through tubes called xylem. Xylem carries water to the leaves where it is used for photosynthesis.
3. Leaves make glucose during photosynthesis, which travels down the plant through tubes called phloem. Phloem carries glucose to all cells in the plant.
Leaf structure
The document discusses the structure and function of leaves. It describes the external and internal structures of leaves, including the epidermis, stoma, palisade and spongy mesophyll layers, and vascular tissues. Leaves have adaptations for gas exchange, such as their flattened shape, thinness, internal air spaces, and stomata, which allow diffusion of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. The document also compares monocot and dicot leaf structures.
Internal structure of a leaf
A leaf consists of the following layers from top to bottom: cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis, and pores called stomata. Stomata are pore-like openings found on the underside of leaves that allow gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to diffuse in and out. They are surrounded by guard cells that open and close to regulate gas exchange and water loss from the leaf. Keeping stomata open all the time would cause excessive water loss, threatening plant survival.
Science project
The document describes an experiment to demonstrate that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis. The experiment uses a variegated leaf that has both green, chlorophyll-containing parts and white, chlorophyll-lacking parts. When the leaf is placed in sunlight after being destarched, only the green parts turn blue-black with iodine, indicating the presence of starch. This shows that photosynthesis and starch production occur in the chlorophyll-containing areas, but not in the chlorophyll-lacking areas, demonstrating chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis.
Science project
The document describes an experiment to demonstrate that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis. The experiment uses a variegated leaf that has both green parts containing chlorophyll and white parts without chlorophyll. After placing the leaf in sunlight, iodine solution shows the presence of starch only in the green, chlorophyll-containing parts of the leaf, indicating that photosynthesis and starch production occur only where chlorophyll is present.
B10vrv6231
The document discusses specialized tissues in plants. It begins by explaining that plants are complex living organisms with cells and tissues that work together effectively. It then describes the three principal organs of seed plants - roots, stems, and leaves. It details the main tissue systems (dermal, vascular, and ground tissue) and cell types found in plants, and their functions in structure, transport, photosynthesis, and other processes. It concludes by discussing meristems, regions of undifferentiated cells that produce new cells and allow plants to grow.
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The document discusses plant tissues and structures. It notes that plants have three main tissue types: 1) structural tissue with four subtypes including epidermal and cork tissues, 2) vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients, and 3) meristem tissue for growth. It also details the internal structures of leaves including the epidermis, mesophyll, stomata, veins and cell structures such as the cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuoles that are unique to plant cells.
Plant Tissues and Organs.ppt
The document provides information about plant tissues and organs:
1. It describes the tissues found in plants - palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, and phloem. It explains their structures and functions.
2. It explains how leaves are adapted for photosynthesis with structures like the palisade cells, spongy mesophyll, stomata, and waxy cuticle.
3. It discusses how xylem transports water and minerals up the plant and phloem transports glucose and other products of photosynthesis throughout the plant using active transport.
Plant water
1) A raindrop is absorbed into the root of a plant through osmosis. It then travels through the xylem, which carries water and nutrients up the stem.
2) The xylem transports the raindrop to the phloem, which carries the water and nutrients throughout the rest of the plant.
3) The raindrop reaches the leaves and undergoes photosynthesis, producing oxygen and food for the plant using energy from sunlight. It exits the plant through pores called stomata.
The Plants Pack
Discover the wonderful world of plants with our fantastic collection of teaching, activity and classroom display resources. Includes a child-friendly guide to plant growth, pollination, photosynthesis, classification, adaptation and much more!
Available from http://www.teachingpacks.co.uk/the-plants-pack/
What are plants a1
Plants have families with different members that each have important jobs. Flowers attract insects and birds to help make seeds inside fruits. Stems carry water and nutrients from roots to other plant parts and hold plants upright. Roots absorb water and nutrients from soil and anchor plants. Leaves make food for plants through photosynthesis, which uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce food and oxygen.
Plants use leaves to make food
Plants use their leaves to photosynthesize and produce food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. Leaves help plants by absorbing sunlight to fuel photosynthesis, taking in carbon dioxide from the air, and regulating the plant's water levels through tiny holes on their surface. Leaves also protect plants by deterring predators through poison, sharp edges, or tough textures, and some leaves have waxy coatings or fuzz that help retain water in dry environments.
Botony Chapter
Botany is the study of plants. Key points from the document include:
- Plants are multicellular organisms that photosynthesize and produce their food from sunlight. They live on land and are anchored in place.
- Plant cells contain rigid cell walls, central vacuoles, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
- Plants are composed of tissues including dermal, ground, and vascular tissues which transport water and nutrients.
- The main plant organs are roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Roots take in water and minerals while leaves perform photosynthesis. Flowers contain reproductive structures and fruits hold seeds.
Plants and their parts wiki
Plants have several key parts that allow them to grow and survive. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Some plants store food in their roots. Roots can be taproots or fibrous. Stems support the plant, carry water and nutrients throughout, and come in different forms like flexible green stems or stiff woody trunks. Leaves contain chlorophyll and are the main site of photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and food (sugar). While plants vary in shape and size, they all share characteristics like having the same basic parts, producing their own food, and being unable to move.
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How does electricity affect our life1
Electricity affects our lives in many ways. It is the flow of electric charges through a circuit. A circuit must be closed and contain a power source, such as a battery, connected to a load like a light bulb through a conducting material path. Circuits can be opened using a switch or by breaking the conducting path. Materials are classified as conductors, which allow electric current to flow, or insulators, which do not. Common conductors are metals, while plastics and rubber serve as insulators.
How are living things similar and different
This document provides information about classifying living things. It explains that classification involves grouping organisms based on similar characteristics. The modern 7-level classification system consists of Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. The document then describes how the animal kingdom is divided into vertebrates and invertebrates. It provides examples of different types of vertebrates and invertebrates and explains some of their distinguishing characteristics.
Mammals and birds.ppt
The document describes the characteristics of different groups of vertebrates including mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians. It notes that mammals give birth to babies and feed them milk from their lungs. Birds have wings, feathers, lay eggs and have lungs. It then provides three puzzles asking to identify an animal from its description and which group it belongs to. The puzzles are identified as whales belonging to the mammal group, penguins belonging to the bird group, and bats belonging to the mammal group.
Vertebrates classification
The document describes five categories of animals - mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, and reptiles. It provides 3 key distinguishing characteristics for each category:
Mammals: give birth to live young, feed babies milk, have fur and lungs. Birds: have feathers and wings, have lungs, lay eggs. Amphibians: lay eggs in water, have moist skin, young live in water as adults live on land. Fish: have scales, gills to breathe, lay eggs and live entirely in water. Reptiles: have scales and dry skin, lungs, lay leathery eggs.
Vertebrates and invertebrates
Animals are grouped into two categories: vertebrates, which have a vertebral column or backbone, and include animals like camels, crocodiles, ducks, elephants, giraffes, frogs, lions, rats, snakes, and turtles. The second group is invertebrates, which do not have a backbone and includes animals such as bees, ants, cockroaches, house flies, prawns, jellyfish, crabs, butterflies, octopuses, snails, worms, and starfish.
Classification of living things
This document discusses classification of living things. It explains that classification is the grouping of organisms according to similar characteristics. The modern 7-level classification system was developed by Linnaeus and consists of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species, with species being the smallest group. An example of human classification using this system is provided.
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Ch.12.less.12.how does light travel and interact with matter
Ch.12.less.12.how does light travel and interact with matter
Ch.1.less.1. what are the structures of plant and animals cells
Ch.1.less.1. what are the structures of plant and animals cells
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Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stella...
The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population
mean black hole accretion rate (BHAR) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass (Må) and redshift for the
general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of BHAR as a function of Må and
redshift over ranges of 109.5 < Må < 1012 Me and z < 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000
active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a
wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate BHAR
and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. BHAR is
constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys
sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from
the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding
external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure BHAR for star-forming and quiescent
galaxies and show that star-forming BHAR is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent BHAR.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Supermassive black holes (1663); X-ray active galactic nuclei (2035);
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Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Music and Medieval History
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
22PH503 - Astronomy and Astrophysics - Unit 2 - Spectral Classification of Stars
Undergrad Physics - BSc Physics
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Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Mechanics:- Simple and Compound Pendulum
a compound pendulum is a physical system with a more complex structure than a simple pendulum, incorporating its mass distribution and dimensions into its oscillatory motion around a fixed axis. Understanding its dynamics involves principles of rotational mechanics and the interplay between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Compound pendulums are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as seismology for measuring earthquakes, in clocks to maintain accurate timekeeping, and in mechanical systems to study oscillatory motion dynamics.
Reaching the age of Adolescence- Class 8
This is a presentation on understanding the age of adolescence.
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...
ABSTRACT
The J'BaFofi, or "Giant Spider," is a mainly legendary arachnid by reportedly inhabiting the dense rain forests of
the Congo. As despite numerous anecdotal accounts and cultural references, the scientific validation remains more elusive.
My study aims to proper evaluate the existence of the J'BaFofi through the analysis of historical reports,indigenous
testimonies and modern exploration efforts.
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Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
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22PH503 - Astronomy and Astrophysics - Unit 2 - Spectral Classification of Stars
22PH503 - Astronomy and Astrophysics - Unit 2 - Spectral Classification of Stars
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...
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What are plants 2 a
- 1. Now, let’s take a closer look at the leaf
- 2. The structure of the leaf Cuticle Upper epidermis Chloroplast Stomata Lower epidermis
- 3. (1) Cuticle: • It is the waxy layer that coats the surface of the leaf to protect the leaf from losing too much water. {It’s like a cover “coat” for the leaf that keeps the leaf moist & protect it from becoming dry on a very sunny day}
- 4. (2) Upper epidermis: • It is the outer layer of the leaf that protect it from damage. {It’s like our skin that protect us from any damage, plants have an outer layer “epidermis” that protect it from any damage}
- 5. (3) Chloroplast: • It gives the leaf its green color & it contains chlorophyll that absorb sunlight in photosynthesis process “makes food for plants”. {It’s like the food factory of the plant}
- 6. (4) Stomata: • It opens & closes letting carbon dioxide in & oxygen out during photosynthesis. {It act like our mouth “open & close to help us to breath in oxygen & breath out carbon dioxide”}
- 7. Do you think that all plants look the same like each others? • Of course not, plants are so different from each others. • So let’s classify “divide” the plants according to: