NB-IoT WiKi
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a low-power technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications and other low-data rate communication requirements.
It uses narrowband radio spectrum and advanced power management techniques to efficiently utilize the available spectrum and extend the battery life of IoT devices.
NB-IoT is based on LTE cellular wireless technology and has been standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as the global wireless communication standard for IoT applications.
MQTT - A practical protocol for the Internet of ThingsBryan Boyd
In today’s mobile world, the volume of connected devices and data is growing at a rapid pace. As more and more “things” become part of the Internet (refrigerators, pacemakers, cows?), the importance of scalable, reliable and efficient messaging becomes paramount. In this talk we will dive into MQTT: a lightweight, open standard publish/subscribe protocol for rapid messaging between “things”.
MQTT is simple to understand, yet robust enough to support interactions between millions of devices and users. MQTT is being used in connected car applications, mobile banking, Facebook Messenger, and many things in between. In this talk you will learn all about the protocol (in 10 minutes!) and see some of its applications: live-tracking, gaming, and more. We’ll walk through designing an MQTT-based API for a ride-share mobile application, and discuss how MQTT and REST APIs can complement each other.
To meet the new connectivity requirements of the emerging IoT segment, 3GPP has taken evolutionary steps on both the network side and the device side. A single technology or solution cannot be ideal to all the different potential IoT applications, market situations and spectrum availability. As a result, the 3GPP standardizing several technologies, including Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM), LTE-M and NB-IoT.
LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM are all superior solutions to meet IoT requirements as a family of solutions, and can complement each other based on technology availability, use case requirements and deployment scenarios. The evolution for these technologies is shown in figure #5. Technical studies and normative work for the support of Machine Type Communication (MTC) as part of 3GPP LTE specifications for RAN began in 3GPP Release 12 and are continuing with the goals of developing features optimized for devices with MTC traffic.
3GPP SON Series: Minimization of Drive Testing (MDT)3G4G
This SON tutorial is part of the 3GPP Self-Organizing Networks series (#3GPPSONSeries). In this part we will look at a very important feature called Minimization of Drive Testing (MDT)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
SON Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/SON/
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging platform for human interaction. As such it needs enough security and privacy guarantees to make it an attractive platform for people to come onboard.
MQTT - A practical protocol for the Internet of ThingsBryan Boyd
In today’s mobile world, the volume of connected devices and data is growing at a rapid pace. As more and more “things” become part of the Internet (refrigerators, pacemakers, cows?), the importance of scalable, reliable and efficient messaging becomes paramount. In this talk we will dive into MQTT: a lightweight, open standard publish/subscribe protocol for rapid messaging between “things”.
MQTT is simple to understand, yet robust enough to support interactions between millions of devices and users. MQTT is being used in connected car applications, mobile banking, Facebook Messenger, and many things in between. In this talk you will learn all about the protocol (in 10 minutes!) and see some of its applications: live-tracking, gaming, and more. We’ll walk through designing an MQTT-based API for a ride-share mobile application, and discuss how MQTT and REST APIs can complement each other.
To meet the new connectivity requirements of the emerging IoT segment, 3GPP has taken evolutionary steps on both the network side and the device side. A single technology or solution cannot be ideal to all the different potential IoT applications, market situations and spectrum availability. As a result, the 3GPP standardizing several technologies, including Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM), LTE-M and NB-IoT.
LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM are all superior solutions to meet IoT requirements as a family of solutions, and can complement each other based on technology availability, use case requirements and deployment scenarios. The evolution for these technologies is shown in figure #5. Technical studies and normative work for the support of Machine Type Communication (MTC) as part of 3GPP LTE specifications for RAN began in 3GPP Release 12 and are continuing with the goals of developing features optimized for devices with MTC traffic.
3GPP SON Series: Minimization of Drive Testing (MDT)3G4G
This SON tutorial is part of the 3GPP Self-Organizing Networks series (#3GPPSONSeries). In this part we will look at a very important feature called Minimization of Drive Testing (MDT)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
SON Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/SON/
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging platform for human interaction. As such it needs enough security and privacy guarantees to make it an attractive platform for people to come onboard.
IIoT is often presented as a revolution that is changing the face of industry in a profound manner. In reality, it is an evolution that has its origins in technologies and functionalities developed by visionary automation suppliers more than 15 years ago. As the necessary global standards mature, it may well take another 15 years to realise the full potential of IIoT. Over this period of time the changes to the industry will be far reaching. The good news is that end users and machine builders can now leverage their existing investments in technology and people while taking advantage of available new IIoT technologies.
Introducing IIoT solutions using a “wrap & re-use” approach, rather than a “rip & replace” approach will enable greater business control. In addition, this measured approach will drive the evolution towards a smart manufacturing enterprise that is more efficient, safer, and sustainable. The emergence of the IIoT megatrend has created both hope and confusion among stakeholders responsible for operating industrial plants. Much of the early hype was focused on the impact of technological advancements on existing automation platforms.
This presentation goes through several topics areas that are of specific interest in developing IoT Gateway solutions. IoT is a popular area of development that presents unique challenges like hardware and operating system selection, product life-cycle support and maintainability, software architectural solutions, connectivity, security, secure updates, and API availability. We discuss technologies and concepts like Hardware acceleration support, Linux kernel maintenance, Edge networking, LXC/Docker/KVM, Zigbee, 6loPAN, BLE, IoTivity, Allseen Alliance, SELinux and Trusted boot.
The aim of the presentation is to give an overview of the challenges in building an IoT Gateway and the Solutions available using Embedded Linux.
This presentation was delivered at LinuxCon Japan 2016 by Jim Gallagher
The impact of emerging IoT Technology and BigData. This is the slide presentation I did at the http://globalbigdatabootcamp.com/speakers/sanjay-sabnis/
The session with highlight Intel’s vision for IoT Security and the fundamental building blocks and capabilities Intel and the ecosystem are providing to organizations to build security in from design through deployment and maintenance.
Now a days we are living in an era of Information Technology where each and every person has to become IT incumbent either intentionally or unintentionally. Technology plays a vital role in our day to day life since last few decades and somehow we all are depending on it in order to obtain maximum benefit and comfort. This new era equipped with latest advents of technology, enlightening world in the form of Internet of Things (IoT). Internet of things is such a specified and dignified domain which leads us to the real world scenarios where each object can perform some task while communicating with some other objects. The world with full of devices, sensors and other objects which will communicate and make human life far better and easier than ever. This paper provides an overview of current research work on IoT in terms of architecture, a technology used and applications. It also highlights all the issues related to technologies used for IoT, after the literature review of research work. The main purpose of this survey is to provide all the latest technologies, their corresponding
trends and details in the field of IoT in systematic manner. It will be helpful for further research.
MQTT stands for MQ Telemetry Transport.
1. Publish/subscribe.
2. Constrained devices and low-bandwidth, high-latency or unreliable networks.
3. Minimise network bandwidth and device resource requirements whilst also attempting to ensure reliability and some degree of assurance of delivery.
4. Ideal for M2M and IoT
This presentation provides an brief introduction about Bluetooth Low Energy. This also covers the basic protocol layers of bluetooth low energy. Also discusses about the ble device discovery, service discovery, connection establishment, connection termination, etc.
MQTT is an alternative lightweight and highly reliable protocol compared to the HTTP.
In these series of slides I reiterate the strengths of the MQTT protocol.
Stephen Nicolas shares pretty exciting data on MQTT-HTTP comparison http://stephendnicholas.com/archives/1217
The Internet of Things (IoT), sometimes referred to as the Internet of Objects, IoT is basically a complex network that seamlessly connects people and things together through the Internet. Theoretically, anything that can be connected (smart watches, cars, homes, thermostats, vending machines, servers…) and will be connected in the near future using sensors and RFID tags. This allows connected objects to continuously send data over the Web and from anywhere. The first time the term was used in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, the creator of the RFID standard.
LTE is designed with strong cryptographic techniques, mutual authentication between LTE network elements with security mechanisms built into its architecture.
With the emergence of the open, all IP based, distributed architecture of LTE, attackers can target mobile devices and networks with spam, eavesdropping, malware, IP-spoofing, data and service theft, DDoS attacks and numerous other variants of cyber-attacks and crimes.
IoT and connected devices: an overviewPascal Bodin
This is the presentation I use as a support to my 9 hour-long talk to postgraduate students of a French Telecom and Electronics Master. The idea is to provide them with a broad view, including some non-technical domains.
5G: the context, use cases, privacy, security and rules. Attilio Somma, TIMData Driven Innovation
Infrastructures for Data "Roundtable: 5G and Enabling Infrastructures". May 18th 2018. Data Driven Innovation 2018. Engineering Department, University of Roma Tre
The cellular IoT is a method of connecting physical devices (sensors, etc.) to the Internet, and transmits physical devices (sensors, etc.) on the same mobile network as smartphones. With its simple infrastructure and the advent of 5G, the Cellular IoT has become a strong participant in the field of connectivity.
The cellular network connects your iPhone to WeChat, Weibo, and Douyin and spreads your voice in the air. But the days of just wanting to connect with friends and family are gone.
Now you can also see the value of connecting with surrounding physical objects such as street lights, parking fee systems, hospitals that occupy everyday urban life, or myriad industrial applications (such as manufacturing and agriculture). All of these can strengthen the connection. ..
Ericsson predicts that the total number of connected IoT devices will exceed 20 billion in 2023. Specifically, the number of IoT devices connected via LTE and 5G exceeds 3.5 billion, mainly in China and Northeast Asia.
IIoT is often presented as a revolution that is changing the face of industry in a profound manner. In reality, it is an evolution that has its origins in technologies and functionalities developed by visionary automation suppliers more than 15 years ago. As the necessary global standards mature, it may well take another 15 years to realise the full potential of IIoT. Over this period of time the changes to the industry will be far reaching. The good news is that end users and machine builders can now leverage their existing investments in technology and people while taking advantage of available new IIoT technologies.
Introducing IIoT solutions using a “wrap & re-use” approach, rather than a “rip & replace” approach will enable greater business control. In addition, this measured approach will drive the evolution towards a smart manufacturing enterprise that is more efficient, safer, and sustainable. The emergence of the IIoT megatrend has created both hope and confusion among stakeholders responsible for operating industrial plants. Much of the early hype was focused on the impact of technological advancements on existing automation platforms.
This presentation goes through several topics areas that are of specific interest in developing IoT Gateway solutions. IoT is a popular area of development that presents unique challenges like hardware and operating system selection, product life-cycle support and maintainability, software architectural solutions, connectivity, security, secure updates, and API availability. We discuss technologies and concepts like Hardware acceleration support, Linux kernel maintenance, Edge networking, LXC/Docker/KVM, Zigbee, 6loPAN, BLE, IoTivity, Allseen Alliance, SELinux and Trusted boot.
The aim of the presentation is to give an overview of the challenges in building an IoT Gateway and the Solutions available using Embedded Linux.
This presentation was delivered at LinuxCon Japan 2016 by Jim Gallagher
The impact of emerging IoT Technology and BigData. This is the slide presentation I did at the http://globalbigdatabootcamp.com/speakers/sanjay-sabnis/
The session with highlight Intel’s vision for IoT Security and the fundamental building blocks and capabilities Intel and the ecosystem are providing to organizations to build security in from design through deployment and maintenance.
Now a days we are living in an era of Information Technology where each and every person has to become IT incumbent either intentionally or unintentionally. Technology plays a vital role in our day to day life since last few decades and somehow we all are depending on it in order to obtain maximum benefit and comfort. This new era equipped with latest advents of technology, enlightening world in the form of Internet of Things (IoT). Internet of things is such a specified and dignified domain which leads us to the real world scenarios where each object can perform some task while communicating with some other objects. The world with full of devices, sensors and other objects which will communicate and make human life far better and easier than ever. This paper provides an overview of current research work on IoT in terms of architecture, a technology used and applications. It also highlights all the issues related to technologies used for IoT, after the literature review of research work. The main purpose of this survey is to provide all the latest technologies, their corresponding
trends and details in the field of IoT in systematic manner. It will be helpful for further research.
MQTT stands for MQ Telemetry Transport.
1. Publish/subscribe.
2. Constrained devices and low-bandwidth, high-latency or unreliable networks.
3. Minimise network bandwidth and device resource requirements whilst also attempting to ensure reliability and some degree of assurance of delivery.
4. Ideal for M2M and IoT
This presentation provides an brief introduction about Bluetooth Low Energy. This also covers the basic protocol layers of bluetooth low energy. Also discusses about the ble device discovery, service discovery, connection establishment, connection termination, etc.
MQTT is an alternative lightweight and highly reliable protocol compared to the HTTP.
In these series of slides I reiterate the strengths of the MQTT protocol.
Stephen Nicolas shares pretty exciting data on MQTT-HTTP comparison http://stephendnicholas.com/archives/1217
The Internet of Things (IoT), sometimes referred to as the Internet of Objects, IoT is basically a complex network that seamlessly connects people and things together through the Internet. Theoretically, anything that can be connected (smart watches, cars, homes, thermostats, vending machines, servers…) and will be connected in the near future using sensors and RFID tags. This allows connected objects to continuously send data over the Web and from anywhere. The first time the term was used in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, the creator of the RFID standard.
LTE is designed with strong cryptographic techniques, mutual authentication between LTE network elements with security mechanisms built into its architecture.
With the emergence of the open, all IP based, distributed architecture of LTE, attackers can target mobile devices and networks with spam, eavesdropping, malware, IP-spoofing, data and service theft, DDoS attacks and numerous other variants of cyber-attacks and crimes.
IoT and connected devices: an overviewPascal Bodin
This is the presentation I use as a support to my 9 hour-long talk to postgraduate students of a French Telecom and Electronics Master. The idea is to provide them with a broad view, including some non-technical domains.
5G: the context, use cases, privacy, security and rules. Attilio Somma, TIMData Driven Innovation
Infrastructures for Data "Roundtable: 5G and Enabling Infrastructures". May 18th 2018. Data Driven Innovation 2018. Engineering Department, University of Roma Tre
The cellular IoT is a method of connecting physical devices (sensors, etc.) to the Internet, and transmits physical devices (sensors, etc.) on the same mobile network as smartphones. With its simple infrastructure and the advent of 5G, the Cellular IoT has become a strong participant in the field of connectivity.
The cellular network connects your iPhone to WeChat, Weibo, and Douyin and spreads your voice in the air. But the days of just wanting to connect with friends and family are gone.
Now you can also see the value of connecting with surrounding physical objects such as street lights, parking fee systems, hospitals that occupy everyday urban life, or myriad industrial applications (such as manufacturing and agriculture). All of these can strengthen the connection. ..
Ericsson predicts that the total number of connected IoT devices will exceed 20 billion in 2023. Specifically, the number of IoT devices connected via LTE and 5G exceeds 3.5 billion, mainly in China and Northeast Asia.
What are the differences and relationships between LTE-M and NB-IoT?
What is LTE-M?
LTE-M, or LTE-Machine-to-Machine, is an LTE evolution-based IoT technology, called Low-Cost MTC in R12 and LTE enhanced MTC (eMTC) in R13, designed to meet the needs of IoT devices based on existing LTE carriers.
The full name of eMTC is enhanced Machine-Type Communication. It is the LTE network between machines using LTE communication for the IoT. It is often abbreviated as M2M.
A response to the growing interest in IoT and LPWAN, LTE-M is unique in that it can be very energy efficient and transmit up to 10 bytes of data per day, but can also transmit up to one megabit per second. LTE-M serves a very wide range of use cases.
Iot basics & evolution of 3 gpp technolgies for iot connectivityKAILASH CHAUHAN
#IOT BASICS & EVOLUTION OF 3GPP TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT CONNECTIVITY
#IOT-Internet of Things Handbook
#Cellular NW for Massive IOT
#LTE_Evolution_for_IoT_Connectivity
Narrow Band Internet of Things concept and role
Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is an important branch of the Internet of Everything, also known as Narrowband-IoT.
Built on cellular networks, likes Lora, is one of the technologies of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN), Narrow Band Internet of Things supports long standby times, consumes only about 180kHz of bandwidth, and can be deployed directly on GSM networks, UMTS networks, or LTE networks to reduce deployment costs and enable smooth upgrades.
Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) requires efficient connectivity for high network connectivity devices. Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) devices can increase battery life by at least 10 years, while also providing very comprehensive coverage of indoor cellular data connections.
After the read, you will learn about what is NB-IoT, What are the features of NarrowBand-IoT, what are the NB-IoT applications.
What is NB-IoT?
NB-IoT (NarrowBand Internet of Things) is an emerging technology IoT based on the narrowband cellular things, support low-power device is connected to the cellular WAN data, is also known as a low-power wide-area network ( LPWA).
NB-IoT consumes only about 180KHz band can be deployed directly to the GSM network, UMTS network, or an LTE network supporting short standby time, the network connection device requires a high connection efficiency.
What is narrowband internet of things technology? Why is the narrowband internet of things technology emerging?
What is narrowband internet of things technology?
NB-IoT refers to NarrowBand Internet of Things (Narrowband-IoT) technology. Different IoT services have different requirements for data transmission capability and real-time performance.
Depending on the transmission rate, IoT services can be differentiated into high, medium, and low speed:
HOW TO CHOOSE BETWEEN LTE-M AND
NB-IOT FOR GLOBAL DEPLOYMENTS. LTE-M AND NB-IOT TECHNOLOGIES - INCREASED
BATTERY LIFE, ENHANCED COVERAGE AND SIMPLIFIED
HARDWARE
Today, we talk about something about NB-IoT which you may not know.
What is NB-IoT?
NB-IoT refers to Narrow Band - Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which focuses on the Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) Internet of Things (IoT) market and is an emerging technology that can be widely used around the world.
NB-IoT uses the License band and can be deployed in three ways: in-band, protected-band, or an independent carrier, coexisting with existing networks.
NB-IoT is an emerging IoT technology that has attracted much attention because of its low power consumption, stable connection, low cost, and excellent architecture optimization, etc. Huawei, as the domestic leader in developing NB-IoT technology, has also attracted considerable attention from the technology community.
The ecosystem surrounding the coexistence of NB-IoT and 5G has taken shape and continues to expand. The conditions for the Internet of Everything are beginning to mature. What is the relationship between NB-IoT and 5G?
The relationship between NB-IoT and 5G
LTE-M vs NB-IoT technology, who is the mainstream LPWAN technology?
NB-IoT is also known as LTE Cat-NB, and other terms such as LTE Cat- NB1 and Cat N1 also apply to the NB-IoT specification released in 2016. Today, there are also Cat N2 or Cat NB2 devices using the later enhanced NB-IoT specifications, which are now moving towards commercialization. So, what are the results of LTE-M vs NB-IoT?
Below are the 10 comparison results of LTE-M vs NB-IoT.
LoRa vs NB-IoT, What is the difference between the two LPWAN technologies?
The proliferation of interactive data requires the support of corresponding network technologies, and the network technologies applied at this stage are not yet able to meet the needs of long-distance and narrow-bandwidth communication scenarios, in such a context, the Internet of Things was born. The low-power network, as an important technology for IoT, is developing at the fastest pace.
LPWA - Low power wide area, short for low power wide area technology, using lower power consumption to achieve long-distance wireless signal transmission.
Compared with the familiar low-power Bluetooth (BLE), Zigbee and Wifi technologies, LPWA has a much longer transmission distance, generally at the kilometre level, and its link budget (link budget) can reach 160dBm, while BLE and Zigbee are generally below 100dBm.
Compared with traditional cellular network technologies (2G, 3G), LPWA has lower power consumption, and battery-powered devices can last for several years. Based on these two distinctive features, LPWA can truly enable the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution.
LPWAN - Low power wide area network, i.e. a wireless connection network built with LPWA technology, LPWAN can be connected in various forms.
Although all of this may come soon, we still need to understand the myriad behind-the-scenes technology that makes dreams a reality. Without them, dreams will never be realized.
A Review of Low Power Wide Area Technology in Licensed and Unlicensed Spectru...journalBEEI
There are many platforms in licensed and license free spectrum that support LPWA (low power wide area) technology in the current markets. However, lack of standardization of the different platforms can be a challenge for an interoperable IoT environment. Therefore understanding the features of each technology platform is essential to be able to differentiate how the technology can be matched to a specific IoT application profile. This paper provides an analysis of LPWA underlying technology in licensed and unlicensed spectrum by means of literature review and comparative assessment of Sigfox, LoRa, NB-IoT and LTE-M. We review their technical aspect and discussed the pros and cons in terms of their technical and other deployment features. General IoT application requirements is also presented and linked to the deployment factors to give an insight of how different applications profiles is associated to the right technology platform, thus provide a simple guideline on how to match a specific application profile with the best fit connectivity features.
Similar to What Are NB-IoT Technology And Its Features.pdf (20)
What are drone anti-jamming systems?
The drone anti-jamming systems and anti-spoof technology protect against interference, jamming, and spoofing of the UAVs.
To protect their security, countries are beginning to research drone anti-jamming systems, also known as drone strike weapons. The anti-jam and anti-spoof technology protects against interference, jamming and spoofing. A drone strike weapon is a drone attack weapon that can attack and destroy enemy drones.
So what is so unique about this amazing system?
After reading the Top 14 IoT Trends to Emerge in 2023 article, you will learn about what the 14 IoT Trends will be happening.
What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of connected devices, digital machines, and users with unique identifiers and network transportability that eliminates the need for human-to-human or human-to-machine interaction.
IoT is an important part of the new generation of information technology. Unlike the Internet, the main application objects of IoT are some physical devices, such as vehicles, home appliances, buildings, etc.
By embedding electronic software, sensors and some network connection devices in these physical devices, the exchange of data between devices can be realized, thus establishing a set of interconnected networks.
According to statistics, more than 43 billion devices are currently expected to be connected to the IoT worldwide, which will generate, share, collect and help people use data in a variety of ways.
The 14 most important IoT trends
Here are the 14 most important IoT trends that will change the world in 2023.
The principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT
In this paper, we first analyze the principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT, study the NB-IoT coverage enhancement methods, and compare and analyze the coverage capability of GSM and NB-IoT.
Each cell has a number of carrier frequencies, and each carrier frequency has eight-time slots, which means that eight basic physical channels are provided. In the wireless subsystem, the physical channels support the logical channels, and the physical channels are mapped to different logical channels according to the types of messages transmitted on the physical channels.
LoRa Alliance Extends LoRaWAN Standard to Support the Internet of Things Applications
The LoRa Alliance Extends LoRaWAN Standard to Support IoT Applications by adding TS013-1.0.0, an application programming interface (API) for application payload decoder-encoders (codecs).
The LoRa Alliance reported it on October 25, 2022. The consortium is the global association supporting the Internet of Things (IoT), Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) open LoRaWAN standard.
Adopting the new TS013-1.0.0 specification will allow device manufacturers and application service providers to reduce deployment complexity. This will make it easier and faster to deploy LoRaWAN devices.
After the read, you will know, what is a private 5G network and how a 5G private network works.
What is a private 5G network?
A private 5G network is a wireless network that uses the 5G mobile networking standard and is owned and operated by a single organization, rather than a commercial telecommunications provider. Private 5G networks are often set up for use by a specific business or organization and can be used to provide secure and reliable wireless connectivity for a variety of applications, such as industrial automation, remote monitoring, and more.
Unlike public 5G networks, which are available to anyone with a compatible device, private 5G networks are typically only accessible to authorized users.
A private 5G network is a local area network (LAN) that uses 5G technology to create a private network with unified connectivity, optimized services, and a secure way of communicating within a specific area.
The concept of a Private Network has been around for a long time. In contrast to public networks, which are primarily intended for the general public, private networks exist primarily to address specific industries/needs. The difference between a public network and a private network is that a public network serves the general public, while a private network serves a specific audience.
This article comprehensively explains low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technology for IoT.
IoT communication technologies are divided into two categories: short-range wireless LAN and low-power wireless WAN (LPWAN), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, etc. are belong to short-range wireless LAN.
LPWAN is mainly used in long-range, low-bandwidth, low-power, and many connection needs of IoT application scenarios, the hottest LoRa in the market in recent years is the most representative technology in LPWAN. LoRa is the most representative technology in LPWAN.
Non-cellular low-power IoT technology solves the problem of large-scale and wide-coverage network connectivity for IoT applications, which makes up for the shortage of traditional cellular technology and promotes the application of IoT and large-scale deployment. Low-power wide-area networks will carry the burden of communication network economies of scale in the future IoT era.
What is wireless 5G LAN?
5G LAN is a LAN built in a 5G network, through which a LAN with mobility can be assembled to meet production and office needs. 5G LAN has the benefit of cross-territory mobility, so even if two people are thousands of miles apart, they can still set up a LAN to achieve Layer 2 and 3 interoperability.
Simply put, 5G LAN uses 5G technology to group and build groups of terminals to form a LAN network. When using 5G cell phones, have you ever noticed that even if you and your friends are close together (even face to face), your phone cannot search each other? You can communicate with each other because the data flow to the carrier or Internet service provider's server around the circle.
What is an internal antenna?
What is an external antenna?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, What are the difference features?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, What are the advantages and disadvantages of the internal and external antenna?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, What are the differences between them?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna in wireless transceiver modules, What are the main antennas used?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, Which signal is better?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna router
Internal antenna vs. external antenna technical requirements
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, how to choose the suitable antenna?
The Yagi Antenna design is one of the most brilliant antenna designs. How to make a 433MHz Yagi antenna design for a long-range? Is it easy to DIY a Yagi antenna?
DIY Yagi antenna design program
Yagi antenna design is mainly based on the gain requirements after selecting the number of antenna elements, determining the length of each element, and the distance between the elements and other parameters.
Here are the 7 steps of the Yagi antenna design program.
55 Different Types of Antennas With Examples Used in Wireless Communication.pdfAntenna Manufacturer Coco
After the read about these 55 different types of antennas, you will learn about the different types of antennas with examples and their use.
As an important part of wireless communication systems, the antenna plays an irreplaceable role. In our life, there are many types of wireless communication requirements, such as long-distance wireless communication, short-distance wireless communication, satellite wireless communication, microwave wireless communication, cell phone wireless communication, point-to-point wireless communication, point-to-face wireless communication, and so on.
Different wireless communications requirements correspond to the use of different types of antenna wireless communication frequency bands, and different wireless communication systems, so it is necessary to use different types of antennas.
The design and selection of different types of antennas are an important part of designing a wireless transceiver for RF systems. A good RF wireless antenna system can make the communication distance the best state. The size of the same type of antenna is proportional to the wavelength of the RF signal. The lower the signal frequency, the larger the antenna needed.
After the read of WiFi vs. Cellular, Is WiFi Better Than Cellular? You will know:
WiFi vs. Cellular, What is the difference between WiFi and cellular?
WiFi vs. Cellular, Is Wi-Fi better than cellular?
WiFi vs. Cellular, What is a cellular network?
WiFi vs. Cellular, What is a Wi-Fi network?
WiFi vs. Cellular applications
5G WiFi vs. cellular 5G, What is the difference between a 5G network and a 5G WiFi?
Which is better, Wifi or mobile data cellular network?
The important differences between WiFi and cellular networks
Apple watch Wifi vs. cellular, What is the difference between cellular and Wi-Fi Apple Watch?
Wifi Ipad vs. cellular, Is Ipad cellular worth it?
Apple watch Wifi vs. cellular, What is the difference between cellular and Wi-Fi Apple Watch?
Wifi vs. cellular data, Which one do you prefer?
This article takes you through the mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G.
The long road of mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G.
In the past few years, we have seen the rise of mobile networks. From "1G to 2G, 3G, 4G, and now 5G", the whole process of mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G has taken about 30 years.
In the past few years, the web has evolved so much that it's hard to compare it to anything else in this world of web technology. Let's go straight back in time, to 1G where it all began.
After the read, you will know:
What is DTU (Data Transfer unit)?
What is DTU's development history?
What is DTU's working principle?
What is DTU's functional configuration?
What is DTU’s Advantage?
What is DTU's core function?
What is DTU’s extension function?
What is DTU's application?
Application examples of DTU's 7 major industries
What is DTU (Data Transfer unit)?
DTU (Data Transfer unit) is a wireless terminal device specially designed to convert serial data to IP data or convert IP data to serial data for transmission through wireless communication networks. DTU is widely used in meteorology, hydrology and water conservancy, geology, and other industries.
After the read, you will know:
What is a DTU?
What is a DTU’s role?
What is a DTU’s working principle?
What is a DTU product type?
What is a DTU application?
What is the role of 4G DTU?
What is a DTU?
DTU is the abbreviation of Data Terminal Unit (DTU). In a broader sense, the module unit responsible for sending data information at both ends of the transmission link is called DTU, which is responsible for format conversion and data collation, and verification of the transmitted information;
In a narrower sense, DTU generally refers to the lower GSM/UMTS transmitting terminal equipment in wireless communication.
DTU is a kind of wireless terminal equipment specially used to convert serial data into IP data or convert IP data into serial data for transmission through a wireless communication network, which is widely used in meteorology, hydrology and water conservancy, geology, and other industries.
Smart agriculture refers to the use of information technology in farming to intelligently control the whole industrial chain of agricultural production, operation, management, and service, so as to achieve high quality, high efficiency, safety, and controllability of agricultural production. China attaches great importance to the development of smart agriculture, and the development of smart agriculture is the only way to realize modern agriculture.
After the read this What is the Difference Between LTE and Wifi article, you will know:
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network technology;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network coverage capability;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network wireless capacity;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network terminal situation;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network traffic billing;
Etc.
This article talks about Wifi vs LTE technology, what is the difference between Wi-Fi and LTE?
Over the years, the Internet has become increasingly important in our daily lives. Mobile broadband Cellular / LTE and Wi-Fi can be used to access the Internet and perform activities that require a data connection.
This article talks about the 7 common positioning technologies comparison, GPS positioning, Beidou positioning, base station positioning, Bluetooth positioning, WI-FI positioning, UWB positioning, and RFID positioning comparison.
This article is about the 4 positioning technologies: GPS and A-GPS positioning; base station positioning (cell ID positioning): identifying which cell in the network transmits user calls; Wi-Fi AP positioning; and FRID, QR code positioning.
Besides GPS technology and base station positioning technology, what other sensing and positioning technologies are currently available?
The following 9 positioning technologies are used today.
1. GPS and aGPS positioning technology
2. WiFi-AP positioning technology
3. Cell ID positioning technology
4. FRID, QR code positioning technology
5. Bluetooth positioning technology (iBeacon)
6. Acoustic positioning technology
7. Scene recognition positioning technology
8. Geomagnetic field positioning technology
9. Pseudo-satellite positioning technology
What does wifi 6 mean?
Wi-Fi 6 (formerly: IEEE 802.11.ax), the sixth generation of wireless networking technology, is the name of the Wi-Fi standard. Wi-Fi 6 will allow communication with up to 8 devices at up to 9.6Gbps.
What is Wi-Fi 6 developing?
On September 16, 2019, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced the launch of the Wi-Fi 6 certification program, which is designed to bring devices using next-generation 802.11ax Wi-Fi wireless communication technology up to established standards. Wi-Fi 6 is expected to be approved by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) later in the fall of 2019.
In January 2022, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced the Wi-Fi 6 version 2 standard (Wi-Fi 6 Release 2).
The Wi-Fi 6 Release 2 standard (Wi-Fi 6 Release 2) improves uplink and power management for all supported bands (2.4GHz, 5GHz, and 6GHz) for routers and devices in the home and workplace, as well as smart home IoT devices.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys and the Road Ahead.pdf
What Are NB-IoT Technology And Its Features.pdf
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What Are NB-IoT Technology And Its Features?
NB-IoT WiKi
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a low-power technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications and other
low-data rate communication requirements.
It uses narrowband radio spectrum and advanced power management techniques to efficiently utilize the
available spectrum and extend the battery life of IoT devices.
NB-IoT is based on LTE cellular wireless technology and has been standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) as the global wireless communication standard for IoT applications.
What is Narrowband IoT(NB-IoT)?
NB-IoT is a Low Power Wide Area Network ( LPWAN ) technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) devices
and other applications that require low data rates and long battery life. It is a cellular network technology that
uses a narrowband radio spectrum to provide secure and reliable communications for IoT devices.
NB-IoT operates in a licensed spectrum and uses advanced modulation and multiple access techniques to
efficiently utilize the available spectrum and support many connected devices.
It also uses advanced power management techniques to extend the battery life of IoT devices, which is critical for
applications such as remote sensors and other devices that are not easily maintained or replaced with batteries.
In addition to low power consumption and remote capabilities, narrowband IoT offers higher security and
reliability than other IoT technologies.
It uses a dedicated network infrastructure and robust signaling mechanisms to provide reliable communications,
even in challenging environments such as dense urban areas or deep underground.
Narrowband IoT is a key technology for enabling the Internet of Things and supporting the growing number of
connected devices deployed in various industries, from agriculture and manufacturing to smart cities and
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healthcare.
What is the narrowband IoT band range?
NB-IoT Narrowband IoT is a radio technology standard used to support a wide range of cellular devices and
services developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The technology coexists with Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) in licensed frequency bands (e.g., 700
MHz, 800 MHz, and 900 MHz).
However, NB-IoT limits the bandwidth to a single narrowband at 180 kHz and the bit rate to 150-250 kbps.
Narrowband IoT mostly uses 2G/3G/4G/5G cellular communication technologies supported by the International
Organization for Standardization 3GPP in the sub-1 GHz licensed band shared with cellular communications.
What is the architecture of the NB-IoT network?
The overall NB-IoT network architecture is divided into 5 parts: terminal, wireless network side, core network
side (EPC), IoT support platform, and application server.
Introduction to NB-IoT network architecture.
What is the architecture of the NB-IoT network?
The overall NB-IoT network architecture is divided into 5 parts: terminal, wireless network side, core network
side (EPC), IoT support platform, and application server.
Introduction to NB-IoT network architecture.
NB-IoT terminal
It is mainly connected to the base station through the airport. The terminal side mainly contains the industry
terminal and NB-IoT module. Industry terminal includes: chip, module, sensor interface, terminal, etc.; NB-IoT
module includes wireless transmission interface, soft SIM device, sensor interface, etc.
Wireless network side
The wireless network side includes two types of networking: Single RAN (Single Radio Access Network, integral
radio access network), which includes 2G/3G/4G and NB-IoT wireless network; the other NB-IoT new
construction. It mainly undertakes airport access processing, cell management, and other related functions. It
connects to the IoT core network through the S1-lite interface, forwarding non-access layer data to higher-level
network elements for processing.
Core network side
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Network elements include two types of networking. One is the overall Evolved Packet Core Network (Evolved
Packet C data transmission method, welcome to exchange and learn together ore, EPC) network elements,
including 2G/3G/4G core network; the other is the IoT core network. The core network side supports NB-IoT and
eMTC user access through IoT EPC network elements and EPC shared by GSM, UITRAN, and LTE.
IoT support platform
The IoT support platform includes HLR (Home Location Register, attributed location register), PCRF (Policy
Control and Charging Rules Function, Policy Control and Charging Rules Function Unit), and M2M (Machine to
Machine, Internet of Things) platform.
Application Server
The application server is the final aggregation point of IoT data and performs data processing and other
operations according to the customer's needs.
How does Narrowband IoT data transmission?
Cellular IoT (CIoT) defines two optimization schemes in EPS to send IoT data to applications.
CIoT EPS user-plane functional optimization (User Plane CIoT EPS optimization)
CIoT EPS control plane functional optimization (Control Plane CIoT EPS optimization)
As shown in the figure above, the red line indicates the CIoT EPS Control Plane functional optimization scheme,
and the blue line indicates the CIoT EPS User Plane functional optimization scheme.
What are the advantages of NB-IoT network architecture?
1. Strong link
With the same base station, NB-IoT can provide 50-100 times more access than existing wireless technologies.
One sector is capable of supporting 100,000 connections, supporting low latency sensitivity, low device power
consumption, and optimized network architecture.
2. Wide coverage
NB-IoT has strong indoor and basement coverage capability, with a 20dB gain compared to LTE, equivalent to a
100x increase in coverage area capability. It can meet the demand for wide coverage in rural areas and
applications such as factories, underground garages, and manhole covers that require in-depth coverage. Take
manhole cover monitoring as an example.
In the past, GSM/GPRS method needed to extend an antenna, which is easily damaged by vehicles coming and
going, while NB-IoT can solve this problem well as long as it is deployed properly. Four Trust NB-IoT modules
have solutions for smart manhole cover monitoring and provide equipment and solutions for many cities.
3. Low power consumption
Low power consumption is an important indicator requirement for IoT applications, especially for some devices
and occasions where batteries cannot be replaced frequently, such as various types of sensing and monitoring
devices placed in remote areas in high mountains and wilderness and power voltage monitoring devices which
cannot be charged like smartphones one day, so the battery life of up to several years is the essential
requirement.
Therefore, the power consumption of NB-IoT devices can be very small, and the working time of the device life
can be significantly increased from several months in the past to several years.
4. Low cost
Compared with LoRa, NB-IoT does not need to rebuild the network, and RF and antenna are reused. Take China
Mobile as an example, there is a relatively wide frequency band inside 900MHz, and only a part of the 2G band
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needs to be cleared out so that LTE and NB-IoT can be deployed simultaneously directly. Low rate, low power
consumption, and low bandwidth also bring low-cost advantages to NB-IoT chips and modules.
Is narrowband IoT secure?
Because the underlying technology is less complex than traditional cellular modules, OEMs can more easily
design, produce and deploy their products. The same proven security and privacy protections of LTE mobile
networks are also available, including support for:
User identity confidentiality;
Physical authentication;
Data integrity;
Mobile device identification.
Narrowband IoT Applications
IoT applications have great opportunities to transform the way enterprises and cities create broad social and
economic benefits. Still, secure and stable connectivity is predicated on capturing all potential narrowband IoT
applications for innovation and cooperation.
Narrowband IoT end-to-end solutions for typical M2M application scenarios, such as low data rates, many
terminals, and wide coverage requirements, can open up a broad IoT market for operators. At the same time,
there is a wide range of application scenarios in government and enterprise industry sectors, such as smart cities
and power and gas/water service providers.
NB-IoT Use Case Requirements
NB-IoT can meet the needs of many IoT use cases because of:
Efficiency
NB-IoT uses half-duplex communication, meaning neither the module nor the cellular base station can transmit
data simultaneously. This use of half-duplex communication, along with slower NB-IoT data rates, use of a single
antenna, and lower radio frequency (RF) bandwidth, minimizes the complexity of NB-IoT devices and thus
reduces costs. These simplifications reduce the cost of NB-IoT modules by up to 50% compared to standard LTE
Cat-1 cellular modules.
Power consumption
Thanks to Power Save Mode (PSM) and eDRX (Extended Discontinuous Reception), and NB capacity IoT,
optimized for small data transfers, battery-powered edge modules can transmit data with up to 75% less power
than standard LTE Cat-1 modules. As a result, manufacturers of IoT applications can create gadgets with a battery
life of ten years or more.
Greater capacity
Up to 1 million NB-IoT devices can be connected per square kilometer thanks to narrowband transmission,
signaling optimization, adaptive modulation, and Hybrid Auto-Repeat Request (HARQ) technology.
Better coverage
Narrowband IoT utilizes a large number of signal repetitions. Compared to competing for cellular technologies,
large signal repetition enhances NB coverage of IoT by a factor of 5-10. However, it reduces data throughput and
increases power consumption. Because of this improved coverage, NB-IoT devices can now connect to cellular
networks, even underground, inside buildings, or rural areas.
What is the cost of NB-IoT?
The cost of Narrowband IoT can vary depending on several factors, including the specific implementation, the
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types of devices and infrastructure used, and the deployment size. Therefore, it isn't easy to provide an accurate
cost estimate for NB-IoT.
The cost of implementing NB-IoT may include purchasing and installing the necessary equipment and
infrastructure, such as base stations, antennas, and other hardware. It can also include the cost of operating and
maintaining the network and purchasing or leasing the necessary spectrum.
In addition, the cost of NB-IoT may also depend on the type of deployments, such as a standalone NB-IoT
network or a network integrated with an existing cellular network. Costs may also vary depending on the
deployment size, with larger deployments typically requiring more equipment and infrastructure.
The cost of implementing NB-IoT will depend on various factors and may vary depending on the specific
implementation and requirements.
Is NB-IoT bi-directional?
NB-IoT is a bi-directional communication technology that supports uplink and downlink communication. In
bi-directional communication, data can be transmitted from the device to the network (uplink) and from the
network to the device (downlink), thus enabling bi-directional communication.
This is in contrast to unidirectional communication, where data can only be transmitted in one direction (from
the device to the network or from the network to the device).
Narrowband IoT uses advanced multiple access technologies such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) to use available spectrum and support bi-directional communication
efficiently.
This allows IoT devices to send data to and receive data from the network, enabling a wide range of applications,
such as remote sensor monitoring, asset tracking, and other IoT use cases.
The bi-directional communication capabilities of NB-IoT are an important part of its design, enabling a wide
range of IoT applications.
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Narrowband IoT and Massive IoT
In practice, we will often hear comparisons between NB-IoT and LTE-M, even though these are the two options
promoted by the mobile industry ecosystem of manufacturers, service providers, and network operators. Let's
say you've never heard of LPWAN, or others have described it as something new.
In that case, it's not because it falls into an entirely new category of wireless IoT communications but because
cellular LPWA networks are finally being deployed in many regions after long delays caused primarily by the
various competing technologies and services being proposed to the mobile industry made the decision.
Massive IoT, another industry term, refers to "billions" of devices that typically transmit small amounts of data,
often at intervals (and therefore not continuously, but occasionally), and require long battery life like NB-IoT IoT
and others, and is sometimes used to classify LPWAN.
Before discussing specifications, use cases, innovations, and other topics, a brief introduction to standards and
standardization may be helpful if there is interest in certain details.
The mobile (cellular) industry's standardization body, 3GPP, uses numbered "releases" where details of new
standards and improvements are set at specific points in time. These updates include many mobile technologies
developed by members of the mobile industry.
Is NB-IoT 5G or 4G?
Narrowband IoT is not considered a 4G or 5G technology. It is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)
technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications and other low data rate communication
requirements.
4G and 5G are cellular network technologies that deliver high-speed mobile broadband and other advanced
communications services to mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
These technologies use broadband radio spectrum, advanced modulation, and multiple access technologies to
support high data rates and many connected devices.
In contrast, NB-IoT is designed to support low data rates and long battery life for IoT devices and other
applications without high data rates and features of 4G or 5G. It uses narrowband RF spectrum and advanced
power management techniques to efficiently utilize the available spectrum and extend the battery life of IoT
devices.
While 4G and 5G are focused on providing high-speed mobile broadband services, NB-IoT is designed to support
a wide range of IoT applications and drive the growth of IoT.
What's the difference between NB-IoT and LTE?
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) and LTE are wireless communication technologies, but they are designed for different
purposes and have some key differences.
Narrowband IoT is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT)
applications and other low data rate communication requirements.
It uses narrowband RF spectrum and advanced power management techniques to efficiently utilize the available
spectrum and extend the battery life of IoT devices.
In contrast, LTE is a cellular network technology that provides high-speed mobile broadband and other advanced
communication services to mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
It uses broadband radio spectrum, advanced modulation, and multiple access technologies to support high data
rates and many connected devices.
Some of the key differences between NB-IoT and LTE include the following:
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Data rates
NB-IoT is designed for low data rate applications and can support data rates of up to 200 kbps, while LTE can
support up to hundreds of Mbps.
Spectrum
NB-IoT operates in the licensed spectrum, while LTE can operate in both licensed and unlicensed.
Range
NB-IoT has a longer range than LTE due to the use of narrowband spectrum and advanced power management
techniques.
Power consumption
NB-IoT is designed for low power consumption and long battery life, while LTE devices typically have higher
power requirements.
LTE is focused on providing high-speed mobile broadband services, while NB-IoT is designed to support a wide
range of IoT applications and drive the growth of IoT.
Narrowband IoT VS. LoRa
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) and LoRa are both Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies designed for
Internet of Things (IoT) applications and other low data rate communication requirements.
They both use narrowband radio spectrum and advanced power management techniques to efficiently utilize the
available spectrum and extend the battery life of IoT devices.
There are some key differences between NB-IoT and LoRa, including the following:
Spectrum
Narrowband IoT operates in the licensed spectrum, while LoRa can operate in both licensed and unlicensed.
Data rate
NB-IoT can support data rates up to 200 kbps, while LoRa can support data rates up to 50 kbps.
Range
Due to proprietary spread spectrum modulation technology, Lora has a longer range than narrowband IoT.
Power consumption
NB-IoT is designed for low power consumption and long battery life, while LoRa devices typically have higher
power requirements.
Network Infrastructure
Narrowband IoT uses a dedicated network infrastructure, while LoRa uses a distributed network architecture
with decentralized control.
While both NB-IoT and LoRa are designed for low-data rate IoT applications, some key differences exist in their
technical implementation and functionality.
Latency of NB-IoT
Compared to LTE-M, narrowband IoT is less suited for situations where very low network latency is required. As a
result, it is not commonly used in applications that require near real-time data. In these cases, LTE-M is more
suitable.
NB-IoT and LTE-M play a role in the development of 5G, where very low network latency is essential for
applications where speed is needed and often critical. The choice of communication standard is not the only
factor to consider here.
In addition to the differences in network latency between NB-IoT and LTE-M, it is worth noting that edge
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computing and IoT can also play a role in the rapid analysis of sensor data. Edge computing allows for data
analysis closer to the source without communicating with the cloud or data center.
The latency of NB-IoT specifically is typically equal to or less than 10 seconds, ranging from 1.6 to 10 seconds. In
comparison, LTE-M has a latency of 100 to 150 ms.
Mobility for NB-IoT
A key difference between NB-IoT and LTE-M is that NB-IoT does not fully support mobility, while LTE-M does. This
means narrowband IoT may not be as effective when switching between cells is required. However, this has been
improved in 3GPP Release 14 with some enhancements to the features of NB-IoT.
In contrast, LTE-M also supports voice. Despite the limitations of NB-IoT in terms of mobility, it is still widely used
in applications and cases involving fixed assets and devices. This is evident in the application types and uses cases
mentioned earlier.
It is important to note that this does not mean that NB-IoT cannot be used for mobile assets and devices but has
limited capabilities in this area.
There are real-world NB-IoT applications with trackers, shared bicycle services, environmental applications with
mobile components but low data throughput, smart logistics, etc.
More specifically, narrowband IoT requires devices to periodically reselect cells while in motion, whereas LTE-M
does not. It is, therefore, less suitable for mobile devices (and cell reselection affects battery life as it consumes
power).
Fixed assets such as smart meters and point-of-sale terminals are often the focus of NB-IoT, although they are
not the only focus. For "truly seamless mobility," LTE-M can be considered the technology of choice.
The Future of NB-IoT Applications
Affordable modems are essential for the widespread deployment of sensors. There is a need to improve
monitoring procedures and report various variables, such as temperature and humidity.
Data rates and latency should be reduced for applications involving a large number of sensors. The fact that the
solution can meet these criteria supports the claim that NB-IoT will improve efficiency.
For single-tone devices, narrowband IoT devices have shown that they can handle peak physical layer data rates
down to 100-200kbps or even lower.
We can also look at other aspects of device optimization. For example, LTE MBB requires two antennas, while
NB-IoT devices require only one receive antenna.
Therefore, the ratio and baseband demodulator requires only one receiver chain. One benefit of narrow
bandwidth is the difficulty of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion, channel estimation, and lower
buffering (200 kHz for NB-IoT versus 1.4 MHZ to 20 MHZ for other technologies).
Agriculture
Thanks to narrowband IoT connectivity, farmers will have advanced tracking options, so sensors with NB-IoT
modules can send alerts when animals move abnormally. These sensors can track environmental features,
including pollution, noise, rain, and soil characteristics, such as temperature and humidity.
Smart metering
Gas and water meter monitoring can be accomplished using frequent, tiny data transmissions using NB-IoT. The
rollout of smart meters faces significant network coverage challenges. Meters are often found in challenging
locations, such as cellars, underground tunnels, or remote rural areas. For this problem, NB-IoT has outstanding
coverage and penetration capabilities.
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Smart Cities
Local governments can use narrowband IoT to manage street lights, determine when garbage cans need to be
emptied, locate vacant parking spaces, keep an eye on the weather, and assess road conditions.
Smart Buildings
Sensors with NB-IoT connectivity can manage lighting and temperature and transmit notifications about building
maintenance issues.
In addition, narrowband IoT can serve as a backup broadband connection for buildings. In some security
solutions, sensors can connect directly to monitoring systems using LPWA networks, as this configuration is
easier to install and maintain and more difficult for intruders to disable.
Consumer
Wearable technology will receive remote connections via NB-IoT, particularly useful for tracking people and
animals. Similarly, NB-IoT tracks the health of people with age or chronic-related conditions.
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