This article takes you through the mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G.
The long road of mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G.
In the past few years, we have seen the rise of mobile networks. From "1G to 2G, 3G, 4G, and now 5G", the whole process of mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G has taken about 30 years.
In the past few years, the web has evolved so much that it's hard to compare it to anything else in this world of web technology. Let's go straight back in time, to 1G where it all began.
This is my final report that i made in my course information communication technology about cell phone system technology
it include all generation of 1g-5g help students to take idea from it thank you happy learning
The cellular networks are evolving through several generations .The first generation (1G) wireless mobile communication network was analog system which was used for public voice service with the speed up to 2.4kbps.
The second generation (2G) is based on digital technology and network infrastructure. As compared to the first generation, the second generation can support text messaging. Its success and the growth of demand for online information via the internet prompted the development of cellular wireless system with improved data connectivity, which ultimately lead to the third generation systems (3G).
3G systems refer to the developing technology standards for the next generation of mobile communications systems. One of the main goals of the standardization efforts of 3G is to create a universal infrastructure that is able to support existing and future services. This requires that the infrastructure be designed so that it can evolve as technology changes, without compromising the existing services on the existing networks. Separation of access technology, transport technology, service technology and user application from each other make this demanding requirement possible. Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless.
This is my final report that i made in my course information communication technology about cell phone system technology
it include all generation of 1g-5g help students to take idea from it thank you happy learning
The cellular networks are evolving through several generations .The first generation (1G) wireless mobile communication network was analog system which was used for public voice service with the speed up to 2.4kbps.
The second generation (2G) is based on digital technology and network infrastructure. As compared to the first generation, the second generation can support text messaging. Its success and the growth of demand for online information via the internet prompted the development of cellular wireless system with improved data connectivity, which ultimately lead to the third generation systems (3G).
3G systems refer to the developing technology standards for the next generation of mobile communications systems. One of the main goals of the standardization efforts of 3G is to create a universal infrastructure that is able to support existing and future services. This requires that the infrastructure be designed so that it can evolve as technology changes, without compromising the existing services on the existing networks. Separation of access technology, transport technology, service technology and user application from each other make this demanding requirement possible. Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless.
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
10,000 5 g base stations will be added every week what are the features of 5gHYC Co., Ltd
According to public data from the government, more than 10,000 5G base stations will be added in China every week. This shows that 2020 will be the explosive first year of China's 5G base station construction, and 5G will also enter a new era of development. What are the features of 5G? This is an article to introduce you to 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G networks and 5G functions. HYC Co., Ltd. can provide customers with a full range of passive WDM modules for 5G fronthaul transmission.
A technology that will change the face of the future.
A technology that will bring the level of change in the mobile market that will rival the international market.
Next phase of mobile telecommunication beyond upcoming 4G standards.
*** this is the introduction. wait for subsequent topics under 5G banner.***
Nowadays mobile phones have become a must for almost all people from all over the world. An opportunity to stay in touch with friends and family members, access to email and business associates are just a few of reasons for the boosting importance of cell phones. Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone services to phones which may move around freely rather than stay fixed in one location. Today mobile phones are the best way to stay connected with others as well as provide the user with a sense of security. A conceptual study have been made to briefly discus what mobile telephony is, how it emerges and what technologies it use.
This is a short presentation on 5G technology with images and GIFs. The contents include components of 5g, How is 5g used and is 5g Available in my city.
MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 1Future Tech W.docxinfantsuk
MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 1
Future Tech Wireless Communications
Umair Rehman
ENGG200 - Introduction to Professional Engineering
Macquarie University NSW 2013 Australia
[email protected]
3 May 2013
Abstract—Wireless Communication is the most important
development of its time. A decade ago who would have thought
of there would be no hassle of the wires and technology would
actually become wireless. The aim of the report is to compare
how wireless technology has been developed with time and now
how fast and easy it is compared to its past position. The results
of the research show that engineers make advancements and
surprise the audience. They are and will always surprise the
new generation of their time and that is also the future vision of
Microsoft.
I. INTRODUCTION
M ICROSOFT is one of the few corporations, whichare always found in the list of the leaders of the
computer technology. William H. Gates established it in 1975
and since then Microsoft has been known for its inventions
and innovations and now recently they put forward their
future vision of productivity. According to the videos they
released, technology is everywhere. They believe that within
5-10 years everything will be replaced by technology, which
would be fast and user friendly. A decade ago who would have
thought that there would be a time when technology would
be wireless. Wireless communication is when information
or any sort of data is being transferred from one point to
another without any physical attachment. Distances can be
short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or
as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-
space radio communications. It encompasses various types
of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-
way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, and
wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology
include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer
mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers,
satellite television, broadcast television, broadcast television
and cordless telephones. [1, ]
II. MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
A. Advancement of Mobile Wireless Internet
Advancement is a gradual process. Wireless communication
is on the process for some time now. 2G were developed
for voice communications. It was for sending data over 2G
channels by using modem. It provided adat rates in the order
of 9.6 kbps. Then after a while 3G systems were introduced.
Its goal was for voice and data transmission, multi-megabit
Internet access, voice-activated calls, and multimedia content.
CDMA system evolved to CDMA2000. GSM, IS-136 and
PDC evolved to W-CDMA (wideband CDMA)(also called
UMTS). It had up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates. 4G mobile
technologies is the mobile race to innovation. Wireless systems
were further improved and 4G systems came into being. It is
best known for its seamless mobility (roaming). It allows to
roam freely from one standard to another, ...
What are drone anti-jamming systems?
The drone anti-jamming systems and anti-spoof technology protect against interference, jamming, and spoofing of the UAVs.
To protect their security, countries are beginning to research drone anti-jamming systems, also known as drone strike weapons. The anti-jam and anti-spoof technology protects against interference, jamming and spoofing. A drone strike weapon is a drone attack weapon that can attack and destroy enemy drones.
So what is so unique about this amazing system?
LPWA - Low power wide area, short for low power wide area technology, using lower power consumption to achieve long-distance wireless signal transmission.
Compared with the familiar low-power Bluetooth (BLE), Zigbee and Wifi technologies, LPWA has a much longer transmission distance, generally at the kilometre level, and its link budget (link budget) can reach 160dBm, while BLE and Zigbee are generally below 100dBm.
Compared with traditional cellular network technologies (2G, 3G), LPWA has lower power consumption, and battery-powered devices can last for several years. Based on these two distinctive features, LPWA can truly enable the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution.
LPWAN - Low power wide area network, i.e. a wireless connection network built with LPWA technology, LPWAN can be connected in various forms.
More Related Content
Similar to Mobile networks’ evolution from 1G to 5G.pdf
Mobile broadband is becoming a reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, Out of 5.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2017. It should surprise no one that the Smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017, half of all mobile devices in the world will be smart phones. The key to keeping users happy is network performance and good value for the money. From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements and increasingly easier access to smart phones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.
10,000 5 g base stations will be added every week what are the features of 5gHYC Co., Ltd
According to public data from the government, more than 10,000 5G base stations will be added in China every week. This shows that 2020 will be the explosive first year of China's 5G base station construction, and 5G will also enter a new era of development. What are the features of 5G? This is an article to introduce you to 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G networks and 5G functions. HYC Co., Ltd. can provide customers with a full range of passive WDM modules for 5G fronthaul transmission.
A technology that will change the face of the future.
A technology that will bring the level of change in the mobile market that will rival the international market.
Next phase of mobile telecommunication beyond upcoming 4G standards.
*** this is the introduction. wait for subsequent topics under 5G banner.***
Nowadays mobile phones have become a must for almost all people from all over the world. An opportunity to stay in touch with friends and family members, access to email and business associates are just a few of reasons for the boosting importance of cell phones. Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone services to phones which may move around freely rather than stay fixed in one location. Today mobile phones are the best way to stay connected with others as well as provide the user with a sense of security. A conceptual study have been made to briefly discus what mobile telephony is, how it emerges and what technologies it use.
This is a short presentation on 5G technology with images and GIFs. The contents include components of 5g, How is 5g used and is 5g Available in my city.
MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 1Future Tech W.docxinfantsuk
MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 1
Future Tech Wireless Communications
Umair Rehman
ENGG200 - Introduction to Professional Engineering
Macquarie University NSW 2013 Australia
[email protected]
3 May 2013
Abstract—Wireless Communication is the most important
development of its time. A decade ago who would have thought
of there would be no hassle of the wires and technology would
actually become wireless. The aim of the report is to compare
how wireless technology has been developed with time and now
how fast and easy it is compared to its past position. The results
of the research show that engineers make advancements and
surprise the audience. They are and will always surprise the
new generation of their time and that is also the future vision of
Microsoft.
I. INTRODUCTION
M ICROSOFT is one of the few corporations, whichare always found in the list of the leaders of the
computer technology. William H. Gates established it in 1975
and since then Microsoft has been known for its inventions
and innovations and now recently they put forward their
future vision of productivity. According to the videos they
released, technology is everywhere. They believe that within
5-10 years everything will be replaced by technology, which
would be fast and user friendly. A decade ago who would have
thought that there would be a time when technology would
be wireless. Wireless communication is when information
or any sort of data is being transferred from one point to
another without any physical attachment. Distances can be
short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or
as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-
space radio communications. It encompasses various types
of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-
way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, and
wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology
include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer
mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers,
satellite television, broadcast television, broadcast television
and cordless telephones. [1, ]
II. MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
A. Advancement of Mobile Wireless Internet
Advancement is a gradual process. Wireless communication
is on the process for some time now. 2G were developed
for voice communications. It was for sending data over 2G
channels by using modem. It provided adat rates in the order
of 9.6 kbps. Then after a while 3G systems were introduced.
Its goal was for voice and data transmission, multi-megabit
Internet access, voice-activated calls, and multimedia content.
CDMA system evolved to CDMA2000. GSM, IS-136 and
PDC evolved to W-CDMA (wideband CDMA)(also called
UMTS). It had up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates. 4G mobile
technologies is the mobile race to innovation. Wireless systems
were further improved and 4G systems came into being. It is
best known for its seamless mobility (roaming). It allows to
roam freely from one standard to another, ...
What are drone anti-jamming systems?
The drone anti-jamming systems and anti-spoof technology protect against interference, jamming, and spoofing of the UAVs.
To protect their security, countries are beginning to research drone anti-jamming systems, also known as drone strike weapons. The anti-jam and anti-spoof technology protects against interference, jamming and spoofing. A drone strike weapon is a drone attack weapon that can attack and destroy enemy drones.
So what is so unique about this amazing system?
LPWA - Low power wide area, short for low power wide area technology, using lower power consumption to achieve long-distance wireless signal transmission.
Compared with the familiar low-power Bluetooth (BLE), Zigbee and Wifi technologies, LPWA has a much longer transmission distance, generally at the kilometre level, and its link budget (link budget) can reach 160dBm, while BLE and Zigbee are generally below 100dBm.
Compared with traditional cellular network technologies (2G, 3G), LPWA has lower power consumption, and battery-powered devices can last for several years. Based on these two distinctive features, LPWA can truly enable the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution.
LPWAN - Low power wide area network, i.e. a wireless connection network built with LPWA technology, LPWAN can be connected in various forms.
After reading the Top 14 IoT Trends to Emerge in 2023 article, you will learn about what the 14 IoT Trends will be happening.
What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of connected devices, digital machines, and users with unique identifiers and network transportability that eliminates the need for human-to-human or human-to-machine interaction.
IoT is an important part of the new generation of information technology. Unlike the Internet, the main application objects of IoT are some physical devices, such as vehicles, home appliances, buildings, etc.
By embedding electronic software, sensors and some network connection devices in these physical devices, the exchange of data between devices can be realized, thus establishing a set of interconnected networks.
According to statistics, more than 43 billion devices are currently expected to be connected to the IoT worldwide, which will generate, share, collect and help people use data in a variety of ways.
The 14 most important IoT trends
Here are the 14 most important IoT trends that will change the world in 2023.
The principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT
In this paper, we first analyze the principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT, study the NB-IoT coverage enhancement methods, and compare and analyze the coverage capability of GSM and NB-IoT.
Each cell has a number of carrier frequencies, and each carrier frequency has eight-time slots, which means that eight basic physical channels are provided. In the wireless subsystem, the physical channels support the logical channels, and the physical channels are mapped to different logical channels according to the types of messages transmitted on the physical channels.
NB-IoT WiKi
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a low-power technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications and other low-data rate communication requirements.
It uses narrowband radio spectrum and advanced power management techniques to efficiently utilize the available spectrum and extend the battery life of IoT devices.
NB-IoT is based on LTE cellular wireless technology and has been standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as the global wireless communication standard for IoT applications.
LoRa Alliance Extends LoRaWAN Standard to Support the Internet of Things Applications
The LoRa Alliance Extends LoRaWAN Standard to Support IoT Applications by adding TS013-1.0.0, an application programming interface (API) for application payload decoder-encoders (codecs).
The LoRa Alliance reported it on October 25, 2022. The consortium is the global association supporting the Internet of Things (IoT), Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) open LoRaWAN standard.
Adopting the new TS013-1.0.0 specification will allow device manufacturers and application service providers to reduce deployment complexity. This will make it easier and faster to deploy LoRaWAN devices.
After the read, you will know, what is a private 5G network and how a 5G private network works.
What is a private 5G network?
A private 5G network is a wireless network that uses the 5G mobile networking standard and is owned and operated by a single organization, rather than a commercial telecommunications provider. Private 5G networks are often set up for use by a specific business or organization and can be used to provide secure and reliable wireless connectivity for a variety of applications, such as industrial automation, remote monitoring, and more.
Unlike public 5G networks, which are available to anyone with a compatible device, private 5G networks are typically only accessible to authorized users.
A private 5G network is a local area network (LAN) that uses 5G technology to create a private network with unified connectivity, optimized services, and a secure way of communicating within a specific area.
The concept of a Private Network has been around for a long time. In contrast to public networks, which are primarily intended for the general public, private networks exist primarily to address specific industries/needs. The difference between a public network and a private network is that a public network serves the general public, while a private network serves a specific audience.
This article comprehensively explains low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technology for IoT.
IoT communication technologies are divided into two categories: short-range wireless LAN and low-power wireless WAN (LPWAN), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, etc. are belong to short-range wireless LAN.
LPWAN is mainly used in long-range, low-bandwidth, low-power, and many connection needs of IoT application scenarios, the hottest LoRa in the market in recent years is the most representative technology in LPWAN. LoRa is the most representative technology in LPWAN.
Non-cellular low-power IoT technology solves the problem of large-scale and wide-coverage network connectivity for IoT applications, which makes up for the shortage of traditional cellular technology and promotes the application of IoT and large-scale deployment. Low-power wide-area networks will carry the burden of communication network economies of scale in the future IoT era.
What is wireless 5G LAN?
5G LAN is a LAN built in a 5G network, through which a LAN with mobility can be assembled to meet production and office needs. 5G LAN has the benefit of cross-territory mobility, so even if two people are thousands of miles apart, they can still set up a LAN to achieve Layer 2 and 3 interoperability.
Simply put, 5G LAN uses 5G technology to group and build groups of terminals to form a LAN network. When using 5G cell phones, have you ever noticed that even if you and your friends are close together (even face to face), your phone cannot search each other? You can communicate with each other because the data flow to the carrier or Internet service provider's server around the circle.
What is an internal antenna?
What is an external antenna?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, What are the difference features?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, What are the advantages and disadvantages of the internal and external antenna?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, What are the differences between them?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna in wireless transceiver modules, What are the main antennas used?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, Which signal is better?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna router
Internal antenna vs. external antenna technical requirements
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, how to choose the suitable antenna?
The Yagi Antenna design is one of the most brilliant antenna designs. How to make a 433MHz Yagi antenna design for a long-range? Is it easy to DIY a Yagi antenna?
DIY Yagi antenna design program
Yagi antenna design is mainly based on the gain requirements after selecting the number of antenna elements, determining the length of each element, and the distance between the elements and other parameters.
Here are the 7 steps of the Yagi antenna design program.
55 Different Types of Antennas With Examples Used in Wireless Communication.pdfAntenna Manufacturer Coco
After the read about these 55 different types of antennas, you will learn about the different types of antennas with examples and their use.
As an important part of wireless communication systems, the antenna plays an irreplaceable role. In our life, there are many types of wireless communication requirements, such as long-distance wireless communication, short-distance wireless communication, satellite wireless communication, microwave wireless communication, cell phone wireless communication, point-to-point wireless communication, point-to-face wireless communication, and so on.
Different wireless communications requirements correspond to the use of different types of antenna wireless communication frequency bands, and different wireless communication systems, so it is necessary to use different types of antennas.
The design and selection of different types of antennas are an important part of designing a wireless transceiver for RF systems. A good RF wireless antenna system can make the communication distance the best state. The size of the same type of antenna is proportional to the wavelength of the RF signal. The lower the signal frequency, the larger the antenna needed.
After the read of WiFi vs. Cellular, Is WiFi Better Than Cellular? You will know:
WiFi vs. Cellular, What is the difference between WiFi and cellular?
WiFi vs. Cellular, Is Wi-Fi better than cellular?
WiFi vs. Cellular, What is a cellular network?
WiFi vs. Cellular, What is a Wi-Fi network?
WiFi vs. Cellular applications
5G WiFi vs. cellular 5G, What is the difference between a 5G network and a 5G WiFi?
Which is better, Wifi or mobile data cellular network?
The important differences between WiFi and cellular networks
Apple watch Wifi vs. cellular, What is the difference between cellular and Wi-Fi Apple Watch?
Wifi Ipad vs. cellular, Is Ipad cellular worth it?
Apple watch Wifi vs. cellular, What is the difference between cellular and Wi-Fi Apple Watch?
Wifi vs. cellular data, Which one do you prefer?
After the read, you will know:
What is DTU (Data Transfer unit)?
What is DTU's development history?
What is DTU's working principle?
What is DTU's functional configuration?
What is DTU’s Advantage?
What is DTU's core function?
What is DTU’s extension function?
What is DTU's application?
Application examples of DTU's 7 major industries
What is DTU (Data Transfer unit)?
DTU (Data Transfer unit) is a wireless terminal device specially designed to convert serial data to IP data or convert IP data to serial data for transmission through wireless communication networks. DTU is widely used in meteorology, hydrology and water conservancy, geology, and other industries.
After the read, you will know:
What is a DTU?
What is a DTU’s role?
What is a DTU’s working principle?
What is a DTU product type?
What is a DTU application?
What is the role of 4G DTU?
What is a DTU?
DTU is the abbreviation of Data Terminal Unit (DTU). In a broader sense, the module unit responsible for sending data information at both ends of the transmission link is called DTU, which is responsible for format conversion and data collation, and verification of the transmitted information;
In a narrower sense, DTU generally refers to the lower GSM/UMTS transmitting terminal equipment in wireless communication.
DTU is a kind of wireless terminal equipment specially used to convert serial data into IP data or convert IP data into serial data for transmission through a wireless communication network, which is widely used in meteorology, hydrology and water conservancy, geology, and other industries.
Smart agriculture refers to the use of information technology in farming to intelligently control the whole industrial chain of agricultural production, operation, management, and service, so as to achieve high quality, high efficiency, safety, and controllability of agricultural production. China attaches great importance to the development of smart agriculture, and the development of smart agriculture is the only way to realize modern agriculture.
After the read this What is the Difference Between LTE and Wifi article, you will know:
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network technology;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network coverage capability;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network wireless capacity;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network terminal situation;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network traffic billing;
Etc.
This article talks about Wifi vs LTE technology, what is the difference between Wi-Fi and LTE?
Over the years, the Internet has become increasingly important in our daily lives. Mobile broadband Cellular / LTE and Wi-Fi can be used to access the Internet and perform activities that require a data connection.
This article talks about the 7 common positioning technologies comparison, GPS positioning, Beidou positioning, base station positioning, Bluetooth positioning, WI-FI positioning, UWB positioning, and RFID positioning comparison.
This article is about the 4 positioning technologies: GPS and A-GPS positioning; base station positioning (cell ID positioning): identifying which cell in the network transmits user calls; Wi-Fi AP positioning; and FRID, QR code positioning.
Besides GPS technology and base station positioning technology, what other sensing and positioning technologies are currently available?
The following 9 positioning technologies are used today.
1. GPS and aGPS positioning technology
2. WiFi-AP positioning technology
3. Cell ID positioning technology
4. FRID, QR code positioning technology
5. Bluetooth positioning technology (iBeacon)
6. Acoustic positioning technology
7. Scene recognition positioning technology
8. Geomagnetic field positioning technology
9. Pseudo-satellite positioning technology
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
Mobile networks’ evolution from 1G to 5G.pdf
1. C&T RF Antennas Inc
https://ctrfantennasinc.com/ https://lcantennas.com/ https://pcbantennas.com/
Please Contact us for more information, thank you.
Contact Person: Coco Lu cocolu@ctrfantennas.com (+86)13412239096
Mobile networks’ evolution from 1G to 5G
This article takes you through the mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G.
The long road of mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G.
In the past few years, we have seen the rise of mobile networks. From "1G to 2G, 3G, 4G, and
now 5G", the whole process of mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G has taken about 30
years.
In the past few years, the web has evolved so much that it's hard to compare it to anything else in
this world of web technology. Let's go straight back in time, to 1G where it all began.
1G (First Generation Mobile Technology) of the evolution from 1G to 5G
2. C&T RF Antennas Inc
https://ctrfantennasinc.com/ https://lcantennas.com/ https://pcbantennas.com/
Please Contact us for more information, thank you.
Contact Person: Coco Lu cocolu@ctrfantennas.com (+86)13412239096
1G is the first generation of mobile communication technology, formulated in the 1980s, it is a
cellular wireless telephone system based on analog technology, now an obsolete analog mobile
network, in the history of wireless communications, it took the first chair. 1G analog
communication technology era, 1G wireless system is designed to transmit only voice traffic and
limited by the network capacity. Although coverage was limited and rates were slow,
interpersonal communication has since been freed from fixed telephone lines.
AMPS is a typical representative of 1G networks.
The development of 1G began in 1979. It marketed the first generation of telecommunications
networks, enabling users to communicate on the go. However, as a new technology, it suffered
from low coverage and sound quality problems. In addition, there were no roaming options for
users to use. There was no support between different carriers because each telecom operated a
unique frequency range.
Even large enterprises are not immune to the drawbacks of 1G. Calls are not encrypted, so it is
easy for malicious people to intercept and monitor these calls.
2G (Second Generation Mobile Communication Technology) of the evolution from 1G to 5G
2G is the second generation of cell phone communication technology specification, which
changed the analog communication method and opened the way for digital communication with
digital voice transmission technology as the core.
Compared with the first generation of mobile communication technology, the second generation
of mobile communication has a high degree of confidentiality, and the capacity of the system has
also increased significantly, while more data transmission services than 1G, cell phones can start
to access the Internet from this generation, and the earliest text messaging has also begun.
2G was the first major evolution in this area. It was a shift in the market from analog to digital
radio signals under the GSM standard. Today, it can be considered pre-historic, however, just as
5G is now impressive, 2G marked a milestone in the evolution of technology. It also started
3. C&T RF Antennas Inc
https://ctrfantennasinc.com/ https://lcantennas.com/ https://pcbantennas.com/
Please Contact us for more information, thank you.
Contact Person: Coco Lu cocolu@ctrfantennas.com (+86)13412239096
services such as SMS and MMS.
The 2G era was also the beginning of the battle for mobile communication standards, with GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communication), which started in Europe, coming out on top as the
most widely adopted mobile communication standard.
2G key features
Data speeds approaching 64kbps. secure encryption standards are provided, and audio quality is
significantly clearer during calls. Operates over a bandwidth of 30-200kHz.
In the 2G era, analog communication technology gave way to digital communication technology,
which provides wider signal coverage, better call quality and lower communication prices for cell
phones.
Both these 1 G and 2G technologies featured voice communication. From the 3G era onwards,
everything became different and real communication technology began to mature, data
transmission became the keyword, and the emergence and rapid popularity of smartphones
brought 3G technology to the ground as a result.
3G (Third Generation Mobile Communication Technology) of the evolution from 1G to 5G
With the integration of 2G, we saw the great network development of 3G. 3G is the third
generation of mobile communication technology, which refers to a new generation of the mobile
communication system that combines wireless communication with multimedia communication
such as the international Internet.
It operates under the UMTS standard and retains much of the success of the 2G spectrum. The
new standard is to improve and provide a more reliable experience. But we have to say that for
web browsing, 3G is the first network to give satisfactory results. Although these results cannot
be compared with the current standard.
On January 7, 2009, China entered the 3G era with the issuance of three 3G licenses, TD-SCDMA
for China Mobile, W-CDMA for China Unicom, and WCDMA2000 for China Telecom.
4. C&T RF Antennas Inc
https://ctrfantennasinc.com/ https://lcantennas.com/ https://pcbantennas.com/
Please Contact us for more information, thank you.
Contact Person: Coco Lu cocolu@ctrfantennas.com (+86)13412239096
Under 3G, we have higher bandwidth and more stable transmission, video calls and mass data
transmission are more common, and mobile communication has more diverse applications. The
combination of wireless communications and the Internet has led to the rapid development of
smartphones and tablet PCs, and 3G is seen as the key to a new era of mobile communications.
3G key features
Data speeds approaching 2 Mbps. greater bandwidth and data transfer rates. The ability to send
and receive large email messages. Increased call clarity was achieved by operating at a greater
range over a 15-20 MHz bandwidth.
4G (Fourth Generation Mobile Communication Technology) of the evolution from 1G to 5G
The mobile network changed dramatically in 2009 with the advent of 4G. It utilized key
technologies such as MIMO and OFDM and marked the biggest leap in mobile Internet speed. It
allowed users to finally dive into the smart aspects of the first smartphones on the go. It is worth
noting that initially 4G LTE lacked support for mobile calls, but this was achieved a few years later
with VoLTE.
As we enter the 4G era, there is a trend towards further convergence of global mobile
communication standards. In terms of impact, 4G can be said to be a communication technology
designed specifically for the mobile Internet. Whether in terms of network speed, capacity, and
stability, 4G is a significant improvement over the previous generation of 3G technology and can
meet the requirements of almost all users for wireless services.
The vastly improved communication speed of 4G networks has opened up a new wave of mobile
Internet with the rapid transmission of data such as high-definition images and video.
4G key features
Providing support for interactive multimedia, voice, and video. A 4G phone can now achieve data
speeds of upwards of 20 Mbps while reducing the cost per bit. Improved global scalability of
mobile network coverage. Support for ad hoc and multi-hop networks.
5G (Fifth Generation Mobile Technology) of the evolution from 1G to 5G
5. C&T RF Antennas Inc
https://ctrfantennasinc.com/ https://lcantennas.com/ https://pcbantennas.com/
Please Contact us for more information, thank you.
Contact Person: Coco Lu cocolu@ctrfantennas.com (+86)13412239096
5G is the era of the Internet of Everything. It will be the backbone of IoT technology and other
communication areas. It uses a combination of small cells and beamforming to provide
ultra-high-speed networks with low latency.
4G vs. 5G, what is the difference between 4G and 5G?
5G key features
Delivers faster speeds, up to 10Gbps, more than 10 times faster than 4G performance. Delivering
very low latency, potentially 60-120 times faster than the current 4G latency. Operates over
bandwidths from 30 GHz to 300 GHz.
5G is the fifth generation of mobile communications technology, and 5G networks have three
main features.
High speed, is not just as simple as downloading a super high definition movie in 3 seconds, VR,
6. C&T RF Antennas Inc
https://ctrfantennasinc.com/ https://lcantennas.com/ https://pcbantennas.com/
Please Contact us for more information, thank you.
Contact Person: Coco Lu cocolu@ctrfantennas.com (+86)13412239096
AR, and cloud technologies will be seamlessly connected to life.
High reliability and low latency, millisecond communication latency, so that driverless, remote
surgery is no longer far away.
A Super large number of terminal networks, reaching millions of terminals per square kilometer,
will form a broader and open Internet of things, making it possible for smart homes and smart
cities.
5G is significant for the industry and also marks a new economic revolution. But what really
makes it better than 4G networks is that 4G is here to boost Internet speeds, while 5G is here to
control electronic devices.
Benefits of 5G
Higher transmission speeds (5G is at least 10-100 times faster than 4G LTE) Reduced latency (5G
has 10 times lower latency than 4G) Greater connectivity (5G enables 100 times higher traffic
capacity) Improved energy efficiency (5G networks may consume 10% less energy compared to
existing 4G LTE networks) Better coordination of business processes (with 5G technology,
businesses can more efficiently coordinate work under the device)
The download speed of 5G is already crazy at 1 GB per second, and the most intuitive
manifestation of the speed is that you can download a high-definition movie in a few seconds,
after which it will be involved in various fields, such as smart watches, smart homes, Internet of
Things, driverless, tele-education, telemedicine, and other fields.
With the advent of the 5G era, the cell phone industry will continue to innovate, after all, in the
5G ultra-high-speed and ultra-low latency network capacity support, smartphones will have a
very large space for change, and perhaps in the future can be holographic projection calls, virtual
reality games and other high-tech function can be experienced on the phone.
Disadvantages of 5G
Expensive 5G infrastructure establishment costs
Replacement of existing mobile infrastructure, requiring a large number of base stations and
skilled workers for maintenance.
Uncertainty of success
5G technology is still on training wheels and more testing will need to be done to understand its
viability.
Limited 5G coverage
Millimeter waves in the 5G spectrum have extremely low penetration and cannot penetrate
buildings, trees, walls, etc. without affecting the service.
Currently operating in highly congested radio bands
Many 5G networks are now operating on 6 GHz, which is already crowded with other signals.
Security and privacy concerns
Exponential growth in devices transmitting and accessing high-quality data on the 5G spectrum,
providing more entry points for hackers.
From 1G to 5G, mobile technology has come a long way, with technology maturity and
application breakthroughs complementing each other. Generally speaking, technology precedes
application. Just like when you experience the benefits of 4G, 4G has actually been commercially
7. C&T RF Antennas Inc
https://ctrfantennasinc.com/ https://lcantennas.com/ https://pcbantennas.com/
Please Contact us for more information, thank you.
Contact Person: Coco Lu cocolu@ctrfantennas.com (+86)13412239096
available for some time. Technology gives rise to new applications, which in turn drive technology
to the next level.
Prior to 4G, we barely made use of the high-frequency spectrum. As an important part of 5G, 5G
millimeter waves and low and medium frequencies, which have greater bandwidth, higher speed,
and lower latency, complement each other and are key to achieving the full vision and potential
of 5G.
There is no technology that has only advantages and no disadvantages, the key is to find a better
application scenario. Millimeter wave is no different; it may not be the best choice for some
applications, but it may be the only choice for others.
While various technical challenges continue to emerge, researchers will use a variety of
technologies to solve these challenges. With the evolution from 1G to 5G, we have been solving
problems, and the challenges of commercializing 5G millimeter wave technology will be gradually
overcome.
Besides the Mobile networks’ evolution from 1G to 5G article, you may also be interested in the
below articles.
6 PCB Design Guidelines
What Is LoRaNET?
Zigbee vs. LoRa
What Is The Difference Between Wifi 5 And Wifi 6?
How to Choose the Best Antenna for Lora?