For study purposes only

2. 
History of Canada
Discovery of Canada
 First people in Canada
are the Inuit.
 The first European
people to reach Canada
were Vikings.
 In 1497 the English king
Henry VII sent an Italian
named Jean Cabot

3.  1497 Jean Cabot sails to Newfoundland
 1535 Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) sails into the St Lawrence River
 1603 Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) founds Port Royal
 1608 de Champlain founds Quebec
 1610 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
 1642 The French found Montreal
 1670 The English found the Hudson Bay Company
 1685 The population of New France is about 10,000
 1713 France is forced to recognize Hudson Bay and Newfoundland as British.
They are also forced to cede Nova Scotia.
 1740 The population of New France is about 48,000
 1759 Wolfe captures Quebec
 1760 The British capture Montreal
Timeline: History of
Canada

4. 
 1763 The French are forced to surrender all their territory in Canada to Britain
 1774 The Quebec Act allows French Canadians to keep their own religion and to keep their
own criminal law
 1775 Canada has a population of about 90,000. In November the Americans capture
Montreal.
 1776 The Americans retreat
 1791 The Lawrence River Valley is divided into Upper and Lower Canada
 1791-94 George Vancouver (1757-1798) sails along the west coast of Canada
 1793 Alexander Mackenzie (1755-1820) crosses the continent by land and reaches the
Pacific
 1837 A rebellion takes place in Canada
 1867 The Dominion of Canada is formed
 1870 Manitoba is made a province
 1885 The Canadian Pacific Railway is built
 1896 Gold is discovered in the Klondike region of the Yukon
 1918 Women are given the right to vote in federal elections
 1921 Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman MP in Canada
 1933 During the Depression unemployment in Canada reaches 23%
 1939 Canada declares war on Germany

5. 
 1952 Television begins in Canada
 1993 Kim Campbell is the first woman prime
minister of Canada
 1999 North West Territories is divided into two
and a new territory called Nunavut is created.

7. 
 Canada is a federation of ten provinces
 Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New
Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova
Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec,
and Saskatchewan
 Three Territories
 Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut
 Formally considered a constitutional monarchy
Government

8. 
 Active Volcanoes
 Mount Meager, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and
the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.
 Average winter and summer high temperatures across
Canada vary from region to region
 Daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can
drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills.
 On the East and West coasts, average high temperatures
are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the
coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from
25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some
interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[104]
Geography and Climate

9. 
 Canada is the world's eleventh-largest
economy as of 2015, with a nominal GDP of
approximately US$1.79 trillion.
 Canada is one of the few developed nations that
are net exporters of energy.
 Canada is additionally one of the world's largest
suppliers of agricultural products
 Canada's economic integration with the United
States has increased significantly since World
War II.
Economy

10.  In 2012, Canada spent approximately C$31.3 billion
on domestic research and development, of which
around $7 billion was provided by the federal and
provincial governments.
 Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet
access in the world, with over 33 million users,
equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014
population.[197]
 Canada was the third country to launch a satellite
into space after the USSR and the United States,
with the 1962 Alouette 1 launch.
Science and Technology

11. Demographics
Largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population (2011 Census)
 view
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Name Province Population Name Province Population
Toronto Ontario 5,583,064 London Ontario 474,786
Montreal Quebec 3,824,221 St. Catharines–Niagara Ontario 392,184
Vancouver British Columbia 2,313,328 Halifax Nova Scotia 390,328
Ottawa–Gatineau Ontario–Quebec 1,236,324 Oshawa Ontario 356,177
Calgary Alberta 1,214,839 Victoria British Columbia 344,615
Edmonton Alberta 1,159,869 Windsor Ontario 319,246
Quebec Quebec 765,706 Saskatoon Saskatchewan 260,600
Winnipeg Manitoba 730,018 Regina Saskatchewan 210,556
Hamilton Ontario 721,053 Sherbrooke Quebec 201,890
Kitchener–Cambridge–
Waterloo
Ontario 477,160 St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador 196,966

12. • The 2011 Canadian census counted a total population of
33,476,688, an increase of around 5.9 percent over the
2006 figure.
• Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration
rates in the world,[205] driven mainly by economic
policy and, to a lesser extent family reunification.
• New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such
as Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.

13. 
 According to the 2006 census, the country's
largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian
(accounting for 32% of the population), followed
by English (21%), French(15.8%), Scottish (15.1
%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (4.6%
), Chinese(4.3%), First
Nations (4.0%), Ukrainian (3.9%),
and Dutch (3.3%).
 There are 600 recognized First Nations
governments or bands, encompassing a total of
1,172,790 people.
Ethnicity

14.  Canada's culture draws influences from its
broad range of constituent nationalities, and
policies that promote a "just society" are
constitutionally protected.
 Multiculturalism
 Political values
 -publicly funded health care ,higher
taxation to redistribute wealth, the outlawing
of capital punishment, strong efforts to
eliminate poverty, strict gun control, and the
legalization of same-sex marriage.
Culture

15. 
 Canada has been influenced by British, French,
and aboriginal cultures and traditions.
 During the 20th-century Canadians with
African, Caribbean and Asian nationalities have
added to the Canadian identity and its culture.
 Canada has a well-developed Media Sector.

16. 
 Canada ranked First worldwide in the number of
adults having tertiary education, with 51% of
Canadian adults having attained at least an
undergraduate college or university degree.
 The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7
to 16–18 years,[228] contributing to an adult
literacy rate of 99 percent.
Education

17. 
Curriculum Development
Egerton Ryerson
 founder of Canadian
curriculum development
 Saw state-controlled
schooling as the primary
means of assimilating
"alien" elements.

18. • Curriculum development in Canada has gone from
teaching survival skills, both practical and cultural, to
emphasizing self-fulfillment and standards-based
achievements.
• The primary focus of a curriculum is on what content
should be taught and when it should be taught during the
school or academic year.
• Cultural, linguistic, intellectual, economic, political and
religious — have noticeable impact on new direction.

19. 
 After 1965, a new permissiveness in school curriculum
was manifested by a relaxation of centralized control,
 New knowledge, students' desire for more practical and
more relevant schooling, a larger and more diverse school
population
 Curriculum developers moved to establish bilingual,
multicultural and Aboriginal studies programs, while also
seeking to counter racism and sexism through more
balanced and accurate treatment of minorities and
women in textbooks.
Innovation

20. 
 Special curricula were designed for the estimated 1
million exceptional children.
 Advocacy groups included not only liberal proponents of
"values education" but conservative advocates of
"values schools.“

21. 
 A plethora of new advocacy groups pressed for changes in
the curriculum and directed streams of teaching materials
at classrooms.
 Many cart-before-the-horse reforms hastily introduced
curricular changes without adequate pilot testing and
appropriate support materials and professional
development to ensure a smooth transition.
 By 1980, ministries of education were reverting to
centralization as demands for "accountability" and
“standards” led to restoration, in most provinces, of
previously abandoned province-wide testing.
Advocacy Groups

22. 
 Traditional "three Rs" (reading, writing and arithmetic).
 In 1976, a unique study of Canadian education conducted by
the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) praised the remarkable growth and the
high standards of schooling in Canada.
 Early 1990s, rallying around a call to prepare students for the
21st century, several provinces embarked on large-scale school
reform.
 The perception was that swift action was needed to prepare
our children for the demands of the new knowledge economy.

23. 
 Present educational landscape is more concerned with
standards-based reforms designed to make provinces leaders in
student learning and achievement.
 In Canada, as in other Western nations, this preoccupation is
reinforced by the popular media reporting of international
surveys results such as those administered by the OECD.
 The intended and unintended consequences of this wave of
“standards-based” reform present both opportunities and
challenges for provincial education systems.