Nepal has many globally significant wetland ecosystems that provide ecological, economic, cultural, and recreational value. However, wetlands are being degraded and destroyed by natural succession, pollution, dams, overexploitation, siltation, and population growth. A lack of awareness, effective policy, responsible institutions, and clear ownership has exacerbated these threats. A conservation plan is needed to protect wetlands through stronger national support, protected area management, conservation of unprotected wetlands, and clear institutional roles for wetland governance.
The document discusses fisheries management practices for sustainable fisheries in the Maldives. It covers objectives of fisheries management including sustainable use of fish stocks. Methods of monitoring fish stocks such as tagging and stock assessment are described. Regulations for fisheries management including restrictions on fishing seasons, areas, gear and catch sizes are explained. The fishing industry in the Maldives and importance of fisheries resources are also summarized.
This document discusses fishery resources and their conservation. It defines fishery resources as the biological aggregations used presently or in the future for fishing activities. Fishery resources include both living components like fish, aquatic plants, and microorganisms, as well as non-living aspects of the environment. These resources are important for food, economic and recreational activities. However, overfishing, habitat damage, pollution, and climate change threaten fishery resources. Conservation efforts aim to maintain ecosystem health and sustainability through restricting fishing effort, protecting habitats, reducing pollution, and addressing climate change.
The degradation of Philippine marine life and coastal ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves is outlined. The Philippines has extensive coastline and marine resources but coral reefs have over 70% damage from threats like blast fishing, while mangrove areas have declined sharply from 500,000 hectares to just 117,000 hectares due to activities like aquaculture and development. Specific areas of concern are discussed like the Tubbataha Reef, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that suffered damage when a US naval ship ran aground in the reef in 2013.
Aquaculture is an important sector for Bangladesh's economy and food production, accounting for 5% of GDP and 6% of exports. However, many existing aquaculture practices are unsustainable, as they have led to environmental degradation like destruction of mangroves and wetlands for pond construction, soil acidification, and salinization of land and water. They have also negatively impacted livelihoods by reducing access to resources for local communities. Truly sustainable aquaculture requires practices that do not significantly disrupt ecosystems, are economically viable, and contribute to social well-being. Improving feed sources, closed containment systems, native species selection, and community inclusion can help make aquaculture more environmentally friendly and equitable.
This document provides an overview of integrated coastal zone management and the relevant international, federal, and state players and legislation involved. It discusses how coastal zone management aims to balance environmental, economic, health and human activities where land meets water. Integrated coastal zone management specifically promotes a sustainable and multidisciplinary approach to managing coastal areas. The document then outlines the various international organizations, US federal agencies and legislation, and Puerto Rico state agencies and laws involved in coastal zone planning and regulation.
The document discusses fisheries and aquaculture in Pakistan. It provides information on the types of fishing (marine and inland), main fishing centers, challenges facing the industry, and management of fisheries resources. Fisheries play an important role in Pakistan's economy by providing employment and being a major export industry. However, the sector faces issues like water pollution, overfishing, and lack of infrastructure and knowledge. The government is taking steps to improve exports and sustainable management of fisheries.
The document discusses integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), outlining its key concepts, goals, and principles. ICZM aims to promote sustainable management of coastal areas through a multidisciplinary process involving stakeholders. It seeks to balance environmental, economic, social and other objectives. The document also provides an example case study of Sri Lanka's coastal zone management plan, which addresses issues like erosion, habitat loss, and protection of cultural sites through regulatory measures and public education programs.
The document discusses fisheries management practices for sustainable fisheries in the Maldives. It covers objectives of fisheries management including sustainable use of fish stocks. Methods of monitoring fish stocks such as tagging and stock assessment are described. Regulations for fisheries management including restrictions on fishing seasons, areas, gear and catch sizes are explained. The fishing industry in the Maldives and importance of fisheries resources are also summarized.
This document discusses fishery resources and their conservation. It defines fishery resources as the biological aggregations used presently or in the future for fishing activities. Fishery resources include both living components like fish, aquatic plants, and microorganisms, as well as non-living aspects of the environment. These resources are important for food, economic and recreational activities. However, overfishing, habitat damage, pollution, and climate change threaten fishery resources. Conservation efforts aim to maintain ecosystem health and sustainability through restricting fishing effort, protecting habitats, reducing pollution, and addressing climate change.
The degradation of Philippine marine life and coastal ecosystems like coral reefs and mangroves is outlined. The Philippines has extensive coastline and marine resources but coral reefs have over 70% damage from threats like blast fishing, while mangrove areas have declined sharply from 500,000 hectares to just 117,000 hectares due to activities like aquaculture and development. Specific areas of concern are discussed like the Tubbataha Reef, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that suffered damage when a US naval ship ran aground in the reef in 2013.
Aquaculture is an important sector for Bangladesh's economy and food production, accounting for 5% of GDP and 6% of exports. However, many existing aquaculture practices are unsustainable, as they have led to environmental degradation like destruction of mangroves and wetlands for pond construction, soil acidification, and salinization of land and water. They have also negatively impacted livelihoods by reducing access to resources for local communities. Truly sustainable aquaculture requires practices that do not significantly disrupt ecosystems, are economically viable, and contribute to social well-being. Improving feed sources, closed containment systems, native species selection, and community inclusion can help make aquaculture more environmentally friendly and equitable.
This document provides an overview of integrated coastal zone management and the relevant international, federal, and state players and legislation involved. It discusses how coastal zone management aims to balance environmental, economic, health and human activities where land meets water. Integrated coastal zone management specifically promotes a sustainable and multidisciplinary approach to managing coastal areas. The document then outlines the various international organizations, US federal agencies and legislation, and Puerto Rico state agencies and laws involved in coastal zone planning and regulation.
The document discusses fisheries and aquaculture in Pakistan. It provides information on the types of fishing (marine and inland), main fishing centers, challenges facing the industry, and management of fisheries resources. Fisheries play an important role in Pakistan's economy by providing employment and being a major export industry. However, the sector faces issues like water pollution, overfishing, and lack of infrastructure and knowledge. The government is taking steps to improve exports and sustainable management of fisheries.
The document discusses integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), outlining its key concepts, goals, and principles. ICZM aims to promote sustainable management of coastal areas through a multidisciplinary process involving stakeholders. It seeks to balance environmental, economic, social and other objectives. The document also provides an example case study of Sri Lanka's coastal zone management plan, which addresses issues like erosion, habitat loss, and protection of cultural sites through regulatory measures and public education programs.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladesh : A Seminar Paperihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
Evolution of fisheries sector in BangladeshMD. ZANE ALAM
Bangladesh is a densely populated country of 147 570 km2 with a population of 160
million people. It is fortunate in having an extensive water resource in the form of ponds,
natural depressions (haors and beels ), lakes, canals, rivers and estuaries covering an area
of 47,03,658 ha .
The present per capita annual fish consumption in Bangladesh stands at about 14 kg/year
against a recommended minimum requirement of 18 kg/year; hence, there is still need to
improve fish consumption in the country.
Fisheries in Bangladesh are diverse, there are about 795 native species of fish and shrimp
in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh and 12 exotic species that have been
introduced. In addition, there are 10 species of pearl bearing bivalves, 12 species of
edible tortoise and turtle, 15 species of crab and 3 species of lobster.
This document discusses integrated fisheries management. It begins by outlining the importance of fish and fishing throughout human civilization. Fisheries are described as renewable natural resources that are mobile and provide important sources of nutrition, employment, and economic benefits. However, many fisheries are now overexploited due to factors like overfishing, pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. The document then discusses the need for fisheries management to sustain fishing livelihoods and resources. Approaches to fisheries management include ecosystem-based management, community-based co-management, and establishing marine protected areas. The goal of integrated fisheries management is to balance the biological, economic, and social aspects of fisheries for long-term sustainability.
There are several major threats to marine biodiversity according to the document. These include overexploitation of marine resources through overfishing and recreational fishing, pollution from various sources, habitat destruction through activities like coastal development, and the introduction of invasive species. Climate change is also a growing threat as it can cause rising water temperatures, acidification, and sea level rise. If left unaddressed, these threats will have severe economic, social, and environmental consequences.
Fisheries cooperative societies are formed by fishermen to pool their resources and work together for their mutual benefit. The goals of these cooperatives include reducing costs, increasing returns, and improving members' standards of living. However, many cooperatives fail due to poor planning, lack of benefits provided to members, weak management, and corruption. For cooperatives to succeed, they must be formed through participatory processes, provide clear benefits to members, be efficiently operated, and prevent theft through strong auditing. When these conditions are met, fisheries cooperatives can effectively promote their members' welfare.
Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures for food. It is the principal form of
aquaculture. Worldwide, the most important farmed fish species are carp, tilapia, salmon, and catfish. Satellites can
be used to monitor global fishing practices and check countries' reported data. GIS is a system used to store, analyze,
and manage geospatial data to support natural resource planning and management, including fisheries. In Bangladesh,
GIS is being used as a decision support system for fisheries and aquaculture management.
The document discusses various indigenous technological knowledge practices used by fish farmers in West Bengal, India. It describes techniques for pond construction and maintenance, controlling diseases and parasites, increasing fish production, and harvesting. Some key practices mentioned include using leaves or bamboo poles for shade, applying raw cow dung or cattle urine to increase plankton, and using gunny bags to effectively distribute feed and control argulus. The document provides details on over 20 different indigenous practices and their benefits, which are mostly eco-friendly and economic for small-scale fish farmers. It also notes some limitations to indigenous knowledge practices.
1. Aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic organisms under controlled conditions for commercial purposes. It can help meet protein needs, create jobs, and utilize water and land resources.
2. There are three main culture systems - open, semi-closed, and closed. Open systems use natural environments like cages and ponds. Semi-closed systems use ponds and raceways supplied by natural water sources. Closed systems fully control the environment in tanks.
3. India has many suitable inland water bodies for aquaculture, including ponds, tanks, reservoirs, floodplains, and swamps. Pond aquaculture is a major industry, with productivity increasing from 600-800 kg/ha/yr to
India has rich marine fishery resources due to its long coastline and exclusive economic zone covering over 2 million square kilometers. The marine fish production has increased significantly over time to over 3 million metric tons annually, contributing approximately 40% of India's total fish production. Important fishery resources include varieties of fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, and seaweeds. The west coast accounts for 55% of total landings while the east coast accounts for 45%. Key species landed include oil sardine, Indian mackerel, penaeid prawns, croakers, and cephalopods.
Nursery Pond Management
Objectives:
To obtain required amount of desirable species at desired time at desired price all the year round.
After completing these stages of management the nursery pond is prepared for rearing fry and fingerlings.
The next stage is to select culturable species for stocking in the prepared pond and other management.
If we prepare a good nursery pond we will get a good production .
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
The fisheries sector in Bangladesh includes inland capture fisheries, inland culture fisheries, and marine fisheries. Inland capture fisheries encompass rivers, estuaries, floodplains, and lakes, totaling over 3 million hectares. Inland culture fisheries include over 371,000 hectares of ponds, canals, and shrimp/prawn farms. The marine fisheries have potential for contributing to Bangladesh's economy due to the rich biodiversity of the Bay of Bengal. Over 17 million people rely on fisheries for their livelihoods through fishing, farming, and processing. Aquaculture in particular has grown rapidly and now provides over half of Bangladesh's fish. However, the fisheries
Marine conservation aims to protect ocean ecosystems through planned management to prevent overexploitation of resources. It addresses issues like species loss, habitat degradation, and ecosystem changes. Conservation techniques include marine protected areas with different zones allowing varying human activities. Technologies help protect endangered species and habitats while benefiting fishermen. Notable protected areas include the Great Barrier Reef and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Laws govern conservation internationally and within countries.
Climate change ,adaptation and mitigation in fisheriesSWAGATIKA SAHOO
The document discusses climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. It notes that climate change affects these industries through ocean acidification, changes in sea temperatures and currents, and more extreme weather events. These changes impact fish populations and habitats, causing shifts in distribution and productivity. They also affect fishing and aquaculture operations through changes in costs, productivity and safety. The impacts vary regionally, with tropical areas expected to see larger declines in fish catch potential than temperate regions. Adaptation strategies are needed to help these industries adjust to the changes.
India has a long coastline and large exclusive economic zone with significant marine fisheries potential. Fisheries management responsibilities are shared between central and state governments. The central government ministries of agriculture, commerce, environment and defense play roles, while states have jurisdiction over territorial waters. Management measures include gear restrictions, closed seasons and areas. Overfishing from lack of controls threatens stocks, highlighting the need for sustainable fisheries management.
climate change impact and mitigation measures in Aquatic EcosystemB. BHASKAR
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems and fisheries. Some of the key impacts discussed include:
1) Increasing water temperatures stress aquatic organisms and can cause them to migrate to cooler areas, reducing catch potential. Temperature rise also damages coral reefs.
2) Changing precipitation patterns and more extreme weather events can negatively impact nutrient levels, primary productivity, wetlands and mangroves that fisheries depend on.
3) Ocean acidification makes it difficult for marine organisms like shellfish and corals to form shells, damaging the food web. Rising seas also threaten coastal communities and infrastructure.
1. The document discusses methodologies for collecting data on inland fisheries in India. It outlines the types of data collected, including on fish biology, the fishery, and the environment.
2. It describes the timing and locations of data collection, including at markets, landing centers, and fishing villages. Frame surveys and regular surveys are used to monitor changes.
3. The development of data collection methods in India is summarized, from initial pilot investigations in the 1950s to the establishment of standardized methodology by CIFRI in the 1990s. Water bodies are classified into three groups for stratified sampling approaches.
Marine Resources: Physical and biological resources, marine energyihn FreeStyle Corp.
Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify the main natural resources and their status.
Wetlands provide many important ecological services such as regulating water regimes, sequestering carbon, and serving as biodiversity hotspots. They also help mitigate natural hazards like floods and storms. However, wetlands worldwide are being degraded and lost due to drainage and encroachment. Effective conservation requires public education on the value of wetlands and intergovernmental cooperation under treaties like the Ramsar Convention. The document outlines the types and functions of different wetland ecosystems and their importance for wildlife habitat and plant communities.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladesh : A Seminar Paperihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
Evolution of fisheries sector in BangladeshMD. ZANE ALAM
Bangladesh is a densely populated country of 147 570 km2 with a population of 160
million people. It is fortunate in having an extensive water resource in the form of ponds,
natural depressions (haors and beels ), lakes, canals, rivers and estuaries covering an area
of 47,03,658 ha .
The present per capita annual fish consumption in Bangladesh stands at about 14 kg/year
against a recommended minimum requirement of 18 kg/year; hence, there is still need to
improve fish consumption in the country.
Fisheries in Bangladesh are diverse, there are about 795 native species of fish and shrimp
in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh and 12 exotic species that have been
introduced. In addition, there are 10 species of pearl bearing bivalves, 12 species of
edible tortoise and turtle, 15 species of crab and 3 species of lobster.
This document discusses integrated fisheries management. It begins by outlining the importance of fish and fishing throughout human civilization. Fisheries are described as renewable natural resources that are mobile and provide important sources of nutrition, employment, and economic benefits. However, many fisheries are now overexploited due to factors like overfishing, pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. The document then discusses the need for fisheries management to sustain fishing livelihoods and resources. Approaches to fisheries management include ecosystem-based management, community-based co-management, and establishing marine protected areas. The goal of integrated fisheries management is to balance the biological, economic, and social aspects of fisheries for long-term sustainability.
There are several major threats to marine biodiversity according to the document. These include overexploitation of marine resources through overfishing and recreational fishing, pollution from various sources, habitat destruction through activities like coastal development, and the introduction of invasive species. Climate change is also a growing threat as it can cause rising water temperatures, acidification, and sea level rise. If left unaddressed, these threats will have severe economic, social, and environmental consequences.
Fisheries cooperative societies are formed by fishermen to pool their resources and work together for their mutual benefit. The goals of these cooperatives include reducing costs, increasing returns, and improving members' standards of living. However, many cooperatives fail due to poor planning, lack of benefits provided to members, weak management, and corruption. For cooperatives to succeed, they must be formed through participatory processes, provide clear benefits to members, be efficiently operated, and prevent theft through strong auditing. When these conditions are met, fisheries cooperatives can effectively promote their members' welfare.
Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures for food. It is the principal form of
aquaculture. Worldwide, the most important farmed fish species are carp, tilapia, salmon, and catfish. Satellites can
be used to monitor global fishing practices and check countries' reported data. GIS is a system used to store, analyze,
and manage geospatial data to support natural resource planning and management, including fisheries. In Bangladesh,
GIS is being used as a decision support system for fisheries and aquaculture management.
The document discusses various indigenous technological knowledge practices used by fish farmers in West Bengal, India. It describes techniques for pond construction and maintenance, controlling diseases and parasites, increasing fish production, and harvesting. Some key practices mentioned include using leaves or bamboo poles for shade, applying raw cow dung or cattle urine to increase plankton, and using gunny bags to effectively distribute feed and control argulus. The document provides details on over 20 different indigenous practices and their benefits, which are mostly eco-friendly and economic for small-scale fish farmers. It also notes some limitations to indigenous knowledge practices.
1. Aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic organisms under controlled conditions for commercial purposes. It can help meet protein needs, create jobs, and utilize water and land resources.
2. There are three main culture systems - open, semi-closed, and closed. Open systems use natural environments like cages and ponds. Semi-closed systems use ponds and raceways supplied by natural water sources. Closed systems fully control the environment in tanks.
3. India has many suitable inland water bodies for aquaculture, including ponds, tanks, reservoirs, floodplains, and swamps. Pond aquaculture is a major industry, with productivity increasing from 600-800 kg/ha/yr to
India has rich marine fishery resources due to its long coastline and exclusive economic zone covering over 2 million square kilometers. The marine fish production has increased significantly over time to over 3 million metric tons annually, contributing approximately 40% of India's total fish production. Important fishery resources include varieties of fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, and seaweeds. The west coast accounts for 55% of total landings while the east coast accounts for 45%. Key species landed include oil sardine, Indian mackerel, penaeid prawns, croakers, and cephalopods.
Nursery Pond Management
Objectives:
To obtain required amount of desirable species at desired time at desired price all the year round.
After completing these stages of management the nursery pond is prepared for rearing fry and fingerlings.
The next stage is to select culturable species for stocking in the prepared pond and other management.
If we prepare a good nursery pond we will get a good production .
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
The fisheries sector in Bangladesh includes inland capture fisheries, inland culture fisheries, and marine fisheries. Inland capture fisheries encompass rivers, estuaries, floodplains, and lakes, totaling over 3 million hectares. Inland culture fisheries include over 371,000 hectares of ponds, canals, and shrimp/prawn farms. The marine fisheries have potential for contributing to Bangladesh's economy due to the rich biodiversity of the Bay of Bengal. Over 17 million people rely on fisheries for their livelihoods through fishing, farming, and processing. Aquaculture in particular has grown rapidly and now provides over half of Bangladesh's fish. However, the fisheries
Marine conservation aims to protect ocean ecosystems through planned management to prevent overexploitation of resources. It addresses issues like species loss, habitat degradation, and ecosystem changes. Conservation techniques include marine protected areas with different zones allowing varying human activities. Technologies help protect endangered species and habitats while benefiting fishermen. Notable protected areas include the Great Barrier Reef and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Laws govern conservation internationally and within countries.
Climate change ,adaptation and mitigation in fisheriesSWAGATIKA SAHOO
The document discusses climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. It notes that climate change affects these industries through ocean acidification, changes in sea temperatures and currents, and more extreme weather events. These changes impact fish populations and habitats, causing shifts in distribution and productivity. They also affect fishing and aquaculture operations through changes in costs, productivity and safety. The impacts vary regionally, with tropical areas expected to see larger declines in fish catch potential than temperate regions. Adaptation strategies are needed to help these industries adjust to the changes.
India has a long coastline and large exclusive economic zone with significant marine fisheries potential. Fisheries management responsibilities are shared between central and state governments. The central government ministries of agriculture, commerce, environment and defense play roles, while states have jurisdiction over territorial waters. Management measures include gear restrictions, closed seasons and areas. Overfishing from lack of controls threatens stocks, highlighting the need for sustainable fisheries management.
climate change impact and mitigation measures in Aquatic EcosystemB. BHASKAR
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems and fisheries. Some of the key impacts discussed include:
1) Increasing water temperatures stress aquatic organisms and can cause them to migrate to cooler areas, reducing catch potential. Temperature rise also damages coral reefs.
2) Changing precipitation patterns and more extreme weather events can negatively impact nutrient levels, primary productivity, wetlands and mangroves that fisheries depend on.
3) Ocean acidification makes it difficult for marine organisms like shellfish and corals to form shells, damaging the food web. Rising seas also threaten coastal communities and infrastructure.
1. The document discusses methodologies for collecting data on inland fisheries in India. It outlines the types of data collected, including on fish biology, the fishery, and the environment.
2. It describes the timing and locations of data collection, including at markets, landing centers, and fishing villages. Frame surveys and regular surveys are used to monitor changes.
3. The development of data collection methods in India is summarized, from initial pilot investigations in the 1950s to the establishment of standardized methodology by CIFRI in the 1990s. Water bodies are classified into three groups for stratified sampling approaches.
Marine Resources: Physical and biological resources, marine energyihn FreeStyle Corp.
Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify the main natural resources and their status.
Wetlands provide many important ecological services such as regulating water regimes, sequestering carbon, and serving as biodiversity hotspots. They also help mitigate natural hazards like floods and storms. However, wetlands worldwide are being degraded and lost due to drainage and encroachment. Effective conservation requires public education on the value of wetlands and intergovernmental cooperation under treaties like the Ramsar Convention. The document outlines the types and functions of different wetland ecosystems and their importance for wildlife habitat and plant communities.
Climate change is negatively impacting wetlands and the birds that depend on them for habitat. [1] Wetlands are becoming degraded due to changes in precipitation and temperature. [2] Birds use wetlands for breeding and rely on their physical and biological attributes, but climate change is altering these habitats. [3] A case study from Nepal found that temperatures have increased 0.41°C per decade and precipitation has become more variable, negatively impacting wetland birds through changes to their food availability, water resources, living space, and increased invasive species.
Inventory of Wetlands Fowls by Sana HaroonSana_haroon
This document discusses wetlands, including definitions, classifications, and inventories of wetlands in Pakistan. Some key points:
- Wetlands are areas of land that are covered by water and include marshes, ponds, lakes, rivers, and human-made areas like fish farms.
- Pakistan has over 225 inventoried wetlands located across four major complexes. Several wetlands in Sindh province are recognized internationally under the Ramsar Convention.
- Wetlands provide important benefits and ecosystem services like flood control, water filtration, food sources, habitat, and recreation. Maintaining accurate inventories of wetlands can help with conservation and management efforts.
This document outlines the objectives, key findings, and recommendations of a study on wetlands in Bangladesh. The study aimed to understand the biophysical characteristics and importance of wetlands, examine management practices and issues, and recommend solutions. It found that wetlands cover about 11% of Bangladesh and provide important ecosystem services like water purification and fisheries. However, they face threats from overexploitation, pollution, and development. The document recommends preserving wetlands, restoring degraded areas, bringing all under sustainable management, and limiting resource use to protect breeding wildlife.
The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol12, Jun.2011 .docxoreo10
The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011 Review Paper
140
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN WETLAND CONSERVATION IN NEPAL
Utsala Shrestha MSc (Ag)1
ABSTRACT
Community participation plays vital role in the development of capacity for the
management and utilization of their resources in sustainable way. There are ample success
stories for proper management of common property resources through community
management. Wetland resources are widely used by the local communities for their
sustenance and economic well-being. In such case, local participation is effective tool for
establishing an ecologically balanced use of available land and water resources. The
participation of the wetland users is crucial for extenuating the problems related to
wetland. This paper includes some ideas about community participation and role of local
people in wetland conservation and management, reason for conservation of wetland
sites, wetland policy based on local participation, and approaches for ensuring
participation in wetland conservation programs.
Key words: Community participation, wetland conservation, and wetland policy
INTRODUCTION
Wetlands of Nepal have economic, ecological, aesthetic, socio-cultural and religious values.
They provide habitats for several species of wildlife and lie within various ecosystems of
high-mountains and lowland plains. These wetlands are important ecosystems and utilized
for the benefits of humankind. Rice cultivation, fishing and collection of wetland products
are basic activities performed by local people. Likewise rendering ferry service, cattail
technology, craft manufacturing and weaving are other such income generating activities of
wetland dependent people. However, adverse effects remark in many cases: many rural
communities have poor knowledge on sustainable utilization and more often conflicts arise
for the use of wetland resources.
Wetlands are crucial for their rich biodiversity (32 species of mammals, 461 species of
birds, 9 species of turtle, 20 species of snake and 28 species of fish- in Terai) and also for
maintaining various sources of underground water, preventing lands slides and controlling
the loss of nutrients. Religiously, lakes and rivers are important for many festivals such as
the Chhat festival in the eastern and central Terai. Furthermore, people living near Koshi
river system (Barahachetra), Narayani river system (Devghat) and Karnali River consider the
Gangetic Dolphin as a deity and as reincarnation of god (IUCN, 2004). Since the sustainable
utilization and the conservation of wetland resources depend on the degree of involvement
of local communities, it is important to prioritize programs of bringing user groups together
for conservation. Most of the wetlands of Nepal are under threatened conditions, as they
have been exploiting the resources indiscriminately without considering its impact.
The possible way of uti ...
This document discusses community participation in wetlands conservation in Himachal Pradesh, India. It provides background on high altitude wetlands and their importance. Key points include:
- High altitude wetlands provide important ecosystem services and support biodiversity but are threatened by increasing tourism and other human activities.
- Case studies show initiatives for wetlands conservation through capacity building of local communities, awareness programs, limiting access and waste management that have helped protect sites like Manimahesh and Chandertal lakes.
- Conservation measures include involving the local population and Indian Army for monitoring and enforcement, as well as publications and initiatives to educate visitors on protecting these fragile ecosystems.
Eco Systems and their relation with tourismamitiittmgwl
The document discusses various ecosystems and their importance for tourism, including wetlands, coral reefs, and mangroves. It notes that wetlands provide important ecological functions and that their management requires a multidisciplinary perspective. Coral reefs are described as highly diverse ecosystems that are home to 25% of marine fish species but are severely threatened by pollution, climate change, and other human impacts. Mangroves are introduced as coastal forests adapted to tidal conditions that provide habitat for many species.
This document discusses coastal zone management in India. It notes that India has over 8,100 km of coastline and that coastal zones are important ecologically and economically. The document then discusses threats to coastal zones like pollution, urbanization, and population growth. It outlines India's Coastal Regulation Zone notification which aims to protect coastal areas and categorizes different coastal zones. The notification prohibits or regulates certain activities in coastal areas. Overall, the document provides an overview of India's coastal zones and the legal framework around managing these important areas.
Status and strategies for wetland management in Bangladesh- Arifuzzaman arifMd. Arifuzzaman Arif
Wetlands cover about 50% of Bangladesh's landmass but recent estimates show they make up around 11% of the total area. Wetlands are important for ecological functions like water purification, flood control, and providing habitat. However, wetlands face threats from degradation, overharvesting, and mismanagement. The government of Bangladesh has taken several initiatives to protect wetlands, including forming a Ministry of Environment and Forest, joining the Ramsar Convention, and implementing community-based management projects. Successful strategies involve mapping wetlands, protecting critical areas, addressing issues through participatory planning, promoting conservation and development, and passing supporting legislation.
Wetlands are important ecosystems that provide many economic and ecological benefits. They were once viewed negatively but that changed as people recognized their value. Wetlands are defined based on hydrology, hydric soils, and hydrophytic vegetation. Malaysia has many important wetland areas, mainly mangroves, that protect the coastline and support biodiversity and local communities.
Wetlands are one of the most multifunctional ecosystems of the world that provide a range of economical, biological, ecological, social, and cultural functions and services to human beings. In Ethiopia all types of wetlands except coastal and marine-related wetlands and extensive swamp-forest complexes are found and they are estimated to cover more than 2% of its total surface area coverage. Wetlands deliver a wide range of ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being such as food
and feed, construction materials,
ABSTRACT- Floristic inventory and diversity assessment are necessary to understand the present diversity status of the conservation of biodiversity. Shorelines are one of the most rapidly changing places on the Earth. The Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) is a semi-enclosed coastal indentation with predominance of mangrove ecosystems, coral reefs, associated rich marine diversity and coastal terrestrial vegetation. Halophytes are flowering plants, which are naturally found in saline habitats such as coastal swamps, coastal dunes, inland salt flats etc. Present works reveals the diversity of halophytes in GoK. Total 27 halophytes were encountered from 13 coastal talukas and islands of GoK. Islands of GoK, and Bhachau taluka are the area with highest diversity in GoK. In the present study α diversity (Shannon diversity index, Simpson's Index, species richness, evenness index) of the halophyte community was studied. From the study of biodiversity it was observed that highest species diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity H’) was observed in Jamnagar district and its islands whereas species richness index (d) was highest in Devbhumi Dwarka district and its islands. Evenness index (e) was highest (0.528) in Morbi district.
Key-words- Halophytes, Gulf of Kachchh, α-Diversity, Saline habitats
The document analyzes the loss of tidal wetlands in New York from 1880 to 2000 based on a study by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, finding a 48% loss from the 1880s to 2000 and an additional 19% loss from 1970 to present despite protective legislation passed in the 1970s, indicating wetland decline continues to be a problem. It discusses how wetlands provide important ecosystem services like habitat for marine organisms and nutrient cycling. The main cause of ongoing wetland loss is increased amounts of open water on marsh surfaces due to excess nitrogen leading to the wetland's demise, though laws in the 1970s aimed to protect from draining and filling wet
Remote Sensing And GIS Application In Wetland MappingSwetha A
This document discusses remote sensing and GIS applications for wetland mapping. It begins by defining wetlands and describing some of the largest in the world. The three main criteria for identifying wetlands - hydric soils, hydrophytic vegetation, and hydrology - are introduced. Remote sensing data, including IRS P6 LISS III imagery, is used to map wetlands in Karnataka, India. Indices like NDWI, MNDWI, NDVI, and NDPI are calculated from the multi-spectral bands to identify wetland areas. GIS is then used to analyze and interpret the remote sensing data spatially and temporally. Final maps are produced showing the distribution and types of wetlands identified in India and specifically
Pasi_Wetlands manual-- a new-old green infrastrutureNidhi Pasi, PhD
Wetlands play an important role in the environment by providing hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological functions and values. They store flood waters, recharge groundwater, filter pollutants, retain sediments, cycle nutrients, and support biodiversity. This document discusses wetland types, hydrology, functions, and potential uses of restored and constructed wetlands for water quality treatment in rural and urban settings.
Why Must Palawan Be A NO-GO ZONE For Mining - Save Palawan Movement Ms Gina L...No to mining in Palawan
Why Must Palawan Be A NO-GO ZONE For Mining
Presented by: Atty. Grizelda “Gerthie” Mayo-Anda
Founding Executive Director, Environmental Legal Assistance Center (ELAC)
Trustee Member, Palawan NGO Network, Inc. (PNNI)
Convenor, Bantay Mina-PNNI
IRJET- Hydrogeochemistry and Environmental Implication of Periyar River S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the hydrogeochemistry and environmental implications of the Periyar River in southern Western Ghats, India after severe flooding in 2018. The study analyzed water and soil samples from different areas in the Periyar River basin to understand changes caused by the flood. Water samples were tested for various chemical parameters and compared to WHO and BIS standards. Soil samples were analyzed to determine Loss on Ignition (LOI) and composition through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The results provide insight into the current water quality and soil composition/properties in the river basin following major flooding.
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The document discusses applications of DNA technology including the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project was a 13-year international project completed in 2003 that mapped and sequenced the entire human genome. Its goals were to identify all human genes, determine the sequence of DNA's 3 billion base pairs, store this information in databases, improve analysis tools, and address ethical issues arising from the research. The project used genetic mapping, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing approaches.
This document provides a summary of Nepal's State of the Environment Report from 2000. Some key points:
- Population growth and unsustainable use of natural resources have contributed to major environmental problems like land degradation, deforestation, and pollution.
- Only 30% of the population has access to piped water and only 7% has sanitation facilities. Water quality is degrading.
- Forest cover has declined significantly though community forestry programs have helped. Biodiversity faces threats from habitat loss.
- Solid waste is a major problem in cities and hazardous waste disposal needs improvement. Air pollution, especially from vehicles, is a concern in urban areas.
- Agriculture has increased but yields remain
New Record Of Fleshy Fungi From Khumbu Region, Nepalkiran
1) A new species of fleshy fungi, Pulverboletus ravenelii, was recently collected in Ghat, Nepal at an altitude of 2604 meters.
2) P. ravenelii is classified in the class Basidiomycetes and was found growing under coniferous forest dominated by Pinus wallichiana.
3) This represents the first record of P. ravenelii in Nepal.
This document discusses lichens and their use as bioindicators of environmental quality. Some key points:
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Floral Diversity In Wetlands Of Nepal In Terai Region Of Nepalkiran
This article provides an overview of floral diversity in the wetlands of Nepal's Terai region. It finds that the Terai contains 720 species of vascular plants, including 23 pteridophytes, 2 gymnosperms, 469 dicots and 226 monocots. The Koshi Tappu and Ghodaghodi wetlands contain 670 and 473 species respectively. Many plant species in the Terai wetlands are economically important or endemic. However, the wetlands face threats from habitat loss and invasive alien species.
This document describes 36 taxa of desmids belonging to 7 genera that were identified from Bees-hazaar Lake in Chitwan, Nepal. Eleven of the taxa are reported for the first time in Nepal. The desmids were collected from five sites around the lake from June to September 2007. The taxa identified, their morphological characteristics, and known distributions are described. This work contributes to expanding the knowledge of desmid diversity in Nepal.
Wild edible fungi collection contributes significantly to livelihoods in rural Nepal and neighboring countries. In Nepal, morels are the main exported fungi, though over 50 species are consumed locally. Neighboring countries like China and Tibet rely heavily on fungi collection for rural incomes. While Nepal has potential to increase exports and domestic trade of other fungi, quality control, training, and sustainable management practices need to be established first to fully realize economic benefits and ensure resource protection.
Andrewsianthus ferrugineus is an endangered species of liverwort endemic to the Himalayas. It grows on tree trunks and rocks in alpine forests and scrublands between 2440-4075 meters in Central Nepal, East Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. The small red-brown plant is dioecious with fragile leafy stems and lobed leaves. Its habitat in the alpine region is threatened by overgrazing, forest clearing, burning, and fuel wood collection.
A Comparison Of Species Rchness Of Bryophytes In Nepal, Central Nepalkiran
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Genetic engineering involves isolating and moving genes within and between species using recombinant DNA techniques. This involves using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences, and DNA ligase to join DNA fragments. Genes can be cloned by inserting DNA fragments into plasmids or viruses, which are then used to transform host cells. The transformed cells are cultured to produce multiple copies of the gene of interest. Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry such as producing therapeutic proteins, engineering pest-resistant crops, and creating transgenic organisms.
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The document discusses applications of DNA technology including the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project was a 13-year international project completed in 2003 that mapped and sequenced the entire human genome. Its goals were to identify all human genes, determine the sequence of DNA's 3 billion base pairs, store this information in databases, improve analysis tools, and address ethical issues arising from the research. The project used genetic mapping, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing approaches.
1. Nepal’s Wetlands: A Conservation Plan for Action
Sameer Karki and Parveen Kumar Chhetri
Abstract
Nepal has several wetland ecosystems of global significance and about 0.731 million ha of land
in Nepal is covered by wetlands, including water bodies, of different sizes and characteristics.
They are very important in terms of their ecological, economic, cultural and recreational values.
Natural and anthropogenic are the two factors which are threatening Nepalese wetlands. The
reasons for the loss of wetlands habitat are lack of awareness among people, planners and
policy makers, lack of an effective wetland policy, lack of responsible institutions and multiple
ownership of wetlands. So properly formulated conservation plan can help in restoration of
degrading wetlands of Nepal.
Keywords: wetland, ecosystems, awareness, wetland policy, conservation.
Introduction
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of
the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing
season. Water saturation largely determines how the soil develops and the types of plant and
animal communities living in and on the soil. Wetlands may support both aquatic and terrestrial
species. The prolonged presence of water creates conditions that favor the growth of specially
adapted plants and promote the development of characteristic wetlands soils. Wetlands vary
widely because of regional and local differences in soils, topography, climate, hydrology, water
chemistry, vegetation, and other factors, including human disturbance. Indeed, wetlands are
found from the tundra to the tropics and on every continent except Antarctica. Two general
categories of wetlands are recognized: coastal or tidal wetlands and inland or non-tidal
wetlands. Many of these wetlands are seasonal (they are dry one or more seasons every year),
and, particularly in the arid and semiarid West, may be wet only periodically. The quantity of
water present and the timing of its presence in part determine the functions of a wetland and its
role in the environment.
Status of Nepal wetlands
Wetlands in Nepali are called simsar-derived from the Persian word “sih”, which means low-
grade land not suitable for cultivation and the Sanskrit “sar” for water. Nepal has several
wetland ecosystems of global significance, including 20 of 27 globally recognized freshwater
wetland types. About 0.731 million ha of land in Nepal is covered by wetlands, including water
bodies, of different sizes and characteristics (Bhandari, Shrestha and McEachern, 1994).
Wetlands are highly fertile and productive ecosystems. Nepal's wetlands can be divided into five
categories.
o The trans-Himalayan wetlands comprising of lakes such as Rara, Tilicho and
Phoksundo.
o The relatively shallow midland-mountain wetlands lakes such as Phewa, Begnas
and Mai Pokhari.
o The lowland-tropical wetlands which are seasonally flooded riverine flood
plains, including Koshi Tappu.
o The human managed wetlands such as ponds, rice fields, ghols, etc.
o Artificial wetlands such as reservoirs, irrigation canals and sewage ponds.
Altogether Nepal have 2323 high mountain glacial lakes (ICIMOD, 2002), 6000 rivers and
rivulets (WECS, 2002), over 80 freshwater lakes/ponds in mid hills, 163 Terai wetlands which
includes floods plains, lakes and ponds, marshes, reservoir etc (IUCN 1998).
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2. Table 1. Number of Wetland Sites in Nepal
DEVELOPMENT REGION NUMBER OF SITES (%) TOTAL (%)
Terai Hills and Mountains
Eastern 18 (7.4) 24 (9.9) 42 (17.4)
Central 37 (15.3) 15 (6.2) 52 (21.5)
Western 34 (14.4) 16 (6.6) 50 (20.7)
Mid-western 12 (5.0) 22 (9.1) 34 (14.0)
Far-western 62 (25.6) 2 (0.8) 64 (26.4)
Total 163 (67.4) 79 (32.6) 242 (100.0)
Source: IUCN-Nepal (1996)
Significance of Wetlands
Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. They are very important in
terms of their ecological, economic, cultural and recreational values. These ecosystems support
a wide variety of plants and animals of economic value, which provide a wide range of goods
and services as well as income-generating opportunities. Wetlands are also one of the most
threatened habitats because of their vulnerability and attractiveness for development (Hollis et
al. 1988). Wetlands in Nepal are rich in biological diversity and are known to regularly support
more than 20,000 waterfowl during the peak period between December-February. In Nepal,
wetlands provide a habitat to over 180 species of fishes and a number of water-dependent birds
and other animals. About 190 bird species are considered water-dependent, of which 90 species
are migrants, 66 species are residential, while the remaining 34 bird species are uncommon and
rare resident species (Manandhar and Shrestha, 1994). Of the 370 species of mammals, birds,
reptiles, fish and higher vertebrates dependent on wetland habitats, about 100 species are
estimated to be threatened, while the Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica) and gharials
(Gavialis gangeticus) are considered vulnerable (Shrestha, 1995). Wetlands are also rich in
aquatic angiosperms. They provide food for human beings, fodder for wild animals and
ungulates, and feed for bird species. In Nepal several legislation, policy and plan are exists
which protect these valuable wetlands and water resources.
Wetland’s related Legislation in Nepal
The Aquatic Life Protection Act 1961 is one of Nepal's oldest pieces of legislation indicating
the early recognition of wetlands and aquatic life values. It restricts the introduction of poison
and explosive substances in water bodies for any type of use, but this Act remains ineffective as
nobody has been prosecuted for violating the Act. It does not specify an agency to administer or
enforce the Act.
Much of the legislation concerning protected areas is irrelevant to wetland habitats. The
National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act 1973 provides a legal basis for Nepal's
conservation program. The national park and wildlife program were initiated in 1974 to control
hunting and restrict wild animal trade in accordance with the Convention on International Trade
in Endangered Species (CITES) of wild flora and fauna, of which Nepal is a signatory.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 1982 Ensure soil conservation through land use
regulation. According to this Act, the government is to construct and maintain dams,
embankments, terrace improvements, diversion channels, and retaining walls as well as protect
vegetation in landslide-prone areas.
Nepal is signatory to CBD, CITES and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
(the Ramsar Convention) in 1978.
Water Resources Act, 1992 Promote environment assessment, water quality standard, and
avoid significant impacts on local environment in the course of water use. This Act is a public
trust doctrine. It strives to prevent environmental damage to wetlands, lakes and rivers through
environmental impact assessment studies.
Environment Protection Act, 1996 and Environment Protection Rule 1997 Maintain clean
and healthy environment and contribute to sustainable development.
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3. The Water Resources Strategy 2002 sets guidelines for the sustainable use of water, and is
a landmark for Nepal by being the first policy document related to water resources that
acknowledges environmental conservation and ecosystem maintenance as a priority during
water resource planning. In spite of these acts, policies and plans wetlands of Nepal are
degrading day by day and some of the major threats to Nepalese wetlands are discussed below.
Threats to Nepalese Wetlands
Natural and anthropogenic are the two factors which are threatening Nepalese wetlands.
Succession- everything in nature is subject to a process of succession. Wetlands are also
subject to this succession; as autochthonous organic matter accumulates and fills up the basin,
the vegetation changes gradually from one dominated by herbs to that comprising woody
species and also in-flowing sediments may alter the water regimes and turn the wetlands slowly
into dry uplands. Vegetative succession in the wetlands poses weed infestation. Many wetlands
are being invaded by weeds and shrubs such as Ecihhornia crasspies, Aeschynomene sps,
Ipomoea sp etc.
Pollution is a very common problem in wetlands. The sites area being polluted from domestic
sewage, industrial effluents, pesticides and fertilizer. Industrial waste disposal, though a serious
problem is being easily ignored. For example Bhrikuti Paper and Pulp industries at Gaindakot,
Nawalparasi, directly dispose their chemicals into the Narayani, which is toxic to aquatic life.
Dam construction has also posed serious threats to the biodiversity maintenance. This
problem can be observed in dam site at Karnali River. The Gangetic dolphin in Karnali River
easily crosses the dam to India in the down stream. But due to dam, the gone dolphins are
unable to return to the upstream. Overfishing, overgrazing, over water harvesting and
harvesting of plants materials like any other human activities pose threats to the wetlands
resources.
Siltation is major threat to the wetlands. Siltation effects result in downstream due to
deforestation in upstream and also due to erosion prone cultivation practice.
Lack of awareness among people, planners and policy makers, lack of an effective wetland
policy, lack of responsible institutions and multiple ownership of wetlands leads in to
degradation of wetlands of Nepal.
The alarming level of groundwater extraction directly affects the health of our wetlands.
Kathmandu’s deep aquifer has dropped from 9m to 68m below the surface within the past
decade. It has been estimated that total sustainable withdrawal of groundwater from the
Valley’s aquifer is approximately 26.3 MLD while current withdrawals total about 58.6 MLD
(ICIMOD/UNEP/MoEST, 2007). More importantly, the discourse over water resources must
include their crucial importance to livelihoods, especially the livelihoods of the marginalized
wetland dependent communities in Nepal.
Population pressure- wetlands are increasingly threatened by a spreading population most of
whom depend on agriculture for livelihood. Wetlands are often drained or reclaimed for
agriculture, industrial and urban use, particularly in the more developed central region of the
country. The modification of land-use is particularly noticeable in the Terai where migrants have
pushed population growth rates up to nearly 4 percent in areas like Kailali. This poses a serious
problem because the Terai also has the greatest diversity of wetlands-the Kosi Tappu Wildlife
Reserve alone has 17 wetland types. Of 163 Terai wetland sites inventoried by the IUCN in
1998, 43 percent had suffered some degree of drainage.
Inappropriate wetland management often results in increased fragmentation of wetlands
and forests, reducing previously extensive populations of mammals and large reptiles into
genetically isolated sub-populations, many of which are now at risk.
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4. Climate change and its impacts on wetlands in Nepal currently poorly understood. Climate
change has direct impact on water resource and species and indirect impacts due to water
demands from people.
So, Nepalese wetlands are in verge of extinction, timely and properly generated conservation
plan can save them from being history.
Conservation Plan for Action - guide to sustainable use of Nepalese wetlands
Conservation Plan for Action in Nepal requires-
1. National policy and legal support
Nepal has always recognized the value of protecting its natural resources from the beginning of
th
the 8 plan period (1992-1997) environment issues have been consistency induced in Nepal’s
socioeconomic development plans. Although the government has accorded a high priority to
resolving environment problems and has formulated comprehensive sets of policies, plans and
programs, their effectiveness has been below expectations.
Policy like Nepal Biodiversity Strategy 2002, Nepal Wetland Policy 2003 etc exists for wetland
conservation but due to resources constrains, they are limited within wetlands of protected
area. High mountains 1144 glacial lake, 21 of 163 of Terai wetlands are under protected area.
Among them important are Rara lake (Nepal’s biggest lake), Koshi Tappu, Beeshazari Tal
(Ramsar site) etc. Government and I/NGOs programmes are focused on these few advertised
wetlands. There are many important wetlands exists within and outside protected area. They
must be identified and categorized under community conservation area/ district conservation
area etc.
2. Effective implementation of protected area and buffer zone plans
Implementation of wetland conservation plan of protected area and buffer zone are lacking due
to resources constrains. Mismanagement, over extraction of resources, invasive species,
pollutions etc of wetlands situated outside protected area are affecting wetlands of protected
area and buffer zone as these problems are transboundary. Above listed problems can be
solved by suitable financing mechanism of institute and sustainable management of wetlands
outside protected area.
3. Conservation of wetlands for biodiversity conservation and livelihoods outside
protected area and buffer zone
Many wetlands outside are under various forms of management like Koshi Barrage area
(International), fish ponds of Kailali districts (Private lease), wetlands inside community forest
(User groups), Indrasarowar (National government managed). But biodiversity conservation is
not well integrated by management entities. So awareness and capacity building of such
management authorities must be done by focusing on wetland sites of importance. But it should
be also realized not all can be managed for primarily biodiversity conservation objective.
However, we should have minimum criteria, such as not converting to other land use, pollution
prevention, not introduction of invasive species and equitable use of water and other resources.
4. Institutional Arrangement for Wetlands Conservation
National Ramsar Authority, Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation are the
institution working for wetlands inside protected area and buffer zones. They have on authority
to work outside protected area and buffer zone. So policy, plan etc must be revived to increases
their involvement in wetlands conservation out side protected area. District Development
Committee and Village Development Committee must be sensitized for their involvement in
wetland conservation. Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management may be the
one of line agency for management and conservation of wetland outside protected area.
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5. Conclusion
Nepal have highly diverse, ecologically, culturally rich wetlands ecosystem from Terai
to high mountain. They are in critical stage because of lack of awareness among
stack holders,lack of an effective wetland policy, lack of responsible institutions and
multiple ownership of wetlands. Properly and timely formulated conservation plans
followed by effective implementation strategy can lead towards sustainable use of our
wetland.
Reference:
Bhandari, B. 1992. The Current Status of Wetlands in Nepal. Country report presented at the
Asian Wetland
Symposium organised by the Ramsar Centre, 14-20 October 1992, Otsu-
Kushiro, Japan.
Bhandari, B., Shrestha, T.B. and McEachern (eds). 1994. Safeguarding Wetlands in Nepal:
Proceedings of the National Workshop on Wetlands Management in Nepal. IUCN-Nepal,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
Bhandari, B., 1998. An inventory of Nepal’s Terai Wetlands, IUCN Nepal,
Kathmandu.
Hollis, G.E., Holland, M.M. and Larson, J.S. 1988. Wise Use of Wetlands. Nature and Resources
24(1):2-13
ICIMOD/UNEP/MoEST (2007) Kathmandu Valley Environmental Outlook.
Kathmandu
IUCN-Nepal. 1996. An Inventory of Nepal's Wetlands. IUCN-Nepal,
Kathmandu. Shrestha, J. J., 1995. Fishes, Fishing Implement
and Methods in Nepal. India.
WECS, 1996. Energy Synopsis Report, Nepal 1994/95. Ministry of Water Resources. Water
and Energy Commission Secretariat. Kathmandu.
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). 2002. Water Resources Strategy Nepal,
Kathmandu. Manandhar, L. and K. L. Shrestha, 1994. In Safeguarding Wetlands in Nepal,
Bhandari, B., Shrestha T.B. and J. McEachern (eds.), Proceedings of the National Workshop
on Wetlands Management in Nepal. 3-5 March 1993, Kathmandu.
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