Wild edible fungi collection contributes significantly to livelihoods in rural Nepal and neighboring countries. In Nepal, morels are the main exported fungi, though over 50 species are consumed locally. Neighboring countries like China and Tibet rely heavily on fungi collection for rural incomes. While Nepal has potential to increase exports and domestic trade of other fungi, quality control, training, and sustainable management practices need to be established first to fully realize economic benefits and ensure resource protection.
Population density and spatial distribution of bean bug chauliops fallax swee...kiran Bala
The bean bug Chauliops fallax feeds exclusively on all leguminous crops in most regions of the world. The population density and spatial distribution of bean bug has been investigated on three different host plant i.e. soybean, cowpea and black gram (mash) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh during 2016. The fields of 600m2 and 300m2 area were selected as a sampling unit for sampling in soybean, cowpea and black gram. Him Palam Hara Soya -1, C-475 and Pant U19 genotypes of soybean, cowpea and mash were selected for the estimation of density and distribution of the bean bug. Different methods viz., Morisita’s index, Index of dispersion and Lewis index were used to calculate the density and distribution of the population of the pest. The mean population of bugs per plant was recorded on soybean (7.25) followed by cowpea (3.01) and black gram (1.21). Studies on knowing the distribution pattern of bean bug population under field conditions revealed that in soybean the distribution of bug was contagious (2.99) while in cowpea (2.44) and black gram (1.87) regular and contagious distribution pattern was found. The Z value of Morisita’s index in case of soybean was 9.98 followed by 5.87 and 3.50 in case of cowpea and black gram. Similar trend was found in case of Index of dispersion and Lewis index. Optimum sample sizes for estimates of the pest density in all the three host plants are presented.
Resource potential of non timber forest products in dawro zone, south ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on non-timber forest products in Dawro Zone, South Ethiopia. A total of 11 non-timber forest products were recorded in the study area, including medicinal plants, spices, and bamboo. Most products are used for subsistence purposes like housing materials and medicines. However, the study found that bamboo and some spice species are underutilized and mismanaged. It was suggested that better management strategies are needed to diversify the benefits of these forest products for local communities.
Identification and control of fungi associated with the post harvest rot of s...Alexander Decker
This document reports on a study that identified and evaluated methods to control fungi associated with post-harvest rot of Solenostemon rotundifolius (Hausa potato). Four fungi - Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer - were consistently isolated from diseased tubers collected from markets in Yola, Nigeria. The efficacy of wood ash, sawdust, and guinea corn chaff in reducing tuber rot caused by these fungi was evaluated. Results showed that the plant materials reduced rot and have potential as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for controlling post-harvest fungal rot of Solenostemon rotundifol
Contribution of the non timber forest products to the local communities in th...Alexander Decker
The document discusses non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and their contribution to local communities in Dawro Zone, Ethiopia. It finds that 11 NTFPs are used for subsistence and income, including honey, spices, and forest coffee. Majority of respondents use NTFPs for both home consumption and commercial purposes. However, medicinal plants are seldom used. The study also finds that bamboo is underutilized despite its potential. It recommends efforts to plant utilized species on farms and increase bamboo products to enhance livelihoods.
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushroo...Premier Publishers
The study examined the morphological and proximate compositions of three edible mushrooms including Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria. The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at random during the rainy season (July to September). The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the point of collection were photographed on site and the important morphological features were recorded before collection and packaging. The moisture content, protein content, total carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat compositions of the edible mushrooms were determined. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher moisture content (91.67%) and lower crude protein content (2.5%), compared to L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (2.10%) and crude fat (2.27%) contents, compared to the significantly higher (p≤0.05) crude fiber and crude fat compositions of L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. The ash content and carbohydrate content of the mushrooms species ranged from 0.90% to 20.33% and 6.88% to 26.18% respectively. Based on the high nutritional value of the three edible mushrooms assessed, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms are valuable diet assets.
Highly Nutritious Wild Edible Mushroom of Gadchiroli Forestpaperpublications3
This document summarizes a study of wild edible mushrooms found in the forests of Gadchiroli district, India. During surveys of the Korchi and Wadsa forest areas during the rainy season, several edible mushroom species were identified and collected, including Lepiota Americana, Panaeolus ephincitrinus, Polyporus albellus, Panaeolus cyanescens, Agaricus, and Pleurotus. The most common species found, which are locally known as 'Satya', were Agaricus and Pleurotus. The mushrooms were found to be highly nutritious and an important food source for people in the region.
— Community composition and species diversity of fruit-eating-insects were studied in a primary forest at Wanang, Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG) using fruits regularly sampled and insects attacking them reared, preserved and identified. Sampling was done in different areas of the forest including low and high abundance of the host trees. Fruits of three predominant host trees, G. paniculata (Myristicaceae), M. aleuritoides (Euphorbiaceae) and M. pachyclados (Rubiaceae) were regularly collected and insects associated with them studied. The emergence from the fruits were 13 insect families and 16 species from G. paniculata, 17 insect families and 21 species from M. aleuritoides and 17 insect families and 25 species from M. pachyclados. Diversity assessment showed M. pachyclados was more diverse (H=2.0258) followed by G. paniculata (H=2.007). M. aleuritoides was the least diverse (H=1.443). A high percentage of scavengers and wood eaters were found in G. paniculata and M. aleuritoides. In M. pachyclados, more seed eaters, chewers and parasitoids were found instead. These results have implications for management of the community composition and diversity of the fruit-eating insects of the three host three species.
Population density and spatial distribution of bean bug chauliops fallax swee...kiran Bala
The bean bug Chauliops fallax feeds exclusively on all leguminous crops in most regions of the world. The population density and spatial distribution of bean bug has been investigated on three different host plant i.e. soybean, cowpea and black gram (mash) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh during 2016. The fields of 600m2 and 300m2 area were selected as a sampling unit for sampling in soybean, cowpea and black gram. Him Palam Hara Soya -1, C-475 and Pant U19 genotypes of soybean, cowpea and mash were selected for the estimation of density and distribution of the bean bug. Different methods viz., Morisita’s index, Index of dispersion and Lewis index were used to calculate the density and distribution of the population of the pest. The mean population of bugs per plant was recorded on soybean (7.25) followed by cowpea (3.01) and black gram (1.21). Studies on knowing the distribution pattern of bean bug population under field conditions revealed that in soybean the distribution of bug was contagious (2.99) while in cowpea (2.44) and black gram (1.87) regular and contagious distribution pattern was found. The Z value of Morisita’s index in case of soybean was 9.98 followed by 5.87 and 3.50 in case of cowpea and black gram. Similar trend was found in case of Index of dispersion and Lewis index. Optimum sample sizes for estimates of the pest density in all the three host plants are presented.
Resource potential of non timber forest products in dawro zone, south ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on non-timber forest products in Dawro Zone, South Ethiopia. A total of 11 non-timber forest products were recorded in the study area, including medicinal plants, spices, and bamboo. Most products are used for subsistence purposes like housing materials and medicines. However, the study found that bamboo and some spice species are underutilized and mismanaged. It was suggested that better management strategies are needed to diversify the benefits of these forest products for local communities.
Identification and control of fungi associated with the post harvest rot of s...Alexander Decker
This document reports on a study that identified and evaluated methods to control fungi associated with post-harvest rot of Solenostemon rotundifolius (Hausa potato). Four fungi - Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer - were consistently isolated from diseased tubers collected from markets in Yola, Nigeria. The efficacy of wood ash, sawdust, and guinea corn chaff in reducing tuber rot caused by these fungi was evaluated. Results showed that the plant materials reduced rot and have potential as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for controlling post-harvest fungal rot of Solenostemon rotundifol
Contribution of the non timber forest products to the local communities in th...Alexander Decker
The document discusses non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and their contribution to local communities in Dawro Zone, Ethiopia. It finds that 11 NTFPs are used for subsistence and income, including honey, spices, and forest coffee. Majority of respondents use NTFPs for both home consumption and commercial purposes. However, medicinal plants are seldom used. The study also finds that bamboo is underutilized despite its potential. It recommends efforts to plant utilized species on farms and increase bamboo products to enhance livelihoods.
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushroo...Premier Publishers
The study examined the morphological and proximate compositions of three edible mushrooms including Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria. The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at random during the rainy season (July to September). The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the point of collection were photographed on site and the important morphological features were recorded before collection and packaging. The moisture content, protein content, total carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat compositions of the edible mushrooms were determined. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher moisture content (91.67%) and lower crude protein content (2.5%), compared to L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (2.10%) and crude fat (2.27%) contents, compared to the significantly higher (p≤0.05) crude fiber and crude fat compositions of L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. The ash content and carbohydrate content of the mushrooms species ranged from 0.90% to 20.33% and 6.88% to 26.18% respectively. Based on the high nutritional value of the three edible mushrooms assessed, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms are valuable diet assets.
Highly Nutritious Wild Edible Mushroom of Gadchiroli Forestpaperpublications3
This document summarizes a study of wild edible mushrooms found in the forests of Gadchiroli district, India. During surveys of the Korchi and Wadsa forest areas during the rainy season, several edible mushroom species were identified and collected, including Lepiota Americana, Panaeolus ephincitrinus, Polyporus albellus, Panaeolus cyanescens, Agaricus, and Pleurotus. The most common species found, which are locally known as 'Satya', were Agaricus and Pleurotus. The mushrooms were found to be highly nutritious and an important food source for people in the region.
— Community composition and species diversity of fruit-eating-insects were studied in a primary forest at Wanang, Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG) using fruits regularly sampled and insects attacking them reared, preserved and identified. Sampling was done in different areas of the forest including low and high abundance of the host trees. Fruits of three predominant host trees, G. paniculata (Myristicaceae), M. aleuritoides (Euphorbiaceae) and M. pachyclados (Rubiaceae) were regularly collected and insects associated with them studied. The emergence from the fruits were 13 insect families and 16 species from G. paniculata, 17 insect families and 21 species from M. aleuritoides and 17 insect families and 25 species from M. pachyclados. Diversity assessment showed M. pachyclados was more diverse (H=2.0258) followed by G. paniculata (H=2.007). M. aleuritoides was the least diverse (H=1.443). A high percentage of scavengers and wood eaters were found in G. paniculata and M. aleuritoides. In M. pachyclados, more seed eaters, chewers and parasitoids were found instead. These results have implications for management of the community composition and diversity of the fruit-eating insects of the three host three species.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and identified yeast species involved in the fermentation of kocho and bulla, traditional Ethiopian foods made from enset. 300 samples of kocho and bulla were collected from different areas and stages of fermentation. Yeasts were isolated on potato dextrose agar and identified using morphological analysis and Biolog microplate tests. Seven yeast species were accurately identified, including Trichosporon beigelii and Candida zylandase. Identification of microorganisms involved in fermentation can help improve and standardize traditional processes to enhance food quality, quantity, and safety.
Relative Abundance and ethnomedicinal Uses of some Plant Species found in Fed...AI Publications
This research was aimed to identify and determine the ethnomedicinal potential as well as the relative abundance of some selected plants in Federal University Dutsin-ma permanent site. A total of 40 plants were collected and identified from four different sites (behind senate building, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Agriculture and hostel area). In every study site, 30quadrats of 10 m X 10 m (100 sq m) size were randomly laid to study trees, herbsand shrubs species. The tree species includes all the saplings, poles and trees present in the study area. The shrubs and herbs species were studied by laying 50 quadrats of 1m X 1m (1sq m) size randomly in each study site. A totalof 33 plants were found to possess medicinal history, the plants were identified using morphological features into trees, shrubs and herbs. The total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected behind senate building (Federal University Dutsin-ma) was found to be 340/ha, 260 and 26 respectively. In Faculty of Science, the total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected was found to be 340/ha, 240 and 24 respectively. The total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected around Faculty of Agriculture was 420/ha, 280 and 28 respectively, while at hostel area, the total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected was found to be 420/ha, 280 and 28 respectively. Different plants species were collected, identified and found to possess some medicinal properties, these plants includes Sclerocaryabirrea, Sida alba, Euphorbia hirta, Sennaoccidentalis, Acacia ataxacantha, Sennaobtusifoliaand Cleome monophylla.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of consuming Rhyncophorus bilineatus var Papua on raising the CD4 blood levels of HIV/AIDS patients in Papua Province in 2016. The study involved 14 HIV-positive subjects aged 17-49 who were given capsules containing an extract of R. bilineatus var Papua. Blood tests showed the extract contains amino acids and fatty acids. Statistical analysis found no effect on nutritional status but a significant effect on raising CD4 blood levels, supporting the use of R. bilineatus var Papua to strengthen immunity in HIV patients.
1) Five yeast species were isolated and identified from coffee waste collected in Ethiopia using morphological characterization and Biolog microstation analysis.
2) The identified species were Hanseiaspora valbyensis, Hyphopichia burtonii A, Rhodotorula hylophila, Rhodotrula aurantiaca A, and Pichia amenthionina var. menthionina.
3) The yeast species were further characterized based on their ability to assimilate and oxidize different carbon sources using Biolog microplate assays.
Plant genetic resources are the raw materials for crop improvement programs. They include native landraces, local selections, elite cultivars, and wild relatives of crop plants. These genetic resources are important for developing new crop varieties with increased production. Their conservation is threatened by genetic erosion, vulnerability, and wipeout due to increasing human population and demands. Various methods are used to conserve plant genetic resources, including in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation protects resources in their natural habitats, while ex situ conservation stores resources outside their natural habitats in gene banks and botanical gardens. Proper conservation of plant genetic resources is vital for fulfilling human needs and supporting crop improvement programs.
This ppt describes about the origin of cultivated plants along with Vavilov's centres of origin as well as about definition, scope and importance of ethnobotany in Indian context.
Types and Percentations of Parasitization Egg Parasitoids Spodoptera frugiper...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on egg parasitoids of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study identified two types of parasitoids - Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. - through inventory and examination of S. frugiperda egg groups from different regions. Telenomus sp. had a higher presence than Trichogramma sp. across sampling areas. The percentage of parasitization was highest in Manado City at 85% and lowest in Bolaang Mongondow Regency at 5%.
The Wealth of India is an encyclopedic publication launched in 1942 that provides information on plants, animals, and minerals found in India. It covers over 6000 plant species, 52 animal articles, and 73 articles on minerals. It aims to document India's biodiversity and bioresources. The publication is produced by the National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources and is considered an invaluable reference work for researchers, students, government agencies, and others interested in India's natural resources, production, and uses. It has played a role in preventing bio-piracy and a US patent on turmeric. The complete publication includes 11 original volumes, 3 revised volumes, 2 supplements, and 8 additional supplement volumes.
This document discusses centers of origin of crop plants as proposed by N.I. Vavilov. It outlines the eight major centers including East Asia, Hindustan, Central Asia, Near East, Mediterranean, Abyssinia, South Mexico/Central America, and South America. Key crops that originated from each center are provided. The document also discusses primary and secondary centers of diversity, microcenters, mega gene centers, and Vavilov's contributions to the study of crop origins.
The document analyzes how market integration affects Tsimane Amerindians' use of wild animals for traditional medicine. It finds that on average, adults use only a few wild animal species and body parts to treat a few ailments. The effects of markets are unclear, as some proxies for markets (e.g. wages) correlate with lower use, while others (e.g. cash income) correlate with higher use. Animal abundance, income, and modern medicine prices also correlate with higher use of animals for traditional medicine. The study contributes to understanding of this topic among lowland tropical forest societies.
This document discusses Arthrospira, commonly known as spirulina, which is a type of blue-green algae. It summarizes that Arthrospira is a nutritious food source high in protein, vitamins, and minerals. It naturally grows in alkaline lakes in places like Africa and Mexico. The document provides details on the morphology, life cycle, ecology, and taxonomy of Arthrospira. It notes that Arthrospira can help improve food security and create jobs. The production of Arthrospira requires less land and water than other crops and can grow in climates where other crops cannot.
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
This document summarizes a study on the indigenous knowledge of traditional fermented enset product preparation and utilization in Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia. It describes the major steps in enset processing including selection of mature plants, surface fermentation preparation, pulverization, decortication, and bulla extraction. It notes that 49.24% of respondents were male and 50.56% female, mostly from the Gedeo ethnic group. Common enset clones used were identified based on fast fermentation, quality, medicinal properties, drought resistance and yield. The document concludes that understanding these traditional practices and documenting the indigenous knowledge is important.
Identification, domestication and conservation of plants used in managing rum...Premier Publishers
Field studies were conducted to investigate the medicinal plants through identification, collection and domestication of plants in Southwestern, Nigeria.
Semi-structured Questionnaires, personal interview, group consensus and review of available records showed that 52 botanicals belonging to 29 families were used in treating different ailments affecting ruminant animals in the study area. It was observed that 22 of the botanicals were described as being abundant. Eight out of all the botanicals were endangered and domesticated. The initial growth of the domesticated plants shows that the plants have relatively slow growth of survival, thus conservation measures were proposed. Various sources at which the identified plants could be derived were ranging from forest area, common area, household farm, household area while some were purchased. The type of plants found in a location is dependent on the geographical location. Thus, 38.9 % of the plants species were found at the primary source and this form the highest among the various sources. It was also discovered that the medicinal plants were used for other purposes such as erosion control, shade, wind breaker, boundary demarcation, animal fodder among others.
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
Ramírez-Restrepo et al 2016 Tales of Urban Conservation_ Eumaeus butterfliesSandy Koi
This document discusses two species of Eumaeus butterflies (E. childrenae and E. atala) that are utilizing ornamental cycads in urban areas of Xalapa, Mexico and Southeast Florida to reproduce. The butterflies' hostplants, cycads, are threatened but some are being taken from natural habitats and used ornamentally in cities. Observations found colonies of both butterfly species reproducing on ornamental cycads located in public greenspaces, gardens, and other urban areas. The presence of their hostplants in cities allows these otherwise threatened species to thrive in urban environments. The document argues this shows how urban areas can support biodiversity if fundamental habitat requirements are provided, and that these butterfly-
New Record Of Fleshy Fungi From Khumbu Region, Nepalkiran
1) A new species of fleshy fungi, Pulverboletus ravenelii, was recently collected in Ghat, Nepal at an altitude of 2604 meters.
2) P. ravenelii is classified in the class Basidiomycetes and was found growing under coniferous forest dominated by Pinus wallichiana.
3) This represents the first record of P. ravenelii in Nepal.
This document describes 36 taxa of desmids belonging to 7 genera that were identified from Bees-hazaar Lake in Chitwan, Nepal. Eleven of the taxa are reported for the first time in Nepal. The desmids were collected from five sites around the lake from June to September 2007. The taxa identified, their morphological characteristics, and known distributions are described. This work contributes to expanding the knowledge of desmid diversity in Nepal.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and identified yeast species involved in the fermentation of kocho and bulla, traditional Ethiopian foods made from enset. 300 samples of kocho and bulla were collected from different areas and stages of fermentation. Yeasts were isolated on potato dextrose agar and identified using morphological analysis and Biolog microplate tests. Seven yeast species were accurately identified, including Trichosporon beigelii and Candida zylandase. Identification of microorganisms involved in fermentation can help improve and standardize traditional processes to enhance food quality, quantity, and safety.
Relative Abundance and ethnomedicinal Uses of some Plant Species found in Fed...AI Publications
This research was aimed to identify and determine the ethnomedicinal potential as well as the relative abundance of some selected plants in Federal University Dutsin-ma permanent site. A total of 40 plants were collected and identified from four different sites (behind senate building, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Agriculture and hostel area). In every study site, 30quadrats of 10 m X 10 m (100 sq m) size were randomly laid to study trees, herbsand shrubs species. The tree species includes all the saplings, poles and trees present in the study area. The shrubs and herbs species were studied by laying 50 quadrats of 1m X 1m (1sq m) size randomly in each study site. A totalof 33 plants were found to possess medicinal history, the plants were identified using morphological features into trees, shrubs and herbs. The total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected behind senate building (Federal University Dutsin-ma) was found to be 340/ha, 260 and 26 respectively. In Faculty of Science, the total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected was found to be 340/ha, 240 and 24 respectively. The total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected around Faculty of Agriculture was 420/ha, 280 and 28 respectively, while at hostel area, the total density, frequency and relative abundance of plant species collected was found to be 420/ha, 280 and 28 respectively. Different plants species were collected, identified and found to possess some medicinal properties, these plants includes Sclerocaryabirrea, Sida alba, Euphorbia hirta, Sennaoccidentalis, Acacia ataxacantha, Sennaobtusifoliaand Cleome monophylla.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of consuming Rhyncophorus bilineatus var Papua on raising the CD4 blood levels of HIV/AIDS patients in Papua Province in 2016. The study involved 14 HIV-positive subjects aged 17-49 who were given capsules containing an extract of R. bilineatus var Papua. Blood tests showed the extract contains amino acids and fatty acids. Statistical analysis found no effect on nutritional status but a significant effect on raising CD4 blood levels, supporting the use of R. bilineatus var Papua to strengthen immunity in HIV patients.
1) Five yeast species were isolated and identified from coffee waste collected in Ethiopia using morphological characterization and Biolog microstation analysis.
2) The identified species were Hanseiaspora valbyensis, Hyphopichia burtonii A, Rhodotorula hylophila, Rhodotrula aurantiaca A, and Pichia amenthionina var. menthionina.
3) The yeast species were further characterized based on their ability to assimilate and oxidize different carbon sources using Biolog microplate assays.
Plant genetic resources are the raw materials for crop improvement programs. They include native landraces, local selections, elite cultivars, and wild relatives of crop plants. These genetic resources are important for developing new crop varieties with increased production. Their conservation is threatened by genetic erosion, vulnerability, and wipeout due to increasing human population and demands. Various methods are used to conserve plant genetic resources, including in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation protects resources in their natural habitats, while ex situ conservation stores resources outside their natural habitats in gene banks and botanical gardens. Proper conservation of plant genetic resources is vital for fulfilling human needs and supporting crop improvement programs.
This ppt describes about the origin of cultivated plants along with Vavilov's centres of origin as well as about definition, scope and importance of ethnobotany in Indian context.
Types and Percentations of Parasitization Egg Parasitoids Spodoptera frugiper...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on egg parasitoids of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study identified two types of parasitoids - Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. - through inventory and examination of S. frugiperda egg groups from different regions. Telenomus sp. had a higher presence than Trichogramma sp. across sampling areas. The percentage of parasitization was highest in Manado City at 85% and lowest in Bolaang Mongondow Regency at 5%.
The Wealth of India is an encyclopedic publication launched in 1942 that provides information on plants, animals, and minerals found in India. It covers over 6000 plant species, 52 animal articles, and 73 articles on minerals. It aims to document India's biodiversity and bioresources. The publication is produced by the National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources and is considered an invaluable reference work for researchers, students, government agencies, and others interested in India's natural resources, production, and uses. It has played a role in preventing bio-piracy and a US patent on turmeric. The complete publication includes 11 original volumes, 3 revised volumes, 2 supplements, and 8 additional supplement volumes.
This document discusses centers of origin of crop plants as proposed by N.I. Vavilov. It outlines the eight major centers including East Asia, Hindustan, Central Asia, Near East, Mediterranean, Abyssinia, South Mexico/Central America, and South America. Key crops that originated from each center are provided. The document also discusses primary and secondary centers of diversity, microcenters, mega gene centers, and Vavilov's contributions to the study of crop origins.
The document analyzes how market integration affects Tsimane Amerindians' use of wild animals for traditional medicine. It finds that on average, adults use only a few wild animal species and body parts to treat a few ailments. The effects of markets are unclear, as some proxies for markets (e.g. wages) correlate with lower use, while others (e.g. cash income) correlate with higher use. Animal abundance, income, and modern medicine prices also correlate with higher use of animals for traditional medicine. The study contributes to understanding of this topic among lowland tropical forest societies.
This document discusses Arthrospira, commonly known as spirulina, which is a type of blue-green algae. It summarizes that Arthrospira is a nutritious food source high in protein, vitamins, and minerals. It naturally grows in alkaline lakes in places like Africa and Mexico. The document provides details on the morphology, life cycle, ecology, and taxonomy of Arthrospira. It notes that Arthrospira can help improve food security and create jobs. The production of Arthrospira requires less land and water than other crops and can grow in climates where other crops cannot.
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
This document summarizes a study on the indigenous knowledge of traditional fermented enset product preparation and utilization in Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia. It describes the major steps in enset processing including selection of mature plants, surface fermentation preparation, pulverization, decortication, and bulla extraction. It notes that 49.24% of respondents were male and 50.56% female, mostly from the Gedeo ethnic group. Common enset clones used were identified based on fast fermentation, quality, medicinal properties, drought resistance and yield. The document concludes that understanding these traditional practices and documenting the indigenous knowledge is important.
Identification, domestication and conservation of plants used in managing rum...Premier Publishers
Field studies were conducted to investigate the medicinal plants through identification, collection and domestication of plants in Southwestern, Nigeria.
Semi-structured Questionnaires, personal interview, group consensus and review of available records showed that 52 botanicals belonging to 29 families were used in treating different ailments affecting ruminant animals in the study area. It was observed that 22 of the botanicals were described as being abundant. Eight out of all the botanicals were endangered and domesticated. The initial growth of the domesticated plants shows that the plants have relatively slow growth of survival, thus conservation measures were proposed. Various sources at which the identified plants could be derived were ranging from forest area, common area, household farm, household area while some were purchased. The type of plants found in a location is dependent on the geographical location. Thus, 38.9 % of the plants species were found at the primary source and this form the highest among the various sources. It was also discovered that the medicinal plants were used for other purposes such as erosion control, shade, wind breaker, boundary demarcation, animal fodder among others.
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
Ramírez-Restrepo et al 2016 Tales of Urban Conservation_ Eumaeus butterfliesSandy Koi
This document discusses two species of Eumaeus butterflies (E. childrenae and E. atala) that are utilizing ornamental cycads in urban areas of Xalapa, Mexico and Southeast Florida to reproduce. The butterflies' hostplants, cycads, are threatened but some are being taken from natural habitats and used ornamentally in cities. Observations found colonies of both butterfly species reproducing on ornamental cycads located in public greenspaces, gardens, and other urban areas. The presence of their hostplants in cities allows these otherwise threatened species to thrive in urban environments. The document argues this shows how urban areas can support biodiversity if fundamental habitat requirements are provided, and that these butterfly-
New Record Of Fleshy Fungi From Khumbu Region, Nepalkiran
1) A new species of fleshy fungi, Pulverboletus ravenelii, was recently collected in Ghat, Nepal at an altitude of 2604 meters.
2) P. ravenelii is classified in the class Basidiomycetes and was found growing under coniferous forest dominated by Pinus wallichiana.
3) This represents the first record of P. ravenelii in Nepal.
This document describes 36 taxa of desmids belonging to 7 genera that were identified from Bees-hazaar Lake in Chitwan, Nepal. Eleven of the taxa are reported for the first time in Nepal. The desmids were collected from five sites around the lake from June to September 2007. The taxa identified, their morphological characteristics, and known distributions are described. This work contributes to expanding the knowledge of desmid diversity in Nepal.
The document discusses applications of DNA technology including the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project was a 13-year international project completed in 2003 that mapped and sequenced the entire human genome. Its goals were to identify all human genes, determine the sequence of DNA's 3 billion base pairs, store this information in databases, improve analysis tools, and address ethical issues arising from the research. The project used genetic mapping, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing approaches.
This document provides a summary of Nepal's State of the Environment Report from 2000. Some key points:
- Population growth and unsustainable use of natural resources have contributed to major environmental problems like land degradation, deforestation, and pollution.
- Only 30% of the population has access to piped water and only 7% has sanitation facilities. Water quality is degrading.
- Forest cover has declined significantly though community forestry programs have helped. Biodiversity faces threats from habitat loss.
- Solid waste is a major problem in cities and hazardous waste disposal needs improvement. Air pollution, especially from vehicles, is a concern in urban areas.
- Agriculture has increased but yields remain
Somalatha and its most probable candidates_ a Review by Vijayaraghavan Gonuguntla in his book "Comprehensive Indian Medicinal Plants Vol i pages 207 to 225 published by Studium Press, Houston
This document discusses lichens and their use as bioindicators of environmental quality. Some key points:
- Lichens are a symbiotic organism composed of a fungus and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria. They can live in extreme environments and are found worldwide.
- Lichens are good bioindicators because they are long-lived, can absorb environmental pollutants, and their presence/health reflects air quality over long periods of time. Damage to lichens can indicate high levels of pollutants like sulfur dioxide, fluoride, and ammonia.
- The document describes a classroom project where students measure lichen coverage on trees near their school to assess local air quality.
Floral Diversity In Wetlands Of Nepal In Terai Region Of Nepalkiran
This article provides an overview of floral diversity in the wetlands of Nepal's Terai region. It finds that the Terai contains 720 species of vascular plants, including 23 pteridophytes, 2 gymnosperms, 469 dicots and 226 monocots. The Koshi Tappu and Ghodaghodi wetlands contain 670 and 473 species respectively. Many plant species in the Terai wetlands are economically important or endemic. However, the wetlands face threats from habitat loss and invasive alien species.
This document reviews the potential of Moringa oleifera L. as a livestock fodder crop. It discusses how M. oleifera is a drought tolerant species that can grow in diverse soils except those that are waterlogged. The document summarizes that M. oleifera has high nutritional value and good biomass production, which make it a potential nutritional supplement for livestock. It also notes that M. oleifera can be grown as a crop on marginal lands with high temperatures and low water availability, where other crops cannot be cultivated.
Potential of-moringa-oleifera-as-livestock-fodder-cropSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Ethnobotanical survey of some medicinal plants for curing pile or hemorrhoids...Alexander Decker
This document reports on an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used to treat pile or hemorrhoids in five villages around Ago-Owu forest reserve in Osun State, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to 110 respondents, including farmers, herbalists, and others. Twenty medicinal plants were identified to treat hemorrhoids. Leaves from ten of the plants were collected and screened for phytochemicals and nutritional values. The plants contained various percentages of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. They also contained crude protein, moisture, crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrates, indicating they are nutritious and have anti-
Feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of predominant forages for s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes two studies on feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of forages for small ruminant production in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria. Study I found that male respondents reared sheep while females reared goats. Animals grazed natural grasslands and were sometimes supplemented with kitchen wastes, cassava, and corn gluten. Study II analyzed predominant forages in wet and dry seasons and found grasses, legumes and shrubs present only in wet season. Browse plants were available year-round. Nutrient composition varied between seasons and forage types, with crude protein and ether extract generally lower in dry season. The document concludes farmers should improve housing, feeding, and provide dry
Investigation of traditional veterinary phytomedicines used in deosai plateau...Shujaul Mulk Khan
In the present investigation, the traditional ethno veterinary knowledge is totally in the custody of elder members of the community. The young ones are unaware about such important practices. Previously no ethno veterinary study has been carried out from this study area. Therefore, present study has been designed to record the ethno botanical uses of indigenous plants Deosai Plateau, Pakistan. Total 59 people of different ages (38 Males and 21 females) were interviewed and information was collected through semi-structured questionnaires. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using Use Value (UVi) formula and Relative Citations Frequency (RFC ). The collected specimens were pressed, dried, preserved, mounted on Herbarium sheets and after confirmed identification were submitted in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan. The present findings revealed that thirteen medicinal plant species were recorded for their ethno veterinary uses. Belonging to nine families out of which 92% are herbs and 8% shrubs. Polygonaceae is the dominant family used in the treatment of different disease (23.07%) followed by lamiaceae and apiaceae. Majority of species were used in treatment of digestive disorder (9.4%), followed by diarrhea (7.5%), abdominal and dysentery (5.6%). Leaves and roots are the most frequently used parts in the treatment of various diseases (29%) each, followed by flower (18%). Medicinal plants most with used values were Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (0.84), Rheum webbianum Royle (0.80) and Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. (0.76) while most relative citations frequency was of Rheum spiciforme Royle (0.35), Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle (0.27), Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. (0.27).
Influence of seasonality and eucalyptus plantation types on the abundance and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the influence of seasonality and different types of Eucalyptus plantations on the abundance and diversity of litter insects in Rwanda. The study found that the order Hymenoptera was generally the most abundant across seasons. Abundance and diversity varied between plantation types and was generally higher in some Eucalyptus species compared to the native Entandrophragma excelsum. Diversity was highest in the dry season and declined in the rainy seasons, indicating heavy rain negatively impacts litter insects. The variability in insects is attributed to changing habitat conditions across seasons and plantation types.
Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Released Napier Grass Varieties unde...PriyankaKilaniya
Five Napier grass varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance and yield at Abobo agricultural research center under rain fed condition in Gambella. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on agronomic parameters such as plant height, survival rate, leaf to stem ratio, node number per plant, internodes length per plant, tillering performance and dry matter yield were analyzed using general linear model(GLM) procedure of SAS, least significant difference (LSD) at 5% was used for mean separation. Combined analysis indicated that tested varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for survival rate, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, tillering performance, internodes length per plant and dry matter yield. The highest plant survival rate (86.33%) was recorded for Check followed by varieties 16819(73.60%), 16984(71.92%), and 16791(67.83%) respectively. On the other hand, variety 15743(66.67%) showed the lowest plant survival rate. The mean plant height ranges from 2.09m to 2.49m with an overall mean plant height of 2.31m. The tallest mean plant height (2.49m) was recorded in 15743 while shortest mean plan height (2.09m) was recorded in check. The mean leaf to stem ratio range from 1.71 to 1.28 with the overall mean of 1.52, and The higher leaf to stem ratio value (1.71) were recorded from check, followed by 16984(1.67), 15743(1.59), 16819(1.35) while the lowest value were recorded in 16791(1.28). In a combined analysis the mean dry matter yield range from 20.02 t/ha to 14.05 t/ha with the overall mean of 16.24 t/ha. The higher dry matter yield value (20.02 t/ha) were recorded from 16819, followed by 16791(16.77t/ha) and check (16.12t/ha) respectively. The lowest mean dry matter yield were recorded in 16984(14.05 t/ha) and 15743(14.26t/ha). Generally, Napier grass varieties tested has shown variation for agronomic performance and yield under rain fed condition in Gambella
Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Released Napier Grass Varieties unde...PriyankaKilaniya
Five Napier grass varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance and yield at Abobo agricultural research center under rain fed condition in Gambella. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on agronomic parameters such as plant height, survival rate, leaf to stem ratio, node number per plant, internodes length per plant, tillering performance and dry matter yield were analyzed using general linear model(GLM) procedure of SAS, least significant difference (LSD) at 5% was used for mean separation. Combined analysis indicated that tested varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for survival rate, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, tillering performance, internodes length per plant and dry matter yield. The highest plant survival rate (86.33%) was recorded for Check followed by varieties 16819(73.60%), 16984(71.92%), and 16791(67.83%) respectively. On the other hand, variety 15743(66.67%) showed the lowest plant survival rate. The mean plant height ranges from 2.09m to 2.49m with an overall mean plant height of 2.31m. The tallest mean plant height (2.49m) was recorded in 15743 while shortest mean plan height (2.09m) was recorded in check. The mean leaf to stem ratio range from 1.71 to 1.28 with the overall mean of 1.52, and The higher leaf to stem ratio value (1.71) were recorded from check, followed by 16984(1.67), 15743(1.59), 16819(1.35) while the lowest value were recorded in 16791(1.28). In a combined analysis the mean dry matter yield range from 20.02 t/ha to 14.05 t/ha with the overall mean of 16.24 t/ha. The higher dry matter yield value (20.02 t/ha) were recorded from 16819, followed by 16791(16.77t/ha) and check (16.12t/ha) respectively. The lowest mean dry matter yield were recorded in 16984(14.05 t/ha) and 15743(14.26t/ha). Generally, Napier grass varieties tested has shown variation for agronomic performance and yield under rain fed condition in Gambella
This document reviews the impact of African traditional termite control methods on biodiversity conservation. It discusses how termites are an important part of African ecosystems but some species are also agricultural pests. Traditional control methods used by African communities include physical barriers and plant-based pesticides. These methods are considered more environmentally friendly than chemical pesticides. However, their effectiveness has not been scientifically proven. The review examines the benefits of traditional methods for biodiversity preservation compared to conventional chemical control.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
This document provides an overview of the floral diversity found in wetlands in the Terai region of Nepal. It summarizes that a total of 720 species of vascular plants have been recorded in the wetlands and surrounding areas of the Terai. Of particular note are the Koshi Tappu and Ghodaghodi wetlands, which are designated as Ramsar sites and contain 670 and 473 species, respectively. The document also discusses habitat types in the region, economically important species, invasive species, endemic and threatened species, and ethno-botanical uses of the flora.
Ethnobotany Study of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Respiratory Di...IJEAB
The ethnobotanical study carried out in the region of Oum Rbia (Morocco) made it possible to identify the medicinal plants used by the local population and to collect the maximum information on this use. A survey of 1360 people from the region's population noted that 170 people use medicinal plants against respiratory diseases. Women accounted for 55.3% of the workforce versus 44.7% for men; Married people 70% against 28% for singles. The illiteracy rate is high (34.1%). The leaves are the most widely used part of the plant. Infusion and decoction are the most commonly used methods for preparing traditional remedies. The most widely used species in the treatment of respiratory diseases are: Origanun glandulosum, Eucalyptus globulus, Nigella sativa, Mentha pulegium, Lavandula stoechas, Zingiber officinale, Ammodaucus leucotrichus, Ficus carica. In addition, some species have toxicity either because of the ignorance of the necessary dose or because the people treated are affected by other diseases. Thus, the survey made it possible to inventory 66 medicinal species which are divided into 36 plant families; Lamiaceae (21.2%), Myrtaceae (10.6%), Apiaceae (8.8%), Amaryllydaceae (7.7%) and Zingiberaceae (7.1%). These results resulted in a catalog of medicinal plants used in the study area to treat respiratory diseases. It is a local know-how that must be considered as a heritage to be preserved and developed.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Response of potential stored grain insect pests to bfl 225 multi attractant l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of BFL 225 multi-attractant lure baited traps for monitoring stored grain insect pests in commercial warehouses over 10 months in Southern Nigeria. Traps baited with BFL 225 captured significantly more insects than unbaited traps, including Sitophilus spp., Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Alphitobius laevigatus and Rhyzopertha dominica. The results suggest that BFL 225 baited traps could be useful for early detection and monitoring of potential stored grain pests migrating into warehouses, and help inform integrated pest management strategies in tropical Africa.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
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Population dynamics of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard cropInnspub Net
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Article 'Response of moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) to livestock grazing in Mongolian rangelands' by Khishigdelger Enkhtura, Martin Pfeiffera, Ariuntsetseg Lkhagvaa, Bazartseren Boldgiva
This document discusses the assessment of threatened plant species in Bangladesh based on a 2001 Red Data Book and more recent studies. It finds that the number of threatened species is higher than previously reported, with 36 pteridophyte, 1 gymnosperm, and 449 angiosperm species considered threatened according to newer research from 2007-2009. The document advocates for updating the Red List of threatened plants in Bangladesh through a collaborative process using established assessment methods in order to better guide conservation efforts.
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1. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 4(2) February, 2005 Christensen, M. and Larsen, H. O.
How can Collection of Wild Edible Fungi Contribute to
Livelihoods in Rural Areas of Nepal?
Morten Christensen, ComForM Project, Institute of Forestry Pokhara Email: moc@kvl.dk
Helle O. Larsen, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen Email: hol@kvl.dk
Abstract
Collection of wild edible fungi is important for livelihoods in rural areas of Nepal and neighbouring
countries. Only very few species of fungi are being exported from Nepal, and compared to neighbouring
countries there is still a potential to be exploited. However, a system of quality control and training of
local people must be considered to use this potential. Also, a better understanding of the ecology and
management of the wild edible fungi is necessary for the development of a sustainable use of the
resource.
Key words: export, mushrooms, NTFP, sustainability
INTRODUCTION
In the last decades there has been a rising worldwide attention on the use of wild edible fungi (FAO
2004). A few species of wild edible fungi dominate the world market with an estimated value of more
than two billion US$ (Wang and Hall 2004). Several recent publications emphasise the importance of
wild edible fungi for rural livelihoods in developing countries in terms of collection of wild edible
fungi for local markets and the significant contribution of nutrients to the diet (FAO 2004; Chen
2004; Wang and Hall 2004).
In Nepal, the most important species of wild edible fungi collected for export at present are morels
(mainly Morchella conica). The estimated export is 1.7 to 6.5 tons per year with a total value of
105,000 to 400,000 US$ (Olsen 2004), and in several areas morels have become the main source of
cash income for the poorest households (Subedi 2001). However, morels are not the only edible fungi
found in the forest of Nepal. Several species are of great importance as a local food source especially
in the mountain region. In the neighbouring countries of Bhutan, India, China, and Pakistan collection
of wild fungi plays an important role for the economy in rural areas. In parts of Tibet and the Yunnan
province of China, it is estimated that more than half of the cash income in some rural areas comes
from collection of fungi exported to Japan and Europe (Chen 2004; Winkler 2004).
Wild edible fungi in Nepal are a potential source of income in terms of both increased local trade and
export of other species than morels. However, the use of fungi is not without problems. About 50 of
the fungi species in Nepal are toxic and digestion of at least 10 of them can be fatal. Every year
several accidents of poisoning are reported from Nepal and the annual mortality caused by poisonous
fungi may be as high as 15-30 persons (Adhikari 2000). Additionally, concerns of over exploitation of
wild edible fungi are being raised in several of the neighbouring countries (Chen 2004; Wang and
Hall 2004).
This paper reviews current information on the use of wild edible fungi in Nepal and neighbouring
countries. Based on this information and the experience of the authors the potential for further
exploitation of the resource is discussed.
CURRENT USE OF WILD FUNGI IN NEPAL AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES
In Nepal morels are the only wild edible fungi, which are exported, in larger quantities. They are
mainly found in pine forest between 2000 and 3500m and are most abundant in the western part of
Nepal. In Jumla, Humla, Mugu, and Dolpa Districts commercial picking has been carried out for
decades. Most of the morels are exported to Europe, especially France and Switzerland, but also
Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Many species of fungi are used for local consumption and
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2. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 4(2) February, 2005 Christensen, M. and Larsen, H. O.
traded on local markets. Adhikari (2000) found about 26 species of fungi at markets in Kathmandu
Valley, and it is our estimate that more than 50 species of wild edible fungi are commonly used and
sold on markets in Nepal. Adhikari (2000) listed the presence of more than 110 wild edible species,
which potentially could be used for food supply in rural areas. That number will probably rise, as the
Nepalese mycoflora is further investigated. Collection and consumption of fungi are often restricted
to disadvantaged people and certain ethnic groups. However, in mountain areas (Mustang, Jumla,
etc.) collection and consumption of fungi seem to be much more accepted by a broader group of
people. According to their religion, Brahmins are not allowed to eat fungi, but this is not respected by
many of them (Adhikari 2000).
The potential for increased collection of wild edible fungi in Nepal can be assessed through
comparison with neighbouring counties. In China, collection of wild edible fungi has a long history
and the use of fungi has been taking place for more than 2000 years. Today especially Tricholoma
matsutake and Boletus edulis is widely collected and exported. Many other species of fungi are
collected and used both for the local Chinese market and for export. In certain rural areas, collection
of wild edible fungi provides up to 62% of annual cash incomes of local farmers (Chen, 2004). Fungi
are also a significant source of nutrition in rural areas of China (FAO 2004), and many species are
consumed and traded locally, e.g. Thelephora ganbajun, Termitomyces spp., Lactarius spp., Suillus
bovinus, Boletus spp. and Russula spp. (Chen 2004; FAO 2004). Similarly, in Tibet wild fungi have
been collected for centuries and several species are collected and used commercially.
In Bhutan, Tricholoma matsutake was discovered in 1988 and since then there has been a rapid
increase in the commercial use of fungi (Namgyel 2002). Also the use of other species of wild fungi
has recently been addressed by projects.
In Pakistan, Morchella conica and M. esculenta dominate the market for wild edible fungi. Almost all
the morels are exported to Europe. The collectors get between one-half and two-thirds of the export
price (Sabra and Walter 2001).
India, like Pakistan, produces a considerable amount of morels, which are mainly exported to Europe
(Prasad et al. 2002). The information on collection of other wild edible fungi in India is scant.
However, FAO (2004) states that fungi are an important nutrient source in rural areas of India, and
that collected species include Termitomycetes heimii and Russula delica.
POTENTIAL FOR LOCAL ECONOMY
Even though some areas in Nepal have a long tradition of collecting wild edible fungi, there are very
few which are used commercially. Except from morels only Auricularia auricula-judae has been
exported (Adhikari 2000). The international market for wild edible fungi is large and the demand is
rising (Wang and Hall 2004) and Nepal has the ability to produce some species, which are commonly
traded on the world market.
Information on market prices of fungi is difficult to find, and the available information varies greatly
according to supply area and quality of collection. It is our estimate from information provided by
buyers and sellers on the internet (e.g. www.alibaba.com; www.ec21.com; www.ectrade.com;
www.chinesetruffle.com; www.auiswisscataloque.com) as well as other sources (e.g. Chen 2004,
Adhikari 2000), that market margins to collectors in Nepal, China, Pakistan, and India for morels and
other fungi exported to Europe are approximately 20% of the retail price, 25 – 35% of the selling
price of the European wholesale company, and about 50% of the local export price. Good quality
collections of species like Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius and Craterellus cornucopioides will,
if this price structure is extrapolated, be able to fetch between 100 and 200 Nrs. per kg fresh weight or
1000 to 2000 Nrs. per kg dried fungi. This is significantly higher than the prices of these fungi on the
open Kathmandu market of 50 to 60 Nrs. (Adhikari 2000), but access to the world market and the
competition from especially China will be challenging.
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3. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 4(2) February, 2005 Christensen, M. and Larsen, H. O.
Adhikari (2000) estimates the potential harvest of various types of wild edible fungi in the areas
around Kathmandu to be 2-15 kg fresh weight in one day during the season. Studies from India and
Pakistan estimate that on an average a person can collect 100-300 fruit bodies of morels in one day,
equal to 1-3 kg fresh fungi and 100-300 g dried (Prasad et al. 2002; Latif et al. 2004). But the
potential amounts to be collected are highly dependent on the species, and the size and frequency of
fruit bodies. With a labour cost of 150-250 NRs. per day in Nepal, fungi can at least in the season be a
potential alternative to other sorts of manual jobs. Calculation of labour costs of collection of fungi
are complicated by the fact that collection of fungi is often made as a supplementary activity to
gathering fodder, fuel wood, or while shepherding.
The fruiting of fungi is very sensitive to precipitation and temperature, and this fluctuation is highly
problematic for both the local collectors who will have great fluctuations in their potential income,
and for the marketing of the product at the export market. For building reliable business contacts to
wholesale companies in Europe and Japan a rather stable delivery is important. Generally, the great
variation in climatic conditions in Nepal must give some advances for this if the trading is organised
sufficiently at the export level. Fluctuations in prices are another problem to be faced, but fluctuations
in per kg prices of fungi are somewhat compensated for by a direct correlation between abundance
and unit value (Winkler 2004).
Fungi are considered non-timber forest products (NTFPs), and their collection is, therefore, nominally
regulated by the Nepalese forest authorities. Fungi are collected from national forests, protected areas,
and community forests, but the collection is rarely included in community forestry operational plans
(Subedi 2001), meaning that any collection taking place is not regulated by officially endorsed rules.
Informal rules on collection may locally be in place in Nepal.
Collection of fungi in Nepal, possibly with the exception of morels, does not provide high returns to
labour at present (Adhikari and Adhikari 1997). Thus it can be hypothesised to be an activity typically
undertaken by people in rural areas who are in need of cash, and who have few other alternatives. To
assess the potential of fungi to contribute to rural livelihoods, it is necessary to understand better who
the actual collectors are (whether they are among the relatively poor or better-off in rural
communities, and whether they belong to disadvantaged groups or not), how much in absolute and
relative terms they derive from collection and sale of fungi, and what the consequences would be for
them of an increased focus on collection and sale.
THE IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY
Quality is an important issue for the fungi. The condition and stage of the fruitbodies as well as the
drying, transport, and storage are important for the value of the end-product. Chen (2004) gives
examples for Tricholoma matsutake in Yunnan where grade 1 is sold for 250 to 370 US$ per kg,
whereas the lowest quality is sold for 6 US$ per kg. In most cases the grading is made already by the
harvester depending on the size, maturity, and general condition of the fruitbodies.
Drying is often the easiest and cheapest conservation of fungi. Often fungi are collected in mountain
areas where the infrastructure makes the weight-value ratio very important and export of fresh fungi
is impossible due to the transportation time. Dried fungi, however, have very high values per kg
compared to other potential product from these areas. It is important to dry most fungi immediately
after harvest and the drying procedure will typically be managed by the collector. Fresh fungi contain
a large amount of water and it is very important that the drying is done relatively fast, while high
temperatures must be avoided. In many areas drying in the sun is the best and easiest way, and the
drying can be done in 4 to 5 days. In more moist areas where sun-drying is not possible, alternative
drying methods must be developed to produce output of high quality. Drying by open fire will
damage the quality of the fungi and lead to lower market value. A taste of smoke will also reduce the
market value for fungi to export. Dried fungi should not be stored for a long period and should be
used within a year. For export, less than one month of transportation time must be aimed at and the
dried fungi must be kept under cool conditions in closed boxes or bags. Handling and transport of
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4. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 4(2) February, 2005 Christensen, M. and Larsen, H. O.
dried mushrooms must be done carefully without breaking them. Latif et al. (2004) estimated a loss
up to 60% during transport to local markets for morels in Pakistan.
QUALITY CONTROL AND DESSIMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE
Currently few species of fungi are commonly consumed in Nepal, and there is great potential to
develop the national market for edible fungi like in China, for example. This would provide obvious
benefits in terms of increased income to collectors and traders, but important barriers would have to
be overcome. For example, currently a probable factor deterring the consumption of wild edible fungi
is the fear of poisoning, although the threat of poisoning by fungi is often overstated (FAO 2004).
Another example is that people simply do not have the tradition of eating fungi, and therefore do not
consider whether species found in the wild are edible or not. To overcome such obstacles it would be
important to collect information on the fungi occurring in Nepal, and to disseminate such knowledge
on poisonous and edible species through e.g. posters at public places.
To overcome the fear of poisoning and to provide credibility to fungi as a consumable good, a
certification system as known from e.g. Europe could be implemented in Nepal. Local experts of
fungi are examined and provided a licence, and these can then issue certificates of valid identification
of fungi for sale.
CAN PRODUCTION OF WILD EDIBLE FUNGI BE SUSTAINABLE?
Forests in the midhills and mountains of Nepal provide few marketable products. Commercial timber
production is not viable partly due to transport, and forest production is largely meant to satisfy local
needs of timber, fuel, and fodder. An increased emphasis on collection of commercial wild edible
fungi could supplement commercial collection of other NTFPs.
Collection of fungal fruitbodies does generally not pose problems for future production as long as
spores have been dispersed by some fruitbodies. However, it seems that very intensive collection of
certain mycorrhizal species can be problematic. In Japan, there has been a dramatic decline in the
collected amount of Tricholoma matsutake (Wang and Hall 2004). The same trend seems to be
starting in some areas of very intensive collection in Yunnan (Chen 2004). Lu (1998) also reports a
decrease in the yield of Tricholoma matsutake in Tibet, but there is at present no scientific evidence
that harvesting rates are either sustainable or unsustainable (Winkler 2004). Based on a concern for
decline of Tricholoma matsutake, some local governments in Tibet have initiated a harvest rotation
system where locals can collect only once in three years (Lu 1998).
Until now experiences from collection of morels in Nepal has not shown negative impacts on the
resource as long as the quality of the forest is maintained, i.e. fires and overgrazing is prevented
(Subedi 2001). From our point of view there should be no concern in Nepal at this moment. However,
to anticipate potential over exploitation, it is important to implement a reliable local monitoring
system where the amount of different species of fungi collected annually are stated. Where the forests
have been handed over to community forest user groups, this responsibility will best be handled by
them. In areas where collection of wild edible fungi is or becomes important, it is also
recommendable that this resource should be listed and quantified in the forest operational plans.
The collection technique can also influence the production of wild edible fungi. In China, a practice
of removing the litter from the forest floor while searching for Tricholoma matsutake changes the
microclimate and damages the mycelium (Chen 2004). More careful methods must be recommended.
Also, collection of immature fruitbodies can be problematic for the sustained production of fungi. A
survey on a market in Yunnan shows that 35% of the fungi where immature and often sold to a very
low price compared to mature fruitbodies (Chen 2004). It must be recommended only to collect
fruitbodies, which are in a stage where they can be sold for the highest price – this is probably related
to the tenure of the resource. To obtain good collection practices training and education of collectors
must be recommended.
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5. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 4(2) February, 2005 Christensen, M. and Larsen, H. O.
Undertaking forest management can also be important for increased production of fungi. Generally,
clear-cutting must be avoided and heavily thinning can also have a negative impact on the production
of fungi due to more rapid wetting and drying of the forest floor (FAO 2004). Compaction of soil
from logging operations can also reduce productivity of fungi. Forest fires will in many cases enhance
the growth and yield of Morchella for some years (Pilz et al. 2004), but generally fire in the high-
altitude Pinus wallichiana forests cannot be recommended due to destruction of the forest
regeneration.
Most fungi, which are collected from the wild, cannot easily be cultivated due to mycorrhizal
symbiosis. However, experiences from truffle (Tuber melanosporum) production in France and Italy
can be used in experiments with inoculation of mycelium together with planting of seedlings in
suitable areas. Until now there has been only little research in this field and often the results cannot be
evaluated before several decades after the establishment.
CONCLUSIONS
A number of wild edible fungi in Nepal has unexploited export and local market potentials. This
resource potentially provides opportunities especially for low-income households in rural areas of
Nepal. Experiences from neighbouring countries show that collection of wild edible fungi can provide
substantial contributions to rural livelihoods in areas with limited income generating possibilities.
Challenges to exploiting this potential include export market access, local marketing, and training of
collectors and local experts.
Acknowledgement
Sanjeeb Bhattarai and Santhos Rayamajhi, Institute of Forestry,Pokhara, and Bhupendra Gauchan,
Lete, Mustang are thanked for assistance in the field.
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