This document provides a tentative specification for western bentonite to be used as a binder in mold and core sand or in mold and core washes. It outlines ordering information, quality requirements, sample preparation procedures, technical requirements including moisture content, pH, green compression strength, and methylene blue uptake. It also specifies packaging, inspection, rejection criteria, and supplementary requirements that may be specified by individual foundries when ordering western bentonite. Acceptance testing procedures are provided in an annex for determining properties like moisture content, pH, green compression strength, methylene blue uptake, calcium oxide content, and liquid limit.
This document provides standards and procedures for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory. It describes how to prepare constituent materials, batch quantities, mix concrete using machine or hand mixing, and take samples for testing. The key steps include weighing materials accurately, mixing to uniform consistency, and sampling within 1 hour of mixing without remixing. Modifications must be reported in detail. The report documents the date, materials, mix design, mixing method, any changes, and samples taken.
This document discusses water vapor barrier coatings tested on polyurethane foam samples. Three coatings - two butyl rubber coatings and one epoxy coating - were shown to reduce the water vapor transmission rate through polyurethane foam samples by 37-95% when applied at a thickness of 0.020 inches. Lower density foam was found to have a more severe moisture penetration issue than higher density foam. The effectiveness of the coatings at preventing moisture penetration into encapsulated polyurethane foams was evaluated.
This document outlines British Standard BS 1881-116 from 1983 which provides the method for determining the compressive strength of concrete cubes. It describes the necessary apparatus, test specimens, procedures, type of failure, and calculations. The standard has been revised and amended since its original publication.
This document outlines a test method for determining the thermal stability of PVC insulation and sheathing on electric cables. The test involves heating small samples of the material to 200°C and measuring the time until a color change is observed on an indicator paper, indicating degradation. A longer time before color change indicates higher thermal stability. The method details the apparatus, sample preparation, conditioning, procedure, observations, calculations and reporting requirements to characterize a material's resistance to thermal degradation over time at elevated temperatures.
This document describes three methods for accelerated curing of concrete test cubes at 35°C, 55°C, and 82°C. The 35°C method involves curing test cubes submerged in a water tank maintained at 35°C ± 2°C for 24 hours. The 55°C method cures cubes at 55°C ± 2°C for at least 19.5 hours then cools them for 1-2 hours at 20°C ± 5°C. The 82°C method raises water in a curing tank to 82°C ± 2°C within 2 hours, holds it for 14 hours, then discharges the water after testing the hot cubes within 1 hour. All methods allow determining concrete
This document discusses various tests that are conducted on food packaging materials and packages. Some key tests mentioned include thickness testing, which measures the thickness of materials like paper and film using a dial or digital gauge under a constant pressure. Pinhole testing checks for pinholes in aluminum foil laminates, which can impact barrier properties. Peel or delamination testing measures the bond strength between layers in laminates. Seal strength testing determines the force required to separate seals in flexible pouches and laminates. Permeation tests quantify the barrier properties of plastic films to moisture vapor and gases like oxygen.
Validation of sterilization processes involves establishing that a specific sterilization method will consistently produce sterile products meeting quality standards. This document discusses various sterilization methods and their validation. It describes validating steam, dry heat, and gaseous sterilization processes. Validation studies determine heat distribution, penetration, and mechanical reliability to identify cold spots and ensure sterilization effectiveness. Biological and endotoxin challenges are also important to demonstrate destruction of microorganisms and toxins.
Validation of sterilization processes is important to establish that a specific sterilization method will consistently produce sterile products meeting quality standards. This document discusses various sterilization methods and their validation. It describes validating steam, dry heat, and gaseous sterilization processes. The key aspects covered for each method include qualification of equipment, calibration of temperature monitoring devices, heat distribution and penetration studies, and biological indicators to demonstrate sterility assurance.
This document provides standards and procedures for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory. It describes how to prepare constituent materials, batch quantities, mix concrete using machine or hand mixing, and take samples for testing. The key steps include weighing materials accurately, mixing to uniform consistency, and sampling within 1 hour of mixing without remixing. Modifications must be reported in detail. The report documents the date, materials, mix design, mixing method, any changes, and samples taken.
This document discusses water vapor barrier coatings tested on polyurethane foam samples. Three coatings - two butyl rubber coatings and one epoxy coating - were shown to reduce the water vapor transmission rate through polyurethane foam samples by 37-95% when applied at a thickness of 0.020 inches. Lower density foam was found to have a more severe moisture penetration issue than higher density foam. The effectiveness of the coatings at preventing moisture penetration into encapsulated polyurethane foams was evaluated.
This document outlines British Standard BS 1881-116 from 1983 which provides the method for determining the compressive strength of concrete cubes. It describes the necessary apparatus, test specimens, procedures, type of failure, and calculations. The standard has been revised and amended since its original publication.
This document outlines a test method for determining the thermal stability of PVC insulation and sheathing on electric cables. The test involves heating small samples of the material to 200°C and measuring the time until a color change is observed on an indicator paper, indicating degradation. A longer time before color change indicates higher thermal stability. The method details the apparatus, sample preparation, conditioning, procedure, observations, calculations and reporting requirements to characterize a material's resistance to thermal degradation over time at elevated temperatures.
This document describes three methods for accelerated curing of concrete test cubes at 35°C, 55°C, and 82°C. The 35°C method involves curing test cubes submerged in a water tank maintained at 35°C ± 2°C for 24 hours. The 55°C method cures cubes at 55°C ± 2°C for at least 19.5 hours then cools them for 1-2 hours at 20°C ± 5°C. The 82°C method raises water in a curing tank to 82°C ± 2°C within 2 hours, holds it for 14 hours, then discharges the water after testing the hot cubes within 1 hour. All methods allow determining concrete
This document discusses various tests that are conducted on food packaging materials and packages. Some key tests mentioned include thickness testing, which measures the thickness of materials like paper and film using a dial or digital gauge under a constant pressure. Pinhole testing checks for pinholes in aluminum foil laminates, which can impact barrier properties. Peel or delamination testing measures the bond strength between layers in laminates. Seal strength testing determines the force required to separate seals in flexible pouches and laminates. Permeation tests quantify the barrier properties of plastic films to moisture vapor and gases like oxygen.
Validation of sterilization processes involves establishing that a specific sterilization method will consistently produce sterile products meeting quality standards. This document discusses various sterilization methods and their validation. It describes validating steam, dry heat, and gaseous sterilization processes. Validation studies determine heat distribution, penetration, and mechanical reliability to identify cold spots and ensure sterilization effectiveness. Biological and endotoxin challenges are also important to demonstrate destruction of microorganisms and toxins.
Validation of sterilization processes is important to establish that a specific sterilization method will consistently produce sterile products meeting quality standards. This document discusses various sterilization methods and their validation. It describes validating steam, dry heat, and gaseous sterilization processes. The key aspects covered for each method include qualification of equipment, calibration of temperature monitoring devices, heat distribution and penetration studies, and biological indicators to demonstrate sterility assurance.
This British standard document provides guidance on the normal curing of concrete test specimens at 20 degrees Celsius, outlining the required apparatus, procedures, age of specimens, and reporting requirements. It specifies that specimens be cured in a water tank or moist air environment at 20 +/- 2 degrees Celsius and details information that must and can be included in test reports. The document also references other British standards related to sampling, making, and testing concrete.
The document outlines a method for determining the water absorption of concrete specimens cored from structures or precast components. It describes preparing three core specimens, drying them, weighing them before and after immersion in water, and calculating the water absorption percentage. Corrections are made to the measured absorption based on the length of the core specimen.
The document describes a test procedure to determine the asphalt content of asphalt-aggregate mixtures using a centrifuge extraction method. The test involves extracting the asphalt from a sample using solvents and centrifugation, then drying and weighing the extracted aggregate. The asphalt content is calculated based on the weights of the original mixture and dried aggregate. Corrections are made for moisture content and any errors in the extraction process.
Raj Scientific Company provides instruments for paint, ink, oil, petroleum and powder coating industries. It has a production unit in Mumbai and distributes products across India. The company supplies testing equipment such as salt spray cabinets, salt fog chambers, fineness grind gauges, gloss meters, viscometers, coating thickness gauges, and film applicators. Raj Scientific is committed to delivering high quality products and services.
This document discusses validation of membrane filtration processes. It begins by introducing membrane filtration and its uses in sterilization. The objectives of validation are to consistently produce the desired results when following standard operating procedures. Validation is necessary to ensure safety, quality, and consistency. The document outlines the various elements that must be validated including filter reproducibility, sterilization, integrity testing, operating conditions, shedding, and microbial challenge testing. It provides details on how to validate each of these elements. The validation report summarizes the findings and conclusions.
This document provides information on a human orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) ELISA kit that allows for the quantitative determination of ORM2 concentrations in biological samples like serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, and cell culture supernatants. It describes the intended use, test principle, materials included in the kit, sample collection and storage recommendations, limitations of the procedure, reagent preparation instructions, and the assay procedure.
This document discusses fluidized bed dryers (FBDs) used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It provides information on:
1) The principle of fluidization where hot air is passed through granules in a container, lifting and suspending them in a "fluidized state" for drying.
2) The construction of FBDs using stainless steel with a detachable bowl, fan, filters and air inlets/outlets.
3) The working where granules are placed in the dryer and hot air flows through them to achieve drying before the air exits.
The device is a hemoconcentrator used in heart surgery to oxygenate blood. It requires packaging that maintains sterility, withstands distribution stresses, and has a 2-year shelf life. Testing showed a polycarbonate clamshell with a header bag met these needs. Additional validation confirmed the design was easy to open and store as intended. The approved packaging design protects the fragile device and allows its intended function.
Kl bertop TP 46-111 is a water-miscible, thermosetting bonded coating based on PTFE and an organic binder. It provides benefits such as a lubricating effect, lifetime resistance to wear under low to medium loads, and excellent corrosion protection on phosphated surfaces. The document describes the product's composition, applications, and application methods, and provides detailed test results on its properties including friction coefficient, corrosion and chemical resistance.
This document summarizes Pellicon 2 filters and holders for tangential flow filtration. It describes their applications in biopharmaceutical processes, superior performance from void-free membranes, reliable linear scalability from lab to production scale, and choice of feed channel screens and membranes for optimal performance. Key benefits include high flux, product recovery, process reliability and validation support. A selection guide provides information on recommended membranes for different molecular weight cut-offs and applications.
The document discusses various tests conducted on plastics used for packaging materials. It describes the three broad groups of tests - physical properties, physico-chemical properties, and optical properties. Several specific tests are outlined, including their significance, apparatus used, standards, and units of measurement. Key tests mentioned are haze, tensile strength and elongation, dart impact, heat seal strength, environmental stress crack resistance, and extractability.
A deeper understanding of the complex expansion mechanism, which leads to the pore structure, is crucial to control expansion product properties. Expansion is caused by flash vaporization of water, due to the high pressure drop at the die exit, and subsequent formation and growth of vapor bubbles (Kokini et al. 1992).
Bananas are harvested according to the desired purpose and this brings the maturity period
into play.
2. Bananas for food are harvested between 17 to 21 weeks because they are fully grown in
this range while those for juice will be harvested from 21 weeks and above as they ripen on
wards (Muranga, 2009).
3. Bananas for extrusion purposes are harvested between 9 to 15 weeks because in this
maturity range, the quantity and quality of starch is highest. (Muranga, 2009).
4. Depending on the conditions the East African Highland Banana is exposed to, like
temperature, humidity, physical damage of the skin among others, the ripening process
commences. This is an irreversible process that involves several chemical and physical
changes on the plant. Of interest to this study is the physical change of the starch levels
along the maturity curve. (Muranga, 2009).
This document discusses a study on the effect of particle size on the functional, pasting, and textural properties of gari produced from three varieties of fresh cassava roots and dry chips. The results showed that water absorption capacity, swelling index, and loose bulk density decreased with decreasing particle size, while packed bulk density showed no definite trends. Pasting properties like final viscosity, peak viscosity, and breakdown viscosity were significantly affected by particle size. Texture properties of gel strength and consistency also varied with particle size. In general, decreasing particle size led to more compact structures and higher associative forces in the gari, impacting its properties.
Modified Methylene Blue (MMB) Test ProcedureYasin Engin
This document provides detailed procedures for performing the Modified Methylene Blue (MMB) test to determine the amount of methylene blue adsorbed by aggregate fines. The test involves mixing a sample with methylene blue solution, filtering the mixture, diluting it, and measuring absorbance with a colorimeter. A higher methylene blue value indicates higher clay content, which is undesirable for construction materials. Research has shown a strong correlation between methylene blue value and properties like strength reduction and shrinkage in Portland cement concrete containing clay-contaminated aggregates.
This document provides specifications for installing high-density polyethylene (HDPE) sealing sheets. It outlines material requirements, testing procedures, installation instructions, welding requirements, and repair protocols. The HDPE sheets must meet certain physical property values and be tested during manufacture. Installation involves preparing the surface, unrolling panels to minimize wrinkles, inspecting panels for defects, and securing edges. Welds between panels are tested and must meet strength standards. Any repairs to the liner follow defined evaluation and repair procedures. Special considerations are given for installing liners in tropical environments.
Validation may be defined as
“ Establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its pre-determined specifications and quality attributes.”
Dry Heat
Moist Heat
Gas (Ethylene oxide)
Radiation (Gamma or Electron)
Filtration
Others - UV, Steam and formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide
This document describes a test to determine the standard consistency of cement paste. The test involves mixing cement with varying amounts of water and measuring how far a needle penetrates the paste using a Vicat apparatus. The standard consistency is achieved when the needle penetrates 4-7mm from the bottom of the mold after 30 seconds. This standard consistency percentage of water is then used to make cement pastes for other tests like setting time and soundness. The procedure involves mixing 650g of cement with a measured amount of water, placing it in the Vicat mold, and recording the penetration depth to determine the percentage of water that gives a penetration of 4-7mm.
Determination of Insoluble Solids in Pretreated BiomassBiorefineryEPC™
Determination of Insoluble Solids in Pretreated Biomass
DISCLAIMER:
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BioRefineryEPC™ , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BioRefineryEPC™ "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BioRefineryEPC™ BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
The document describes benchtop systems for tangential flow filtration in laboratories. It discusses:
- Pellicon 2/cassette systems that allow filtration from 1 liter to 500 liters and scaling up filter area from 2.5 to 5 square meters in a single holder.
- Low hold-up volumes of 10 mL/square meter that maximize product yields.
- A selection of standard and low retentate volume holders, fittings, tubing sizes and pumps to accommodate different application needs.
- Typical applications including cell clarification, virus concentration, and protein desalting.
This document outlines test methods for determining the water-soluble acidity or alkalinity of paper. It involves boiling a paper sample in water to extract soluble components, filtering the extract, and then titrating it with an acid or base solution until the pH reaches 7.0. The titration amount indicates the paper's acidity or alkalinity level. This test is intended to measure the extent to which paper alters the pH of pure water and the quantity of extracted ions that contribute to pH changes. It can be used for quality control, research, or paper classification purposes.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine the percentage of sand-sized particles in a drilling fluid sample using sand content equipment. The experiment involved preparing a water-based mud using bentonite and barite, then measuring its density. The sand content equipment was used to separate sand-sized particles from the mud sample by filtering. The percentage of sand was then read directly from the graduated measuring tube of the equipment. The results showed a sand content of 5% for the tested water-based mud sample.
This British standard document provides guidance on the normal curing of concrete test specimens at 20 degrees Celsius, outlining the required apparatus, procedures, age of specimens, and reporting requirements. It specifies that specimens be cured in a water tank or moist air environment at 20 +/- 2 degrees Celsius and details information that must and can be included in test reports. The document also references other British standards related to sampling, making, and testing concrete.
The document outlines a method for determining the water absorption of concrete specimens cored from structures or precast components. It describes preparing three core specimens, drying them, weighing them before and after immersion in water, and calculating the water absorption percentage. Corrections are made to the measured absorption based on the length of the core specimen.
The document describes a test procedure to determine the asphalt content of asphalt-aggregate mixtures using a centrifuge extraction method. The test involves extracting the asphalt from a sample using solvents and centrifugation, then drying and weighing the extracted aggregate. The asphalt content is calculated based on the weights of the original mixture and dried aggregate. Corrections are made for moisture content and any errors in the extraction process.
Raj Scientific Company provides instruments for paint, ink, oil, petroleum and powder coating industries. It has a production unit in Mumbai and distributes products across India. The company supplies testing equipment such as salt spray cabinets, salt fog chambers, fineness grind gauges, gloss meters, viscometers, coating thickness gauges, and film applicators. Raj Scientific is committed to delivering high quality products and services.
This document discusses validation of membrane filtration processes. It begins by introducing membrane filtration and its uses in sterilization. The objectives of validation are to consistently produce the desired results when following standard operating procedures. Validation is necessary to ensure safety, quality, and consistency. The document outlines the various elements that must be validated including filter reproducibility, sterilization, integrity testing, operating conditions, shedding, and microbial challenge testing. It provides details on how to validate each of these elements. The validation report summarizes the findings and conclusions.
This document provides information on a human orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) ELISA kit that allows for the quantitative determination of ORM2 concentrations in biological samples like serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, and cell culture supernatants. It describes the intended use, test principle, materials included in the kit, sample collection and storage recommendations, limitations of the procedure, reagent preparation instructions, and the assay procedure.
This document discusses fluidized bed dryers (FBDs) used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It provides information on:
1) The principle of fluidization where hot air is passed through granules in a container, lifting and suspending them in a "fluidized state" for drying.
2) The construction of FBDs using stainless steel with a detachable bowl, fan, filters and air inlets/outlets.
3) The working where granules are placed in the dryer and hot air flows through them to achieve drying before the air exits.
The device is a hemoconcentrator used in heart surgery to oxygenate blood. It requires packaging that maintains sterility, withstands distribution stresses, and has a 2-year shelf life. Testing showed a polycarbonate clamshell with a header bag met these needs. Additional validation confirmed the design was easy to open and store as intended. The approved packaging design protects the fragile device and allows its intended function.
Kl bertop TP 46-111 is a water-miscible, thermosetting bonded coating based on PTFE and an organic binder. It provides benefits such as a lubricating effect, lifetime resistance to wear under low to medium loads, and excellent corrosion protection on phosphated surfaces. The document describes the product's composition, applications, and application methods, and provides detailed test results on its properties including friction coefficient, corrosion and chemical resistance.
This document summarizes Pellicon 2 filters and holders for tangential flow filtration. It describes their applications in biopharmaceutical processes, superior performance from void-free membranes, reliable linear scalability from lab to production scale, and choice of feed channel screens and membranes for optimal performance. Key benefits include high flux, product recovery, process reliability and validation support. A selection guide provides information on recommended membranes for different molecular weight cut-offs and applications.
The document discusses various tests conducted on plastics used for packaging materials. It describes the three broad groups of tests - physical properties, physico-chemical properties, and optical properties. Several specific tests are outlined, including their significance, apparatus used, standards, and units of measurement. Key tests mentioned are haze, tensile strength and elongation, dart impact, heat seal strength, environmental stress crack resistance, and extractability.
A deeper understanding of the complex expansion mechanism, which leads to the pore structure, is crucial to control expansion product properties. Expansion is caused by flash vaporization of water, due to the high pressure drop at the die exit, and subsequent formation and growth of vapor bubbles (Kokini et al. 1992).
Bananas are harvested according to the desired purpose and this brings the maturity period
into play.
2. Bananas for food are harvested between 17 to 21 weeks because they are fully grown in
this range while those for juice will be harvested from 21 weeks and above as they ripen on
wards (Muranga, 2009).
3. Bananas for extrusion purposes are harvested between 9 to 15 weeks because in this
maturity range, the quantity and quality of starch is highest. (Muranga, 2009).
4. Depending on the conditions the East African Highland Banana is exposed to, like
temperature, humidity, physical damage of the skin among others, the ripening process
commences. This is an irreversible process that involves several chemical and physical
changes on the plant. Of interest to this study is the physical change of the starch levels
along the maturity curve. (Muranga, 2009).
This document discusses a study on the effect of particle size on the functional, pasting, and textural properties of gari produced from three varieties of fresh cassava roots and dry chips. The results showed that water absorption capacity, swelling index, and loose bulk density decreased with decreasing particle size, while packed bulk density showed no definite trends. Pasting properties like final viscosity, peak viscosity, and breakdown viscosity were significantly affected by particle size. Texture properties of gel strength and consistency also varied with particle size. In general, decreasing particle size led to more compact structures and higher associative forces in the gari, impacting its properties.
Modified Methylene Blue (MMB) Test ProcedureYasin Engin
This document provides detailed procedures for performing the Modified Methylene Blue (MMB) test to determine the amount of methylene blue adsorbed by aggregate fines. The test involves mixing a sample with methylene blue solution, filtering the mixture, diluting it, and measuring absorbance with a colorimeter. A higher methylene blue value indicates higher clay content, which is undesirable for construction materials. Research has shown a strong correlation between methylene blue value and properties like strength reduction and shrinkage in Portland cement concrete containing clay-contaminated aggregates.
This document provides specifications for installing high-density polyethylene (HDPE) sealing sheets. It outlines material requirements, testing procedures, installation instructions, welding requirements, and repair protocols. The HDPE sheets must meet certain physical property values and be tested during manufacture. Installation involves preparing the surface, unrolling panels to minimize wrinkles, inspecting panels for defects, and securing edges. Welds between panels are tested and must meet strength standards. Any repairs to the liner follow defined evaluation and repair procedures. Special considerations are given for installing liners in tropical environments.
Validation may be defined as
“ Establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its pre-determined specifications and quality attributes.”
Dry Heat
Moist Heat
Gas (Ethylene oxide)
Radiation (Gamma or Electron)
Filtration
Others - UV, Steam and formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide
This document describes a test to determine the standard consistency of cement paste. The test involves mixing cement with varying amounts of water and measuring how far a needle penetrates the paste using a Vicat apparatus. The standard consistency is achieved when the needle penetrates 4-7mm from the bottom of the mold after 30 seconds. This standard consistency percentage of water is then used to make cement pastes for other tests like setting time and soundness. The procedure involves mixing 650g of cement with a measured amount of water, placing it in the Vicat mold, and recording the penetration depth to determine the percentage of water that gives a penetration of 4-7mm.
Determination of Insoluble Solids in Pretreated BiomassBiorefineryEPC™
Determination of Insoluble Solids in Pretreated Biomass
DISCLAIMER:
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BioRefineryEPC™ , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BioRefineryEPC™ "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BioRefineryEPC™ BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
The document describes benchtop systems for tangential flow filtration in laboratories. It discusses:
- Pellicon 2/cassette systems that allow filtration from 1 liter to 500 liters and scaling up filter area from 2.5 to 5 square meters in a single holder.
- Low hold-up volumes of 10 mL/square meter that maximize product yields.
- A selection of standard and low retentate volume holders, fittings, tubing sizes and pumps to accommodate different application needs.
- Typical applications including cell clarification, virus concentration, and protein desalting.
This document outlines test methods for determining the water-soluble acidity or alkalinity of paper. It involves boiling a paper sample in water to extract soluble components, filtering the extract, and then titrating it with an acid or base solution until the pH reaches 7.0. The titration amount indicates the paper's acidity or alkalinity level. This test is intended to measure the extent to which paper alters the pH of pure water and the quantity of extracted ions that contribute to pH changes. It can be used for quality control, research, or paper classification purposes.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine the percentage of sand-sized particles in a drilling fluid sample using sand content equipment. The experiment involved preparing a water-based mud using bentonite and barite, then measuring its density. The sand content equipment was used to separate sand-sized particles from the mud sample by filtering. The percentage of sand was then read directly from the graduated measuring tube of the equipment. The results showed a sand content of 5% for the tested water-based mud sample.
The document describes procedures for determining nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, including field sampling methods, laboratory procedures, and calculations. A grab sample is collected in an evacuated flask containing an acid solution and analyzed colorimetrically or via ion chromatography to measure nitrogen oxides except nitrous oxide. Field procedures involve collecting samples using a probe and flask, while laboratory procedures specify reagents, equipment, sample recovery, and analysis steps to process the samples collected and calculate results.
Determination of Total Solids in Biomass and Total Dissolved Solids in Liquid...BiorefineryEPC™
Determination of Total Solids in Biomass and Total Dissolved Solids in Liquid Process Samples
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
This document outlines standard operating procedures for pH testing of products produced in China for Gap Inc. brands. It details the responsibilities of various parties in the testing process including garment factories, laundries, Gap QA teams, and local labs. Key points covered include the pH testing process flow, required equipment and methods, responsibilities of different stakeholders, and differences between Gap protocols and China's national standards. The overarching goal is to ensure all China-produced products meet Gap's published pH standards regardless of brand or product type.
The document describes procedures for determining various properties of bituminous materials including penetration value, softening point, ductility, and viscosity. The penetration value test measures the hardness or consistency of a bituminous material by the distance a needle penetrates into a sample under specified conditions. The softening point test determines the temperature at which a bitumen or tar sample reaches a specified softening level. The ductility test measures the distance a bitumen sample will elongate before breaking when pulled apart at a specified speed and temperature. The viscosity test determines the time taken for 50mL of a bituminous material to flow through a specified orifice at a given temperature, providing a measure of its resistance to flow.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Quality Documentation
Documentation Overview
The Quality Manual
Types of Quality Documentation
Quality Documentation
Four Attributes of GMP Documentation
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SOP: Standard Operating Procedure
Examples of SOP Categories
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Control of SOPs
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Why All The Documentation
Everything you always wanted to know about good documentation but were afraid someone might tell you
Everything you always wanted to know about good documentation but were afraid someone might tell you
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ENTRIES
ELECTRONIC RECORDS
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COUGAR Pharmaceuticals
Proprietary Information
Project Name: Magnetic Particle Real Time Stability Protocol
Project Number:1002
Protocol Number: QCSASS-03
Date: 7/16/01 Page: 4 of 9
Originator Approval
Date:
R&D Approval
Date:
QC Approval
Date:
QA Approval
Date:
Regulatory Affairs Approval
Date
TABLE OF CONTENTS
21
Study Overview
2
Materials/Methods
3
3
Data Recording and Analysis
5
4
Interpretation of Results
5
5
Reagent Requirements
6
6
Validity Criteria
6
7
Repeat Testing Criteria
6
8
Failure Investigation
7
9
Appendix B: Stability Study Deviation Log
8
10
APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF MATERIALS AND METHODS
9
Magnetic Particles for Target Capture Reagent
9
1 Study Overview1.1 Objectives
1.2 The objective of this protocol is to provide stability data to support the dating of the Seradyn Magnetic Particles and dT14 Magnetic Particles used in the manufacture of the Target Capture Reagent in the TMA HIV-1/HCV Assay master kit. These Magnetic Particles are stored for extended periods after manufacture but prior to final reagent formulation. In addition, data will be generated to show the Raw Material/Subassembly stay within specification when stored under the recommended conditions during proposed storage times as defined in the QS or QCS documents.
1.3 Definitions
1.3.1 Component: Global term to identify any labeled reagent, subassembly or raw material.
1.3.2 Raw Material: Component manufactured by outside Vendor that is used in manufacture of a second component.
1.3.3 Real Time Stability Study: Subassemblies are incubated at their proposed long term storage temperature for a period of time exceeding the proposed shelf life of the product by at least 20%.
1.3.4 Subassembly: Intermediates in the manufacturing process of the labeled reagents.
1.4 ...
The jar test method involves adding coagulants and flocculants to water samples and using stirrers to simulate the mixing that occurs in water treatment plants. The test determines the optimal chemical types and dosages for reducing turbidity through coagulation and flocculation followed by settling. Samples are flash mixed, slowly mixed, and allowed to settle before measuring turbidity and other parameters of the supernatant water.
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Western bentonite
1. STEEL FOUNDERS’ SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Tentative Specification for
WESTERN BENTONITE
SFSA Designation: 13T - 86
ISSUED: 1986
Superseding 13T-65, Issued 1965
Scope
1.1 This specification covers western bentonite (see Note
1) which is used either as a binder in mold and core sand or
in the preparation of core and mold washes.
NOTE 1. Western Bentonite as applied to this specification is composed
chiefly of the minerals of the Montmorillonite family i n which the ratio of
sodium ion to calcium ion i n the base exchange is approximately 1.7 t o 1.
Ordering Information
2.1 Orders for material under this specification shall in-clude
the following information:
2.1.1 Quantity
2.1.2 Name of material
2.1.3 This specification number
2.1.4 Requirements for packaging, analysis, reports,
etc. as appropriate
2.2 When specified a vendor shall indicate this specifica-tion
number in all quotations and when acknowledging
purchase orders.
Quality
3.1 The material shall be of uniform composition and free
from foreign materials.
3.2 The material shall be free from adulterants, with any
added material reported to the foundry.
Sample Preparation
4.1 The number of bags to be sampled in routine testing
of carload shipments shall be 10 which shall be selected at
random.
4.1.1 The sample shall be reduced by quartering un-til
a 2.5-pound sample is obtained.
4.1.2 An alternate method for reducing the gross
sample is by the use of a sample splitter which is
described in the AFS “Mold and Core Test Hand-book”,
1st Edition, Section 2.
4.1.3 Identification of sample shall indicate material,
producer, supplier, source of shipment and date ship-ment
was received.
4.2 In case of a dispute between supplier and purchaser,
the number of bags to be sampled shall be according to
ASTM C-322, Procedure C.
4.2.1 The numbers of samples shall depend on rhe
number of units in shipment. A grain sampler or
similar sampling instrument shall be used to take
samples which shall then be combined, mixed and
quartered or riffled to obtain a 2.5-pound laboratory
sample.
4.2.2 When a shipment consists of less than 500 bags
but greater than 100 bags, the number of bags sampl-ed
shall be not less than 15. For lots of 500 to 1000
bags, 20 bags shall be sampled.
5. Technical Requirements
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Moisture
5.1.1 The maximum water content shall not exceed
11 percent and the minimum content shall not be less
than 6 percent.
The pH value
5.2.1 The pH value shall be equal to or greater than
8.2.
Green Compression
5.3.1 The green compressive strength shall be a
minimum of 15 psi @ 46-5 1% compactibility for a 7%
bentonite - 2.3 -2.6% water-sand mix.
Methylene Blue
5.4.1 The methylene blue test shall have a minimum
of 90 ml of uptake for a 1 gram of the material.
6.
7.
8.
Packaging or Bagging
6.1 Packaging shall be accomplished in such a manner as
to insure against loss of material as well as exposure to
moisture.
6.2 The bentonite shall be packaged in heavy duty bags
which hold a maximum of 105 pounds.
6.3 Each container (bag) shall be legibly marked with the
following:
6.3.1 “Western Bentonite” and trade name in a color
contrasting to that of the bag.
6.3.2 Quantity of weight (contained).
6.3.3 Producer’s name.
Inspection
7.1 The vendor shall afford the inspector representing the
foundry all reasonable facilities, without charge, to satisfy
him that the material is being furnished in accordance with
this specification.
Rejection
8.1 Bentonite ordered to this specification that does not
conform to the requirements of this specification will be
subject to rejection by the foundry.
Supplementary Requirements
Supplementary requirements shall only apply when specified
by the foundry. Details of the supplementary requirements
shall be agreed on by the vendor and foundry.
S. 1 The material shall be free from any additions, other than
water, made to conform the material to the specification.
2. S.2 Each bag shall he sampled.
S.3 Calcium oxide content
S.3.1 The calcium oxide content shall not exceed 0.70
percent (25 milliequivalents of Ca/100 grams of ben-tonite).
S.4 Liquid Limit
S.4.1 The liquid limit shall he not less than 600 or
greater than 850.
S.5 Bulk Density
S.5.1 The maximum variation in the hulk density of a
bentonite furnished a foundry by a producer shall not be
greater than ±50 grams per quart of the specified average
bulk density.
S.5.2 The specified average hulk density in grams per
quart shall he established by mutual agreement between
the vendor and the foundry.
Note 2.The hulk density of bentonite is only significant to those found
ries that measure bentonite additions by volume.
S.6 Viscosity
S.6.1 The material shall pass a viscosity test. The pro-cedure
and values shall he agreed on by the vendor and
foundry.
S.7 Certification
S.7.1 The vendor shall submit to the foundry a certified
report of the test results together with a statement that all
the requirements of this specification have been met.
S.8 Screen Analysis
S.8.1 The vendor shall submit to the foundry a copy of
the screen analysis relative to the grind requested by the
foundry.
ANNEX I
Acceptance Tests
1. Moisture (mechanically held)
1.1 Weigh quantitatively (to second decimal) 10
grams of hentonite into a dried, weighed crucible.
Spread uniformly over the bottom of the crucible.
Place the crucible and bentonite into a drying oven.
Heat for two hours at 105-110 degrees centigrade
(220-230 degrees F); cool in a desiccator and weigh.
1.2 Calculations
1.2.1 Percent Moisture =
Loss in weight
x 100
Weight of sample
2. The pH value
2.1 Determination of the pH value of Western Ben-tonite
(see Note 3).
*2.1.1 To determine pH every 30 seconds until the
results are constant.
2.1.2 The pH should he determined by electrometric
methods.
3. Green Compression Test
3.1 Sample preparation
3.1.1 Mull 93% round grain, 4 screen 56-62 average
grain fineness sand and approximately 2. 3% added
water. With a vertical wheel laboratory muller sand
and water should be mulled one minute. The amount
of water added should be sufficient to achieve a com-patiblity
of 46-51%. After adding the 7% Bentonite (as
received) mull 8 minutes and test.
If a horizontal wheel muller is used, mull 20 seconds
with water and 3 minutes with Bentonite.
3.2.1 The compression test shall he conducted in ac-cordance
with the procedure described in the AFS
“Mold and Core Test Handbook”, First Edition,
Chapter 11.8.
4. The Methylene Blue Test
4.1 The Methylene Blue Test shall he conducted in
accordance with the procedure described in the AFS
“Mold and Core Test Handbook”, First Edition, Sec-tion
17.
5. Calcium Oxide Content
5.1 Procedure by the Versene Method (see Note 4).
5.1.1 Prepare a standard 6 percent solution of ben-zyltrimethyl
ammonium chloride by diluting 30 ml of
the salt with 470 ml of distilled water (see Note 5). The
standard solution may also he prepared from dilution
of commercially available solutions.
5.1.2 Weigh out 10.00 grams of dried bentonite, us-ing
a balance sensitive to 10 milligrams. Add the ben-tonite
to exactly 100.0 ml of the standard 6 percent
solution of benzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride and
mix at moderate speed in a Hamilton Beach or similar
mixing equipment for a period of 4 minutes. Filter, us-ing
either a Whatman No. 30 or similar filter paper.
Save the filtrate.
5.1.3 Dilute 2.0 ml of the filtrate to approximately 50
ml with distilled water. Add 2 ml of sodium hydroxide
solution (see Note 6). Then add murexide indicator
(about 1/10 gram). The nature of the color change
from pink to purple causes wide variations in the
quantity of indicator used by individuals (see Note 7).
5.1.4 Titrate with standard Versenate solution (see
Note 8). At the end point the color changes from pink
to purple.
5.1.5 Note ml of the versenate solution required to
titrate sample.
5.1.6 Calculation
Me of Ca ion/100 grams of bentonite = 10 x
(ml titrant).
% CaO = (me of Ca/ 100 grams of bcntonitc) x
(0.02804).
3. 6. Liquid Limit Test
6.1 Apparatus
6.1.1 Balance: Any suitable balance accurate to 0.0 1
grams.
6.1.2 Aluminum Moisture Dish: Aluminum foil
with a flat bottom and a small table on the top edge
for handling. Diameter 58 mm. Depth 18 mm. May be
obtained from any chemical supply house.
6.1.3 SFSA Approved Standard Liquid Limit Test
Equipment: Includes specially equipped mixer, blade,
dispersing jar and lid, spatula, and device for measur-ing
the consistency of a bentonitc-water slurry. This
equipment may be obtained from Soiltest Incorpor-ated,
2205 Lee Street, Evanston, Illinois 60202.
6.1.4 Desiccator: Any suitable size loaded with in-dicating
Drierite and a small dish of phosphoric anhy-dride.
6.1.5 Drying Oven: Capable of being maintained at
105-110 degrees C.
6.1.6 Liquid Limit Data and Computation Sheet:
6.1.7 Evaporating Dish: Low form, porcelain, glazed
inside, 50 ml capacity 80 mm diameter, 20 mm height.
May he obtained from any chemical supply house.
6.2 Reagents
6.2.1 Distilled water, carbonate free.
6.3 Procedure for determining moisture in bentonite.
6.3.1 Weigh, on a balance sensitive to 1.0 milligrams,
10.00 grams of hentonite in a tared aluminum dish.
Place the container with the bentonite in a drying
oven at 105-I 10 degrees C for 2 hours (see Note 9).
Remove the container from the furnace, cool in a
disiccator; weigh and determine the percent moisture
in the bentonite (see 1.2.1 for method of calculating
percent moisture).
6.4 Determination of water content of bentonite requir-ing
less than 20 blows to close the groove.
6.4.1 Begin the liquid limit determination by
weighing on a balance sensitive to 10 milligrams, 30
grams of bentonitc in a container (aluminum cup).
Spread to a uniform depth and mark in approximate-ly
four equal parts.
6.4.2 Add exactly 100 ml of distilled water (see Note
10) (pH 7.0 is recommended) to the dispersing jar.
Then add ¼ the bentonite weighed in step 6.4.1 to the
dispersing jar and adjust the propeller so that the ben-tonite
will he pushed to the middle of the jar.
6.4.3 Start motor, move the closed jar up and down
on the mixing shaft until the hentonitc is thoroughly
disperses (90 seconds). Add approximately ½ of the
second ¼ of the bentonite to the dispersing jar and
again mix by moving the closed jar u p and down on
the shaft for 90 seconds.
6.4.4 The jar should he removed from the mixer and
the sides scraped with a spatula to insure that there is
no dry bentonite adhering there. Mix the slurry again
for 90 seconds, according to the procedure previously
described. Experience will soon develop one’s ability
to know if the mixture is too thin to make a groove in
the cup of the liquid limit apparatus. If the mixture is
too thin, thicken by adding a spatula or more of ben-tonite
to the mixture (see Note 11). Again follow the
prescribed mixing procedure.
NOTE 11. Bentonite must be added carefully to the dispersing jar so
as not to spill any of the bentonite
6.4.5 Following the 90-second mixing cycle, prompty-ly
add the slurry to the cup with a spatula. A good
contact between the slurry and the surface of the cup
is very essential. The amount of slurry required is in-dicated
by a line scribed on the inner surface of the
cup. Smooth the slurry until it is level with the line at
all points. This step, probably more than any other,
will affect the reproducibility of the test. Particular
emphasis must be given to the uniformity of execution
of this operation.
6.4.6 Make a groove with the srriher (see Note 12).
Remove all the hentonite remaining on the scriber
and return it to the jar. Carefully remove the rubber
mat underneath the cup and turn the crank at a rate
of about two revolutions per second; count the blows
necessary to close the groove for a distance of ½ inch
(see Note 13).
6.4.7 If the number of blows is between 1 and 8,
carefully add 1 to 3 spatulas of bentonite and repeat
4. the 90-second mixing procedure. Then again deter-mine
the number of blows needed to close the groove
as described in 6.4.5 through 6.4.6.
Adjustment of the cup to provide the required one
centimeter clearance between the bottom of the cup at
its highest position and the striking base should he
done frequently. This adjustment may position the
cup in such a way that the scriber is off-center and
thus strikes the cup unevenly. In such a case, the
scriber supports must he adjusted so that the cup is
lightly scraped clean the entire length of the groove.
The suhsequcnt determination of the closing of the
groove is made more reproducible if it has been pro-perly
scribed.
6.4.8 If the number of blows is between 9 and 20,
repeat 6.4.5 through 6.4.6 until the number of blows
is within ±2 blows of the previous trials. Following
each sequence, return as much of the slurry as possible
to the dispersing jar. Clean the cup with a dampened
cloth and dry thoroughly.
6.4.9 After a constant reading of ±2 blows is obtain-ed
(in the range of Y to 20 blows), the weight of the re-maining
unmixed bentonite is determined (see Note
14). Subtract this weight from the original 30 grams of
hentonite to determine the number of grams of ben-tonite
added to the 100 ml of water. This value is B in
equation (1).
6.4.10 Return slurry to the dispensing jar.
6.4.11 The water content (see Note 15) of the mix-ture
may he expressed in the following word formula:
g of water added plus g of water
W a t er = in the benronite added
Content g of bentonite minus g of water
x 100
in the bentonite added
The grams of water in the added bentonite are deter-mined
by multiplying the percent water in the ben-tonite
(determined in 6.3) by weight of bentonite add-ed
(determined by 6.4.9). The resultant product is
divided hv 100.
6.5 Calculation of W20 water content
w+!z
6 . 5 . 1 W20 =
100
~ x 100 Eq (1)
B_PB
100
where W7n = Water content for approximately Y to
-1 20 blows
W = grams of water added
B = grams of bentonite added
P = percent moisture in the bentonite added
6.5.2 Example:
G r a m s o f w a t e r a d d e d
P e r c e n t m o i s t u r e i n b e n t o n i t e
Grams of bentonite added (30-16)
100 + 9.1 x 14
w20 =
100
x 100
14 _ 9.1 x 14
100
= 100 + 1.27 x loo
14 - 1.2i
x101.27 x lOO=7Y6
12.73
100
9.1
14.0
6.6 Determination of water content of hentonitc requir-ing
between 30-40 blows to close the groove.
6.7
6.6.1 Carefully add 1 to 3 more spatulas of hentonitc
to the slurry in the dispersing jar. Experience with the
particular bentonite being tested will dictate the
amount of addition required.
6.6.2 Repeat the 90-second mixing procedure and
determine the number of blows necessary to close the
groove as described in 6.4.5 through 6.4.6. The
number of blows required should he in the range of
30-40. Repeat the operation until the numher of blows
is within ±2 blows of the preceding trial.
6.6.3 Determine the weight of bentonite remaining
after completing 6.6.1. Subtract this weight from the
original 30 grams of clay to determine the total grams
of hentonite added to the water.
Calculation of W40 water content.
6.7.1 Determine the water content of this more
viscous mixture by the method outlined in part 6.3.
6.7.2 Example:
Grams of water added 100
Percent moisture in bentonite 9.1
Grams of bentonite added (30-5.2) 24.8
6.7.3 Water content W40 is calculated as outlined in
6.5 by substituting 24.8 for 14. W40 = 454.
5. 6.8.2 Example: Let it he assumed that 15 blows were re-quired
to close the groove in step 6.4.8 and 35 blows in step
6.6.2. The water content of the slurry requiring 15 blows to
close the groove was 796, and at 35 blows 454. A plot of
the water content against log of blows is shown in Figure 1.
The two points are connected by a straight line. The liquid
limit (WL) is read as the water content at twenty-five
blows. In the plot in Figure 1, the liquid limit is 590.
800
b 700
zi
600
500
%2
400
9
300
200
6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60
NUMBER OF BLOWS
7. Procedure for determining bulk density
7.1 Equipment
7.1.1 Cast iron laboratory tripod, one ring single
grooved, 6” nominal size, 6%” outside dimensions,
411x” inside dimensions and I/H” thickness. Three legs
VIM” diameter, 9” long (tripod mounted).
7.1.2 Flour sifter (Washburn Company, Rockford, Il-linois,
Antrock No. 573X). Consisting of three
18-mesh screens with squeeze handle sift mechanism.
7.1.3 A standard Ohaus one quart dry measure con-tainer
- 47116” inside diameter and 4i/th” high. May
be purchased from any laboratory equipment dealer
who handles Ohaus scales.
7.2 Procedure
7.2.1 Select a representative sample of the material
to be tested. The amount of the material should he ap-proximately
one gallon dry measure. Assemble the ap-paratus
so that the tripod is on a parallel surface with
the quart measuring container directly underneath
the ring stand. Place on the top of the ring stand, the
flour sifter.
7.2.2 Slowly add portions of the material to be tested
to the flour sifter. Sift and collect the material to be
tested in the quart measuring vessel. When the quart
container is overflowing, stop sifting. Remove the
flour sifter and ring stand (see Note 16).
7.2.3 Strike off immediately and carefully the ben-tonite
above the quart measure container with a one-inch
strike-off ruler.
7.2.4 Empty the bentonite from the quart container
on a scale which has a gram accuracy. Determine the
weight of the bentonite in grams. This gives the bulk
density in grams per quart.
7.2.5 Repeat test with a different sample.
7.2.6 Average the two tests, and this value is ap-parent
bulk density.