This document discusses transitional words and phrases used to connect ideas and show relationships within academic writing. It provides examples of words and phrases grouped by the logical connection they indicate, such as sequence, cause and effect, comparison, contrast, addition, time, examples, emphasis, place, and qualification. The document concludes by discussing imperative sentences used to give orders, requests, or prohibitions and provides an activity asking students to describe the location of their home.

1. Instructing Directions;
Transitional Words
Week 5: Lecture 15
Zafar Ullah, Air University, Islamabad,
zafarullah76@gmail.com

2. Transitional Words/ Discourse
Markers
To show sequence
first, second, third, then, after, afterward, since,
before, when, whenever, until, as soon as, as long
as, while, again, also, besides, finally, furthermore,
last, moreover, next, still, too
To show cause and effect
therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, for this
reason, so, so that, accordingly, because, for this
purpose, hence, thereupon, to this end, since
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3. Cont…
To compare
similarly, likewise, in like manner, also, in fact,
actually, indeed, certainly, again, in the same way,
once more
To contrast
however, on the one hand / on the other hand, in
contrast, conversely, but, yet, on the contrary,
nevertheless, nonetheless, still, notwithstanding,
despite, still, although, even though, in spite of,
instead, regardless
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4. Cont…
To show addition
and, in addition, also, furthermore, moreover,
besides, next, again, too, second, third, another,
finally
To indicate time
before, now, after, afterwards, subsequently, later,
earlier, meanwhile, in the meantime, while, as long
as, so far, after a bit, after a few days, after a while,
as soon as, at last, at length, at that time, before,
earlier, immediately, in the mean time, in the past,
lately, presently, shortly, simultaneously, since, then,
there after, until, when
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5. Cont…
To give examples
for example, for instance, specifically, namely, to
illustrate, that is, in particular, after all, even, indeed,
in fact, of course, such as, the following example
To generalize
in general, for the most part, as a general rule, on
the whole, usually, typically, To emphasize a point,
indeed, in fact, as a matter of fact, even,
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6. Cont…
To show Place
above, adjacent to, below, beyond, closer to,
elsewhere, far, farther on, here, near, nearby,
opposite to, there, to the left, to the right
To show qualification
frequently, often, usually, in general, occasionally,
provided, in case, unless, when, since, because,
for, if
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7. Cont…
To signal concession
of course, naturally, although it is true that, granted
that, I admit that, it may appear that, although,
though, no doubt, to be sure, whereas, of course,
doubtless, undoubtedly, certainly,
To conclude or summarize
in conclusion, to conclude, in summary, to
summarize, in short, in other words, therefore, thus,
in reality, as a result, as has been noted, as I have
said, as we have seen, as mentioned earlier, in any
event, on the whole, therefore
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9. Imperative Sentences
Order
• Polish my shoes.
• Close the door.
• Deposit money in my account.
Request
Kindly help me.
Please guide me.
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10. Cont…
Forbade
Do not waste your time.
Never smoke a cigarette.
Do not spoil your career.
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12. Answers
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14. Activity to describe location of your
home
• Google map directions
• Your pen friend has come to
your city first time, so explain the
location of your home from bus
stop/ station/ airport.
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15. Thank You
Office
Make Presentation much more fun
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