This document outlines key features of academic writing. It includes a schematic diagram showing that academic writing uses an academic style with formal vocabulary, passive voice, and objective, cautious language. It also discusses paragraph development using a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence. Additionally, it provides examples of words and phrases used for signalling different purposes in academic writing such as addition, cause and effect, comparison, and time/order. Finally, it depicts the typical structure of an academic paper from introduction to discussion, moving from general to specific back to general.

1. Features of Academic
Writing
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

2. Academic
writing
Academic
style
yes
formal vocabulary
use of the passive
voice
cautious language
objective language
no
emotive language
questions
contractions

3. Academic writing
Paragraph development
TS (topic sentence)
SS(supporting sentences)
CS(concluding sentence)

4. ACADEMIC WRITING
SIGNALLING
Addition apart from this, as well as, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, nor, not only ... but also, too, what is
more
Cause and effect accordingly, as a consequence, as a result, because (of this), consequently, for this reason, hence, in order to,
owing to this, so, so that, therefore, this leads to, thus
Comparison/ similar ideas in comparison, in the same way, likewise, similarly
Condition if, in that case, provided that, unless
Contradiction actually, as a matter of fact, in fact
Contrast/ opposite ideas although, but, despite, in spite of, even so, however, in contrast, in spite of this, nevertheless, on the contrary,
on the other hand, whereas, yet
Emphasis chiefly, especially, importantly, indeed, in detail, in particular, mainly, notably, particularly
Examples for example, for instance, such as, thus, as follows
Explanation/ equivalence in other words, namely, or rather, this means, to be more precise
Generalisation as a rule, for the most part, generally, in general, normally, on the whole, in most cases, usually
Stating the obvious clearly, naturally, obviously, surely
Summary/ conclusion finally, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, overall, to conclude
Support actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, indeed
Time/order at first, eventually, finally, first(ly), in the first/second place, initially, lastly, later, next, prior to, second(ly)

5. AUDIENCE
PURPOSE
ORGANIZATION
STYLE
FLOW
PRESENTATION
Considerations in academic writing
Swale and Feak, 1994, p. 8

6. Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
General
Specific
Specific
General