Ethical issues in sports 1.  Post three peer-reviewed articles on the topic.  (It is suggested that you find these articles in the library and not through a google search) Peer Reviewed articles Mcnamee, Michael, Partridge, Bradley, and Anderson, Lynley. “Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues.” Kinesiology Review 4.2 (2015): 190–202. Web. The issue of concussion in sport is a matter of global public interest that is currently under dispute by educational, legal, and medical professionals and scientists. In this article we discuss the problem from philosophical, bioethical, and sports ethical perspectives. We articulate conceptual differences in approaches to definition and therefore diagnosis of concussion. We critically review similarities and differences in the leading consensus statements that guide the treatment of concussion diagnosis and treatment in sports. We then present a series of ethical problems including issues that relate to paternalistic intervention in the lives of athletes in order to prevent harm to athletes, conflicting and competing interests, and confidentiality. Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web. Concussions in professional sports have received increased attention, which is partly attributable to evidence that found concussion incidence rates were much higher than previously thought (Echlin et al. Journal of Neurosurgical Focus 29:1–10, 2010). Further to this, professional hockey players articulated how their concussion symptoms affected their professional careers, interpersonal relationships, and qualities of life (Caron et al. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 35:168–179, 2013). Researchers are beginning to associate multiple/repeated concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a structural brain injury that is characterized by tau protein deposits in distinct areas of the brain (McKee et al. Brain 136:43–64, 2013). Taken together, concussions impact many people in the sporting community from current and former professional athletes and their families to medical and health professionals and researchers. In light of the growing awareness and sensitivity towards concussions, the purposeof this paper is to provide recommendations that are designed to improve player safety in professional hockey and address the ethical issues surrounding these suggestions. Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. “MORAL/ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT IN SPORTS.” International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7.4 (2014): 371–381. Web. From as early as human memory can go, individuals in various cultures have engaged in various recreational and competitive activities. It is from these recreational, entertainment and competition activities that more organized and structured competitive games and sports were developed. The foundation of these competitive sports hinges on fairness and hone ...

1. Ethical issues in sports
1. Post three peer-reviewed articles on the topic. (It is
suggested that you find these articles in the library and not
through a google search)
Peer Reviewed articles
Mcnamee, Michael, Partridge, Bradley, and Anderson, Lynley.
“Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues.”
Kinesiology Review 4.2 (2015): 190–202. Web.
The issue of concussion in sport is a matter of global public
interest that is currently under dispute by educational, legal,
and medical professionals and scientists. In this article we
discuss the problem from philosophical, bioethical, and sports
ethical perspectives. We articulate conceptual differences in
approaches to definition and therefore diagnosis of concussion.
We critically review similarities and differences in the leading
consensus statements that guide the treatment of concussion
diagnosis and treatment in sports. We then present a series of
ethical problems including issues that relate to paternalistic
intervention in the lives of athletes in order to prevent harm to
athletes, conflicting and competing interests, and
confidentiality.
Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues
Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice
Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web.
Concussions in professional sports have received increased
attention, which is partly attributable to evidence that found
concussion incidence rates were much higher than previously
thought (Echlin et al. Journal of Neurosurgical Focus 29:1–10,
2010). Further to this, professional hockey players articulated
how their concussion symptoms affected their professional
careers, interpersonal relationships, and qualities of life (Caron
et al. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 35:168–179,
2013). Researchers are beginning to associate multiple/repeated
concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a

2. structural brain injury that is characterized by tau protein
deposits in distinct areas of the brain (McKee et al. Brain
136:43–64, 2013). Taken together, concussions impact many
people in the sporting community from current and former
professional athletes and their families to medical and health
professionals and researchers. In light of the growing awareness
and sensitivity towards concussions, the purposeof this paper is
to provide recommendations that are designed to improve player
safety in professional hockey and address the ethical issues
surrounding these suggestions.
Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. “MORAL/ETHICAL
ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT IN
SPORTS.” International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7.4 (2014):
371–381. Web.
From as early as human memory can go, individuals in various
cultures have engaged in various recreational and competitive
activities. It is from these recreational, entertainment and
competition activities that more organized and structured
competitive games and sports were developed. The foundation
of these competitive sports hinges on fairness and honesty but
these ethical concepts are not always upheld. It is with this in
mind that this paper seeks to offer a philosophical investigation
into the use of performance enhancing drugs in competitive
sports with a focus on the importance of ethics and fair play.
We believe that the existing system of banning performance
enhancement drugs and punishing athletes caught using same
may be warranted in order to maintain the integrity of sports. In
a quest to respond to the issues raised on fairness, our
discussions will focus on an ethical framework. From this
ethical perspective, we combine Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian
theory with Kant's Deontology theory to show how a
combination of both theories can provide one possible response
to the ethical actions of athletes in respect to the use of
performance enhancers. We argue for a form of 'self duty' that
all athletes should have to the ethical rules as is applied to
honesty and integrity.

3. Hums, Mary, Barr, Carol, and Gullion, Laurie. “The Ethical
Issues Confronting Managers in the Sport Industry.” Journal of
Business Ethics 20.1 (1999): 51–66. Web.
The sport industry is an extremely diverse industry, including
segments such as professional sport, intercollegiate athletics,
health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management.
The industry is currently experiencing rapid growth and
development, and as it grows, sport managers in the different
segments encounter ethical issues which are often unique to
each segment. The professional sport, intercollegiate athletics,
health and fitness, recreational sport and facility management
segments of the sport industry are examined and the various
ethical issues facing managers in each of these segments are
discussed.
2. Tell the class how you found the materials (What you typed
into the library search, etc.)
I TYPED ETHICAL ISSUES IN SPORTS in APUS TEFRY
LIBRARY aanand selected peer-reviewed.
3. Explain what you learned from the articles specifically, how
the articles contribute to our knowledge of the topic?
Differentiate between primary and secondary sources: As a
student, you will be asked to write essays, case studies, term
papers, research papers, etc. In some instances, professors may
only require secondary sources. In other cases, your professors
may require a primary source. There may even be instances
where a professor would allow both primary and secondary
sources. For this reason, it is essential for you as a student to
be able to differentiate between primary and secondary sources.
Primary Source: Primary sources are from research that one
conducts directly on their own. The study can be based upon
numerical data or quantitative analysis, or it can be based upon
strategies of inquiry or qualitative research. Here are some
ways students can gather information from primary sources. A

4. student can gather primary information from their eyewitness
account of an event, or through an interview or a survey (not an
exhaustive list).
Primary sources should be read carefully and should not be
taken for the literal truth. The reader must consider the author,
the purpose, and the audience. It is also important to consider
the context. For instance, look at the period in which the piece
was written, then find the differences between that time and
today.
Secondary Sources: Secondary sources are research and data
collected by another person or body. A literature review is
compiling information about your topic from existing sources.
These sources would be secondary sources.
Consider this example: You are writing an essay for a class. In
this essay, you are required to use three academic sources. The
journal articles chosen as support would be classified as
secondary sources. This is information you are using which
comes from a source other than your own account or experience.
Now, on the other hand, if you plan to incorporate your personal
experience or own eye-witness account of an event, then this
would be a primary source.
Examples of Primary Sources: Primary sources are original
documents: speeches, diaries, interviews, observation, and
surveys.
Examples of Secondary Sources: Secondary sources are at least
one step removed from the primary source; often written about a
primary source: articles, textbooks, book review.
Examples of Primary and Secondary Sources
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Conference Papers
Correspondence
Dissertations
Diaries

5. Interviews
Lab Notebooks
Notes
Patents
Proceedings
Studies or Surveys
Technical Reports
Theses
Criticism and Interpretation
Dictionaries
Directories
Encyclopedias
Government Policy
Guide to Literature
Handbooks
Law and Legislation
Monographs
Moral and Ethical Aspects
Political Aspects
Public Opinion
Reviews
Social Policy
Tables
Source: The Evolution of Scientific Information
(from Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, vol.
26).
***Classmate Responses: Are these articles presented primary
or secondary sources? (see week 2 lessons for a review on
primary and secondary sources).
Classmate 1 respond (warsea)
For all 3 articles I typed in “exercise and mental health” into
the search bar.

6. The first source that I looked at was titled “An examination of
serotonin and psychological variables in the relationship
between exercise and mental health.” This article documented a
study that divided subjects into a stretching group and an
exercise group, and put them through a study that took several
weeks. Questionnaires measuring anxiety, depression, and blood
draws measuring serotonin were done at the beginning and end
of the study, and the results were studied and compared. This
particular article contributes to our knowledge because we have
concrete scientific evidence on how exercise can improve a
person’s mental health state.
The second source that I read through was titled
“Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move.” In the
article, it took a neurological approach and looked closer at the
effects exercise has on aging and mental health on both animals
and humans. The article improved our knowledge about the
subject because it looked at how exercise changes the brains
functions and physiological effects on the body.
My final source was “Exercise Interventions for Improving
Mental and Physical Health in Schizophrenia.” Based off the
title I thought it was going to cover how exercise can
potentially help minimize Schizophrenia, but in reality it was
about how exercise can help reduce the physical issues that
come with schizophrenia such as weight gain, sedentary
behavior, and an unhealthy diet. I think it is important to our
topic because we cannot rely solely off the title to trust that it is
the article we need. Also, it is important because I realize I had
limited myself to the definition of mental health and looked at it
solely as mood and mental state. But I did not think about how
when someone is going through something as depression or
other mental health issues, they tend to be sedentary and not
take care of themselves. Exercise can help reverse it or reduce
it.
Reference:
Deslandes, A., Moraes, H., Ferreira, C., Veiga, H., Silveira, H.,

7. Mouta, R., … Deslandes, A. (2009). Exercise and mental health:
many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology, 59(4), 191–
198.https://doi.org/10.1159/000223730
Malchow, B. (2017). Exercise Interventions for Improving
Mental and Physical Health in Schizophrenia. European
Psychiatry, 41(sS), S9–S9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.080
Wipfli, B., Landers, D., Nagoshi, C., & Ringenbach, S. (2011).
An examination of serotonin and psychological variables in the
relationship between exercise and mental health. Scandinavian
Journal of Medicine and Science, 21(3), 474–481.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01049.x
Classmate 2 response (john)
In the Tefry library I used the search terms “exercise” and
“mental health”, with the Boolean operator “and”. Furthermore,
each term was contingent on containing a title. The first source
I found was Increasing exercise’s effect on mental health:
Exercise intensity does matter, by Gronwal et al. This source
discusses the significance of intensity, as it relates to mental
health. Although there may be improvements in mild and
medium intensity exercise, high intensity exercise has the
greatest influence at keeping cortisol levels, a stress hormone,
low. This would contribute to the topic because keeping cortisol
levels stable, or managing stress, could benefit individuals with
mental illness.
The second source, Exercise and mental health, by
Mikkelsen, Stojanovska, Polenakovic, Bosevski and
Apostolopoulos, goes into detail about mental health and
exercise in general. However, the effect exercise has on the
neurotransmitters has the most relevance, within this source.
For example, out of all the imbalances, which are associated
with mental health, like serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and
glutamate, they were normalized either immediately following
exercise, or following a program through time. Imbalances

8. returned for those who seized exercise. This is significant topic
knowledge, for it covers the key imbalances of mental illness.
For the last source, I wasn’t finding articles of interest,
so I replaced the search term “mental health” with “metal
illness”. I, however, kept “exercise”.
The final source, The importance of exercise for
individuals with chronic mental illness, by Weber, goes into
detail about the consequences of obesity and weight loss
prevention, as related to individuals with mental illnesses.
Although it warns about the dangers of obesity, in general, like
diabetes or hypertension, the source mentions how mental
health plays a role in weight gain. For example, individuals
with mental health diagnoses, typically, eat high-fat foods and
do not exercise. Furthermore, there are many medications that
may increase appetite. This is useful information because
obesity and weight loss can play an important role in mental
health, especially in self-esteem, as well.
References
Gronwald, T., Velasques, B., Ribeiro, P., Machado, S., Murillo-
Rodríguez, E., Ludyga, S., … Budde, H. (2018). Increasing
exercise's effect on mental health: Exercise intensity does
matter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, 115(51), E11890–E11891.
doi:10.1073/pnas.1818161115
Mikkelsen, K., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M., Apostolopoulos,
V., & Stojanovska, L. (2017). Exercise and mental
health. Science Direct, pg. 52.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003
Weber, M. (2010). The importance of exercise for individuals
with chronic mental illness. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing &
Mental Health Services, 48(10), 35-40.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.3928/02793695-
20100831-01

9. ****ASSIGNMENT 2*****
1. Perform a google search based on Our chosen research topic
, and see what comes up in the media. ETHICAL ISSUES IN
SPORTS
2. What did you type in your for your search?
From pages 1 -2 in your search results, fine one good source,
and one bad source.
3. Clearly label each source and provide a link and explain why
each source is either good or bad.
Classmate Review: Do you agree with your classmate's labeling
of their discovered sources? Why? Why not?
( CLASSMATES RESPONSE BELOW INSTRUCTIONS)
ALL FORUMS INSTRUCTIONS
Initial Response : Initial responses should be no less than 150
words in length not including your reference(s) and
supported by at least one reference (aside from the textbook) .
Initial responses are due no later than 11:55 p.m. ET on
Wednesday, Day 3 of each week. This allows time for other
students to respond to your initial response. Please be aware
that just “cutting and pasting” sections of articles (in lieu of
writing an original initial post) is not acceptable and will
negatively impact your grade.
Peer Responses: Students are required to respond to at least
two (2) other student’s initial postings (and the instructor) with
significant comments that have substance. Peer responses are
due no later than 11:55 p.m. ET on Sunday, Day 7 of each
week. All peer responses must be substantial and significant and
should be no less than 75 words in. If possible, one of the
responses to another’s work should be from an opposing
viewpoint. Your response to your peer's work should be
engaging and informative with good substance (just stating “I
agree…” is not acceptable). Your responses should contribute in
a meaningful way to helping advance our knowledge of the
topics the class explores. Your responses to another’s work

10. should be posted as a sub-thread to the student’s original
posting of whom you are commenting.
4. Classmate. Responsed By warsea
After reading and learning about credible vs. non-credible
sources in our lessons for the week, I found that using google as
a search engine to produce credible sources is much more
challenging than finding non-credible sources. I would of never
had known in the past, prior to reading the lessons how many
sources look credible and reputable but are not due to being
outdated, biased, or having a .com address. <o:p>
The words I searched in google were, "High intensity interval
training vs resistance training".
One credible source I found, was conducted through pubmed; a
free public database that the United States National Library of
Medicine by the National Institutes of Health oversees. It is a
.gov website which is more credible than ,com or ,org sites.
Additionally, the article was written by authors who have
advanced education in the science field; the article also cites
sources from google scholar and various other reputable
websites. Lastly, the article was published in 2016 which is not
considered to be outdated. <o:p>
I found multiple sources that prior to the readings I would have
considered credible. One source in particular was an article
written by a certified personal trainer named Jeremiah Bair. It
was written in 2018, so it is not outdated. Therefore, you would
think it is credible, you have a person with advanced education,
writing on a topic in their field of study, and it’s not outdated.
However, I learned you must look past those few items, this
article becomes non-credible because it is extremely biased. It
is all his personal opinion. He did not use any sources, conduct
any studies, or surveys to prove his theories or draw a
conclusion. Therefore, it is all personal opinion and biased. It is
also derived from a commercial .com website. <o:p>
References: <o:p>
Robinson, R. (2016). High Intensity Interval- vs Resistance or

11. Combined- Training for Improving Cardio Metabolic Health in
Overweight Adults. Retrieved September 10, 2019,
fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919882/<
o:p> Bair, J. (2018). Is HIIT More Effective Than Heavy
Weightlifting For Fat Loss?. Retrieved September 10, 2019,
from https://www.mindpumpmedia.com/blog/is-hiit-more-
effective-than-heavy-weightlifting-for-fat-loss<o:p>
5. Classes reresponse
The words I typed in for my research this week were “exercise”
and “mental health,” and I also typed in “exercise and mental
health benefits.” My first good result that I thought would be
beneficial was fromwww.healthdirect.gov.au . I thought this
was a good source to use because it is coming from a .gov site,
and it references sources such as the Australian Government
Department of Health, and the British Journal of Pharmacology.
There was also a hyperlink that allowed people to review Health
Directs quality assurance process so they can be assured that
they are not posting just anything on their site.
On the second page there were still some .gov and
official articles from the NHS, so the one I would question is
fromwww.psychcentral.com titled “7 Unexpected Mental
Health Benefits of Exercising.” It is written by someone with a
Ph.D who works in this area, but there are no sources cited for
the claims that they are making. Even though she does work in
the field and I’m sure she knows what she is talking about, I
would prefer to see sources and studies so I can know the
information is legitimate and not just speculation.
Reference:
(2019, Sept 10) Exercise and Mental Health. Retrieved from:
www.healthdirect.gov.au
Cohen, Ilene. (2018, Jul 8) 7 Unexpected Mental Health
Benefits of Exercising. Retrieved from: www.psychcentral.com