Frustrations in the Gym
The purpose of this assignment is to examine ethical issues for professionals working in exercise psychology, rehabilitation, and in other professions related to physical activity as a means for maintaining individual health and well-being. Ethical principles and guidelines, previously discussed, will be applied to these various environments for critical analysis and discussion. Despite the differences in environments, the ethical situations exercise psychology professionals face, often, fall within the same parameters as those of other helping professions.
For this assignment, first, read the following article from the Argosy University online library resources:
Pauline, J., Pauline, G., Johnson, S., & Gamble, K. (2006). Ethical issues in exercise psychology.
Ethics & Behavior
,
16
(1), 61–76.
Now, answer the following questions:
Are issues of competency and training more complex for exercise psychology professionals than for applied sport psychology professionals?
What ethical dilemmas are unique to the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional? Are there distinct differences in this relationship compared to a relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional?
Answer each question in 200–300 words. Your response should be in Microsoft Word document format. Name the file SP6300_M4_A1_LastName_FirstInitial.doc and submit it to the appropriate
Discussion Area
by
the due date assigned
.
Through the end of the module
, comment on the posts of two of your peers. In your reviews, check whether the answers given to the second question support their answers to the first one. Discuss any inconsistencies or similarities in your classmates' answers. All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Assignment 1 Grading CriteriaMaximum Points
Identified and described the differences in competency and training issues for exercise psychology professionals as compared to applied sport psychology professionals.8Analyzed and described the ethical dilemmas unique to exercise psychology professionals.8Compared the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional with that of the relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional.8Reviewed the posts of at least two peers and pointed out any inconsistencies and similarities.8Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.4
Total:36
Ethical Issues in Exercise Psychology
Jeffrey S. Pauline, Gina A. Pauline, Scott R. Johnson,
and Kelly M. Gamble
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
Ball State University
Exercise psychology encompasses the disciplines of psychiatry, clinical and counseling
psychology, health promotion, and themovement sciences. This emerging field involves
diverse mental he ...
This document discusses ethical issues for professionals working in exercise psychology. It examines how ethical principles apply to environments like rehabilitation clinics and corporate fitness programs. Despite differences in environments, exercise psychology professionals often face similar ethical situations as other helping professions. The document analyzes competency and training issues, cultural diversity concerns, multiple role relationships and conflicts of interest, issues of dependency and confidentiality that exercise psychologists must navigate.
Week 4Assignment 4a Annotated BibliographyInstructions You ne.docxhelzerpatrina
This document contains abstracts for 15 scholarly articles related to ethical issues in sports. The articles cover a wide range of topics including concussions in hockey, ethical decision making in sports medicine, performance enhancing drugs, and legal/ethical issues of social media and blogging for dietitians. Many of the articles discuss balancing the health and well-being of athletes with pressures to return them to play or maximize performance, as well as managing conflicts between various stakeholders in sports like teams, leagues, and medical professionals. The document appears to be providing source material for an annotated bibliography assignment on ethics in sports or a related topic.
A Master’s Thesis for OTH-670- Research Seminar IIJulia Christian
This document appears to be a thesis submitted by two occupational therapy students to fulfill requirements for a master's degree. It includes an abstract that summarizes a study on the effects of physical activity on adolescent well-being. The thesis contains sections on literature review, methods, results, and discussion. The literature review explores trends in adolescent physical activity, definitions of wellness, the impact of physical activity on different aspects of wellness, and environmental factors related to physical activity. The purpose is to examine the association between physical activity and adolescent wellness. The methods section describes the mixed methods study design, including surveys distributed to high school students to collect data on physical activity and wellness. The results and discussion sections analyze and interpret the findings of
Physical activity can effectively enhance self-esteem through improving physical self-worth and overall well-being. Exercise interventions with choice, feedback on progress, and realistic goals best support self-esteem gains by increasing perceptions of physical ability. Providing social support and a positive coaching style can also positively impact self-esteem.
This document outlines the author's personal philosophy on health and physical education. It begins by defining physical education as the development of physical fitness and skills through activities, while health education focuses on behaviors that promote wellness. The author discusses the importance of developing health and physical literacy. Five key reasons for incorporating these subjects in schools are then provided: to prevent disease, fight obesity, promote lifelong fitness, prepare children for an active lifestyle, and encourage positive behaviors. The author's primary goal as an educator is to serve as a role model for students and help them establish fitness and nutrition goals through a variety of motivating activities.
Physical therapy is a career focused on rehabilitating patients and helping them return to healthy, active lifestyles through personalized exercise programs and pain management. Physical therapists work one-on-one with patients to restore movement and function. There is high demand for physical therapists due to an aging population and increased rates of chronic illness. Physical therapy degrees require 6-7 years of education and physical therapists exhibit qualities like compassion, strong communication skills, and dedication to helping others.
The document provides an overview of sport and exercise psychology, including definitions of related fields like sport psychology and exercise psychology. It discusses psychological factors that influence sport performance and exercise participation. Some key areas of research are highlighted such as the mental health benefits of exercise. Resources like relevant journals, websites, books and postgraduate courses are also listed.
Activity: Week 2 SWOT PowerPoint
Due Week 2 and worth 200 points
Dr. John Bradley is an Emergency Room physician. He worked a 24-hour shift due to a staff shortage. As a result, he had a patient that died because he failed to provide a duty of care, he breached his duty, and caused an injury. A prima facie case of negligence was established when Dr. Bradley failed to provide appropriate medical care. Liability was also based on ‘res ipsa loguitor’ (the thing speaks for itself). The incident is considered a Sentinel Event and must be reported to The Joint Commission (a non-profit hospital regulatory agency).
After a trend analysis of several Sentinel Events, “We Care Hospital” fired the Health Care Administrator. As a result, you were hired as the new Health Care Administrator. You have reviewed the Sentinel Event with Dr. John Bradley and discovered several factors that showed the hospital was negligent. The three basic forms for negligence are malfeasance, misfeasance, and nonfeasance. Your first task is to rationalize your answers by using any applicable legal precedents.
Then, prepare a Microsoft PowerPoint 10-slide narrative using a SWOT Analysis. A SWOT Analysis identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a situation. Review the video: Strategic Planning and SWOT Analysis. To help you prepare the narrative PowerPoint using Microsoft 365 and older versions, review the video: Record a slide show with narration and slide timings.
Your 10-slide SWOT PowerPoint should follow this format:
1. Slide 1: Cover Page
a. Include the title of your presentation, the course number and course title, your name, your professor’s name, and the date.
2. Slide 2: Background / Executive Summary
a. Describe the details of the situation. Use bullets with short sentences. The title of this slide should be Executive Summary.
3. Slide 3: Thesis Statement
a. Identify the focus of your research. The title of this slide should be Thesis Statement.
4. Slides 4-9: Support
a. Support your thesis statement following the SESC formula: State, Explain, Support, and Conclude. (An overview of using Sublevel 1 and Sublevel 2 headings is provided in the following video: APA Style - Formatting the Title Page, Abstract, and Body).
b. You should include at least three court cases and related peer-reviewed articles from within the past five years. In-text citations should be in the American Psychological Association (APA) format.
5. Slides 10: References
a. Use APA format for your Reference slide. (To help you with APA in-text citations and your Reference list, some students use Citation Machine.
Note: Writing Resources are available from Strayer University’s Writing Center, Tutor.com, and Grammarly.com.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Examine the various applications of the law within the health care system.
· Analyze how such various applications of the law affect decisions in the development and operation of a heal ...
This document discusses ethical issues for professionals working in exercise psychology. It examines how ethical principles apply to environments like rehabilitation clinics and corporate fitness programs. Despite differences in environments, exercise psychology professionals often face similar ethical situations as other helping professions. The document analyzes competency and training issues, cultural diversity concerns, multiple role relationships and conflicts of interest, issues of dependency and confidentiality that exercise psychologists must navigate.
Week 4Assignment 4a Annotated BibliographyInstructions You ne.docxhelzerpatrina
This document contains abstracts for 15 scholarly articles related to ethical issues in sports. The articles cover a wide range of topics including concussions in hockey, ethical decision making in sports medicine, performance enhancing drugs, and legal/ethical issues of social media and blogging for dietitians. Many of the articles discuss balancing the health and well-being of athletes with pressures to return them to play or maximize performance, as well as managing conflicts between various stakeholders in sports like teams, leagues, and medical professionals. The document appears to be providing source material for an annotated bibliography assignment on ethics in sports or a related topic.
A Master’s Thesis for OTH-670- Research Seminar IIJulia Christian
This document appears to be a thesis submitted by two occupational therapy students to fulfill requirements for a master's degree. It includes an abstract that summarizes a study on the effects of physical activity on adolescent well-being. The thesis contains sections on literature review, methods, results, and discussion. The literature review explores trends in adolescent physical activity, definitions of wellness, the impact of physical activity on different aspects of wellness, and environmental factors related to physical activity. The purpose is to examine the association between physical activity and adolescent wellness. The methods section describes the mixed methods study design, including surveys distributed to high school students to collect data on physical activity and wellness. The results and discussion sections analyze and interpret the findings of
Physical activity can effectively enhance self-esteem through improving physical self-worth and overall well-being. Exercise interventions with choice, feedback on progress, and realistic goals best support self-esteem gains by increasing perceptions of physical ability. Providing social support and a positive coaching style can also positively impact self-esteem.
This document outlines the author's personal philosophy on health and physical education. It begins by defining physical education as the development of physical fitness and skills through activities, while health education focuses on behaviors that promote wellness. The author discusses the importance of developing health and physical literacy. Five key reasons for incorporating these subjects in schools are then provided: to prevent disease, fight obesity, promote lifelong fitness, prepare children for an active lifestyle, and encourage positive behaviors. The author's primary goal as an educator is to serve as a role model for students and help them establish fitness and nutrition goals through a variety of motivating activities.
Physical therapy is a career focused on rehabilitating patients and helping them return to healthy, active lifestyles through personalized exercise programs and pain management. Physical therapists work one-on-one with patients to restore movement and function. There is high demand for physical therapists due to an aging population and increased rates of chronic illness. Physical therapy degrees require 6-7 years of education and physical therapists exhibit qualities like compassion, strong communication skills, and dedication to helping others.
The document provides an overview of sport and exercise psychology, including definitions of related fields like sport psychology and exercise psychology. It discusses psychological factors that influence sport performance and exercise participation. Some key areas of research are highlighted such as the mental health benefits of exercise. Resources like relevant journals, websites, books and postgraduate courses are also listed.
Activity: Week 2 SWOT PowerPoint
Due Week 2 and worth 200 points
Dr. John Bradley is an Emergency Room physician. He worked a 24-hour shift due to a staff shortage. As a result, he had a patient that died because he failed to provide a duty of care, he breached his duty, and caused an injury. A prima facie case of negligence was established when Dr. Bradley failed to provide appropriate medical care. Liability was also based on ‘res ipsa loguitor’ (the thing speaks for itself). The incident is considered a Sentinel Event and must be reported to The Joint Commission (a non-profit hospital regulatory agency).
After a trend analysis of several Sentinel Events, “We Care Hospital” fired the Health Care Administrator. As a result, you were hired as the new Health Care Administrator. You have reviewed the Sentinel Event with Dr. John Bradley and discovered several factors that showed the hospital was negligent. The three basic forms for negligence are malfeasance, misfeasance, and nonfeasance. Your first task is to rationalize your answers by using any applicable legal precedents.
Then, prepare a Microsoft PowerPoint 10-slide narrative using a SWOT Analysis. A SWOT Analysis identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a situation. Review the video: Strategic Planning and SWOT Analysis. To help you prepare the narrative PowerPoint using Microsoft 365 and older versions, review the video: Record a slide show with narration and slide timings.
Your 10-slide SWOT PowerPoint should follow this format:
1. Slide 1: Cover Page
a. Include the title of your presentation, the course number and course title, your name, your professor’s name, and the date.
2. Slide 2: Background / Executive Summary
a. Describe the details of the situation. Use bullets with short sentences. The title of this slide should be Executive Summary.
3. Slide 3: Thesis Statement
a. Identify the focus of your research. The title of this slide should be Thesis Statement.
4. Slides 4-9: Support
a. Support your thesis statement following the SESC formula: State, Explain, Support, and Conclude. (An overview of using Sublevel 1 and Sublevel 2 headings is provided in the following video: APA Style - Formatting the Title Page, Abstract, and Body).
b. You should include at least three court cases and related peer-reviewed articles from within the past five years. In-text citations should be in the American Psychological Association (APA) format.
5. Slides 10: References
a. Use APA format for your Reference slide. (To help you with APA in-text citations and your Reference list, some students use Citation Machine.
Note: Writing Resources are available from Strayer University’s Writing Center, Tutor.com, and Grammarly.com.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Examine the various applications of the law within the health care system.
· Analyze how such various applications of the law affect decisions in the development and operation of a heal ...
The document outlines revisions that have been made to the Stage 6 PDHPE syllabus in New South Wales, Australia. Content has been removed or clarified in some areas. New content such as recovery strategies and training have been included. The course structure and content of core areas and options have been amended with a focus on health promotion, social justice, and positive health outcomes. Assessment tasks and criteria have also been updated.
Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health p...ellen1066
The document discusses the evolution and current state of the biopsychosocial model in health psychology. It finds that while advances have been made in specifying connections between biological, psychological, and social processes, more can be done to understand and utilize linkages among these variables. Specifically, the biopsychosocial model has not been fully embraced by the medical establishment or implemented in all health psychology research. The document recommends initiatives to better facilitate a multisystem, multilevel approach as envisioned by the biopsychosocial perspective.
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxrtodd599
Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Yoan Collado
Carlos Albizu University
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and c.
Full paper physical actvity ,mental health and quality of life of athletesalonzo mortejo
This study examined the physical activity, mental health, and quality of life of 176 university student athletes in the Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires on physical activity, quality of life, and mental health. Qualitative data from interviews identified key coping strategies used by athletes, including maintaining a positive mindset, family support, prayer, and staying productive. The findings provide insight into how the pandemic has impacted athletes and will help inform policies to support their needs during this difficult time.
This document summarizes a presentation on shaping evidence-based social policy for people with disabilities through sport. It finds that while evidence confirms benefits of physical activity for health, evidence for using sport specifically is limited. Studies have narrow ranges of disabilities, interventions, and outcomes, and variable quality. Limitations include underpowered studies, few representing many disabilities, and lack of consistent definitions or theoretical frameworks. Current trends favor lifestyle outcomes and proactive policies. Recommendations include better defining sport as a health intervention, using common frameworks, prioritizing underrepresented groups, and identifying factors affecting sport participation.
An elaborative view about the physical, social and cultural barriers faced by...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses physical, social, and cultural barriers that prevent females from participating in sports, particularly in developing countries. It outlines barriers like gender discrimination in society, cultural restrictions, lack of access to sports facilities, and lack of role models.
2) It also examines perceived barriers reported by female students, including socio-cultural factors, practical barriers like cost and time, and a lack of knowledge about the benefits of physical activity.
3) The document argues that policies to increase female participation in sports need to adopt a multifaceted approach that challenges gender stereotypes and provides attainable role models while also addressing practical barriers like access to facilities and programs.
An elaborative view about the physical, social and cultural barriers faced by...Alexander Decker
The document discusses physical, social, and cultural barriers that females face in participating in sports. It notes that in many societies, females are restricted from sports and physical activity due to cultural norms. The document examines different types of barriers, including physical barriers like lack of access, socio-cultural barriers like religious restrictions, and knowledge barriers where females may not be aware of the health benefits of activity. It discusses how schools and policies could help address these barriers by providing female-inclusive physical education programs and challenging social stereotypes that depict sports as masculine. The goal is to promote regular physical activity for females by reducing barriers at multiple levels.
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
This document discusses a literature review on the impact of physical activity on medication dosage for patients taking antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications. Several studies are summarized that show physical activity can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and may decrease the need for medication. The PICOT question asks how daily physical activity compared to a sedentary lifestyle affects medication dosage over one year for patients currently prescribed these medications. The background provides evidence that exercise positively impacts mental health through neurotransmitter release and reducing harmful immune chemicals.
This document describes a strengths-based approach to integrating assessment of mind-body wellness into the client intake process. It involves exploring six evidence-based categories related to exercise, nutrition, sleep, relaxation, hobbies, and relationships. Research supports benefits of these areas for mental health. Briefly addressing client assets in these categories at intake may improve motivation and reduce dropout rates by focusing on self-directed wellness strategies within the client's control.
This document reviews the literature on the mental health benefits of physical activity. It discusses how physical activity has been shown to improve symptoms of depression and other mental illnesses when used as a treatment. Regular physical activity may also help prevent future episodes of depressive illness. However, studies on the association between physical activity and mental health are limited and the relationship may depend on the intensity and type of physical activity. Overall, the literature demonstrates that physical activity can support mental health, but more research is still needed.
The document summarizes a journal article that examines college athletes' comfort levels with seeking behavioral health services. It finds that college athletes are less comfortable seeking mental health services compared to academic or athletic services. Division I athletes reported feeling significantly less comfortable than Division II or III athletes. The profile of the sport played did not significantly impact comfort levels. The study suggests addressing barriers related to mental health stigma, athletic culture, and service delivery to improve college athletes' willingness to seek needed behavioral health support.
This document provides an overview of physical education, exercise science, and sport. It discusses the importance of developing a personal philosophy in this field and outlines 12 subdisciplines that have broadened the scope of the field, including exercise physiology, sports medicine, biomechanics, and sport psychology. Barriers to physical activity participation among various populations are identified. Definitions of key terms like physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness are also provided.
AbstractThis informative report focuses on filling information.docxbartholomeocoombs
Abstract
This informative report focuses on filling information gaps regarding adherence to physical activity and exercise in the health care spectrum of older adults and an overview of the benefits of physical activity for OAs. Healthy People 2000, 2010, and 2020 are public health programs from the US Department of Health and Human Services that set national goals and objectives for promoting health and preventing disease. The programs include ten leading health indicators that reflect major health problems, which concern OAs. Exercise and physical activity are among the most important factors affecting health and longevity, but exercise adherence is a significant hindrance in achieving health goals in the elderly. Exercise adherence in OAs is a multifactorial problem encompassing many bio-psychosocial factors. Factors affecting adherence in the elderly include socioeconomic status, education level, living arrangements, health status, pacemakers, physical fitness, and depression. Improving adherence could have a significant impact on longevity, quality of life, and health care costs.
Keywords: Geriatric Medicine, Health Care, Health Professionals, Exercise Adherence
Introduction
Geriatric health care delivery is a major public health issue. Geriatrics refers to diagnosing and treating older adults (OA) with complex medical conditions and social problems. A recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO) stated, “OA are generally defined according to a range of characteristics including chronological age, change in social role and changes in functional capabilities. In high-resourced countries older age is generally defined in relation to retirement from paid employment and receipt of a pension, at 60 or 65 years. With increasing longevity some countries define a separate group of oldest people, those over 85 years. In low-resourced countries with shorter life-spans, older people may be defined as those over 50 years” (World Health Organization, 2010a). OA are the largest and fastest growing segment of the population, which present significant challenges to the health care system. Understanding the factors contributing to the health practices of OA is important for professionals, paraprofessionals, and paid and unpaid caregivers who need basic and continuing geriatric education to improve care. Adherence to physical activity and exercise programs is a critical but poorly understood area for promoting health and longevity.
The terms physical activity and exercise are often used interchangeably, but they are different. Physical activity involves movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy from metabolism. It is grouped as occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive. It promotes health, fitness, and skill and the results of the program can be measured with specific tests (Caspersen, Powell, & Christenson, 1985; F.
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxjenkinsmandie
The document discusses research on PTSD causes, treatments, and support systems for veterans. It summarizes five research studies that evaluate PTSD among veterans. The studies examine predictors of symptom change during intensive outpatient treatment, the feasibility of computerized executive function training, nature-based therapy as an alternative treatment, screening and treatment of moral injury, and the relationship between PTSD, depression, and health behaviors. The document concludes that understanding PTSD symptoms and integrating both medical and conventional interventions can improve treatment effectiveness for veterans. Evaluating different treatment approaches is important to ensure consistency in care and program modifications.
SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
1
SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
TONY WILLIAMS
ARGOSY UNIVERSITY
PAMELA FITZPATRICK
1 April 2018
LITERATURE REVIEW
Professional boundaries of sports psychologist and solutions to potential problems
Sports psychologists from one of the kind training backgrounds ought to supply services, teach, and conduct studies simplest inside the limitations in their competence. Hence, sports psychology specialists who are not aware of the ethical standards of their career can be involved in malpractice which results in terrible popularity of harming or exploiting the other party (Haberl & Peterson, 2006).
In fact, if sports psychologists violate the ethical rules after which motive harm to their customers, they may be liable to face the tort in shape or risk of the expulsion from the expert associations. It is crucial to observe that experts and those fascinated in implemented recreation psychology are anticipated to take into account of getting to know the specific moral problems which have recently come about in this discipline (Silva, Metzler & Lerner, 2011).
Even as running with athletic teams and sports activities agencies which might always be small groups of individuals, recreation psychologists are necessarily maintained in common touch with athletes, coaches, and management staffs. The trouble derived from this near interaction may also be the look of dual relationships between recreation psychologists and their clients. Commonly, a couple of links may also arise at some point of exercise and intervention in recreation psychology, possibly developing moral dilemmas for concerned events
Even as imparting offerings to those elite athletes, for instance, the Olympic athletes, all of the game psychology specialists regularly have interaction and tour with the groups inside the schooling centers or at the avenue for competitions, in which long-term relationships are constructed up. Practitioners are housed near the athletes, consume meals with the group, attend practices to take a look at, and paintings individually with athletes and coaches.
Meanwhile, individual or group consulting and training offerings are furnished with the aid of game psychology practitioners, such as arousal law, purpose placing, imagery, attention, management, and so forth. Majority of sport psychology professionals are possible to be employed in a few kinds of college putting, wherein the instructor-practitioner dual-position relationships might also arise more often than in different expert realms (Haberl & Peterson, 2006).
However, the downside of this relationship has been observed that the sports psychology professional can also encounter time regulations from acting two separate roles. This time drawback may additionally, in the end, compel the character to sacrifice the time necessary to obtain the obligations of b.
Clinical and counseling psychologists utilize treatment plans toWilheminaRossi174
Clinical and counseling psychologists utilize treatment plans to document a client’s progress toward short- and long-term goals. The content within psychological treatment plans varies depending on the clinical setting. The clinician’s theoretical orientation, evidenced-based practices, and the client’s needs are taken into account when developing and implementing a treatment plan. Typically, the client’s presenting problem(s), behaviorally defined symptom(s), goals, objectives, and interventions determined by the clinician are included within a treatment plan.To understand the treatment planning process, students will assume the role of a clinical or counseling psychologist and develop a comprehensive treatment plan based on the same case study utilized for the Psychiatric Diagnosis of Julia. A minimum of five peer-reviewed resources must be used to support the recommendations made within the plan. The Psychological Treatment Plan must include the headings and content outlined below.
Comment by Figure E:
Behaviorally Defined Symptoms
Define the client’s presenting problem(s) and provide a diagnostic impression.
Identify how the problem(s) is/are evidenced in the client’s behavior.
List the client’s cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
Comment by Figure E:
Long-Term Goal
Generate a long-term treatment goal that represents the desired outcome for the client.
This goal should be broad and does not need to be measureable.
Comment by Figure E:
Short-Term Objectives
Generate a minimum of three short-term objectives for attaining the long-term goal.
Each objective should be stated in behaviorally measureable language. Subjective or vague objectives are not acceptable. For example, it should be stated that the objective will be accomplished by a specific date or that a specific symptom will be reduced by a certain percentage.
Comment by Figure E:
Interventions
Identify at least one intervention for achieving each of the short-term objectives.
Compare a minimum of three evidence-based theoretical orientations from which appropriate interventions can be selected for the client.
Explain the connection between the theoretical orientation and corresponding intervention selected.
Provide a rationale for the integration of multiple theoretical orientations within this treatment plan.
Identify two to three treatment modalities (e.g., individual, couple, family, group, etc.) that would be appropriate for use with the client.
It is a best practice to include outside providers (e.g., psychiatrists, medical doctors, nutritionists, social workers, holistic practitioners, etc.) in the intervention planning process to build a support network that will assist the client in the achievement of treatment goals.
Comment by Figure E:
Evaluation
List the anticipated outcomes of each proposed treatment intervention based on scholarly literature.
Be sure to take into account the individual’s strengths, weaknesses, external stressors, and cultural factors (e.g., g ...
Research process | Meta-analysis research | Systematic review and meta-analysisPubrica
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These are 19 questions for my international politics class. I need t.docxalisoncarleen
These are 19 questions for my international politics class. I need the answers in less than 24h. I'm not paying more than $25. It has to be fully answered! Please, if you don't know politics don't even bother. Please, don't waste my time.
Thanks.
Here you go:
Fully answer each question with the question number on the attached, rule sheets. Please keep all pages together.
ALL QUESTIONS, INCLUDING “OPINION QUESTIONS” REQUIRE CONCLUSIONS BASED UPON FULLY ARTICULATED AND REASONED PREMISES, NOT JUST A SUMMARY OPINION ANSWER,
1. lf a terrorist group sets off a nuclear bomb in one American city which city do you think they will choose and why? Discuss fully.
2. Nuclear Terrorism
a. Is it in the interests of a foreign government to harbor/sanction a terrorist group in its territory that it KNOWS to be planning to detonate a nuclear bomb in one or more American cities? Yes or no and why?
b. Discuss any immediate and long term consequences of such a government’s decision to harbor such a terrorist group?
3. Discuss problems of international scope that can be or have been created by the current three non—signatories to the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty Of 1969, namely, India, Pakistan and Israel. Note: also address North Korea, which though it has signed the NPT is not in current compliance. Iran has signed the NPT though there are issues with the West.
4. Thanks to hydraulic fracturing, or
fracking
, the United States is now the world’s number one producer of natural gas though not of oil. Yet, the worldwide price of oil is always valued in US. dollars. Why is this so? What international consequences or for individual countries might exist if oil were NOT so pegged in US. dollars?
5. Twenty-one leaders of the Nazi regime were tried at Nuremburg immediately after World War II. They were tried under four counts agreed by the victorious allies: war crimes not justified by military necessity, crimes against humanity, crimes against peace and waging aggressive war. Eleven defendants were hanged; three were acquitted and seven were given prison sentences. All imprisoned defendants were released early, except Albert Speer and Rudolf Hess who had been imprisoned in England after 1940. Except for War Crimes trials held at The Hague after the Bosnian War of 1993, no war crimes trials have been held, no perpetrators of Nuremburg offenses have been tried, punished or even sought out by the NATO allies or otherwise by the international community. With all of the destructive and genocidal wars that have occurred since WWII and the villains who have perpetrated Nuremburg crimes, why have not more war crimes trials occurred? Are the Nuremburg offenses of any enduring value? Is there such a thing as meaningful international law in the Nuremburg trials?
6. The Ukraine situation
a. Who or which side in the conflict do you think started the conflict and why?
b. Leaving aside who or which side is responsible for starting the conflict, do you think the Weste.
These are discussion questions (4). Need short response to each o.docxalisoncarleen
These are discussion questions (4). Need short response to each of questions.
Total page: 1
"Security Support Responsibilities" Please respond to the following:
1) Imagine you are the CIO of an organization. Construct an outline of four ongoing responsibilities that the digital forensics personnel must complete each week. Provide a possible scenario for how each responsibility may be performed to fulfill the forensics’ needs of an organization.
2) Compare the responsibilities you listed above with those of an IT security professional.
Give your opinion on how responsibilities of digital forensics personnel and IT security professional are similar and in which ways are they different.
"Functional Security Support Roles" Please respond to the following:
3) Identify three steps required for implementing a physical and environmental security program. Select one step that would be the most challenging to perform and one step that you believe is the most important for providing protection against information assets of an organization. Explain why you chose each step.
4) Suggest three security support competencies of a privacy professional that support the security strategy of an organization. Justify your suggestions.
.
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Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxrtodd599
Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Yoan Collado
Carlos Albizu University
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and c.
Full paper physical actvity ,mental health and quality of life of athletesalonzo mortejo
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An elaborative view about the physical, social and cultural barriers faced by...Alexander Decker
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An elaborative view about the physical, social and cultural barriers faced by...Alexander Decker
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Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
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AbstractThis informative report focuses on filling information.docxbartholomeocoombs
Abstract
This informative report focuses on filling information gaps regarding adherence to physical activity and exercise in the health care spectrum of older adults and an overview of the benefits of physical activity for OAs. Healthy People 2000, 2010, and 2020 are public health programs from the US Department of Health and Human Services that set national goals and objectives for promoting health and preventing disease. The programs include ten leading health indicators that reflect major health problems, which concern OAs. Exercise and physical activity are among the most important factors affecting health and longevity, but exercise adherence is a significant hindrance in achieving health goals in the elderly. Exercise adherence in OAs is a multifactorial problem encompassing many bio-psychosocial factors. Factors affecting adherence in the elderly include socioeconomic status, education level, living arrangements, health status, pacemakers, physical fitness, and depression. Improving adherence could have a significant impact on longevity, quality of life, and health care costs.
Keywords: Geriatric Medicine, Health Care, Health Professionals, Exercise Adherence
Introduction
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Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxjenkinsmandie
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SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
1
SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
TONY WILLIAMS
ARGOSY UNIVERSITY
PAMELA FITZPATRICK
1 April 2018
LITERATURE REVIEW
Professional boundaries of sports psychologist and solutions to potential problems
Sports psychologists from one of the kind training backgrounds ought to supply services, teach, and conduct studies simplest inside the limitations in their competence. Hence, sports psychology specialists who are not aware of the ethical standards of their career can be involved in malpractice which results in terrible popularity of harming or exploiting the other party (Haberl & Peterson, 2006).
In fact, if sports psychologists violate the ethical rules after which motive harm to their customers, they may be liable to face the tort in shape or risk of the expulsion from the expert associations. It is crucial to observe that experts and those fascinated in implemented recreation psychology are anticipated to take into account of getting to know the specific moral problems which have recently come about in this discipline (Silva, Metzler & Lerner, 2011).
Even as running with athletic teams and sports activities agencies which might always be small groups of individuals, recreation psychologists are necessarily maintained in common touch with athletes, coaches, and management staffs. The trouble derived from this near interaction may also be the look of dual relationships between recreation psychologists and their clients. Commonly, a couple of links may also arise at some point of exercise and intervention in recreation psychology, possibly developing moral dilemmas for concerned events
Even as imparting offerings to those elite athletes, for instance, the Olympic athletes, all of the game psychology specialists regularly have interaction and tour with the groups inside the schooling centers or at the avenue for competitions, in which long-term relationships are constructed up. Practitioners are housed near the athletes, consume meals with the group, attend practices to take a look at, and paintings individually with athletes and coaches.
Meanwhile, individual or group consulting and training offerings are furnished with the aid of game psychology practitioners, such as arousal law, purpose placing, imagery, attention, management, and so forth. Majority of sport psychology professionals are possible to be employed in a few kinds of college putting, wherein the instructor-practitioner dual-position relationships might also arise more often than in different expert realms (Haberl & Peterson, 2006).
However, the downside of this relationship has been observed that the sports psychology professional can also encounter time regulations from acting two separate roles. This time drawback may additionally, in the end, compel the character to sacrifice the time necessary to obtain the obligations of b.
Clinical and counseling psychologists utilize treatment plans toWilheminaRossi174
Clinical and counseling psychologists utilize treatment plans to document a client’s progress toward short- and long-term goals. The content within psychological treatment plans varies depending on the clinical setting. The clinician’s theoretical orientation, evidenced-based practices, and the client’s needs are taken into account when developing and implementing a treatment plan. Typically, the client’s presenting problem(s), behaviorally defined symptom(s), goals, objectives, and interventions determined by the clinician are included within a treatment plan.To understand the treatment planning process, students will assume the role of a clinical or counseling psychologist and develop a comprehensive treatment plan based on the same case study utilized for the Psychiatric Diagnosis of Julia. A minimum of five peer-reviewed resources must be used to support the recommendations made within the plan. The Psychological Treatment Plan must include the headings and content outlined below.
Comment by Figure E:
Behaviorally Defined Symptoms
Define the client’s presenting problem(s) and provide a diagnostic impression.
Identify how the problem(s) is/are evidenced in the client’s behavior.
List the client’s cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
Comment by Figure E:
Long-Term Goal
Generate a long-term treatment goal that represents the desired outcome for the client.
This goal should be broad and does not need to be measureable.
Comment by Figure E:
Short-Term Objectives
Generate a minimum of three short-term objectives for attaining the long-term goal.
Each objective should be stated in behaviorally measureable language. Subjective or vague objectives are not acceptable. For example, it should be stated that the objective will be accomplished by a specific date or that a specific symptom will be reduced by a certain percentage.
Comment by Figure E:
Interventions
Identify at least one intervention for achieving each of the short-term objectives.
Compare a minimum of three evidence-based theoretical orientations from which appropriate interventions can be selected for the client.
Explain the connection between the theoretical orientation and corresponding intervention selected.
Provide a rationale for the integration of multiple theoretical orientations within this treatment plan.
Identify two to three treatment modalities (e.g., individual, couple, family, group, etc.) that would be appropriate for use with the client.
It is a best practice to include outside providers (e.g., psychiatrists, medical doctors, nutritionists, social workers, holistic practitioners, etc.) in the intervention planning process to build a support network that will assist the client in the achievement of treatment goals.
Comment by Figure E:
Evaluation
List the anticipated outcomes of each proposed treatment intervention based on scholarly literature.
Be sure to take into account the individual’s strengths, weaknesses, external stressors, and cultural factors (e.g., g ...
Research process | Meta-analysis research | Systematic review and meta-analysisPubrica
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These are 19 questions for my international politics class. I need t.docxalisoncarleen
These are 19 questions for my international politics class. I need the answers in less than 24h. I'm not paying more than $25. It has to be fully answered! Please, if you don't know politics don't even bother. Please, don't waste my time.
Thanks.
Here you go:
Fully answer each question with the question number on the attached, rule sheets. Please keep all pages together.
ALL QUESTIONS, INCLUDING “OPINION QUESTIONS” REQUIRE CONCLUSIONS BASED UPON FULLY ARTICULATED AND REASONED PREMISES, NOT JUST A SUMMARY OPINION ANSWER,
1. lf a terrorist group sets off a nuclear bomb in one American city which city do you think they will choose and why? Discuss fully.
2. Nuclear Terrorism
a. Is it in the interests of a foreign government to harbor/sanction a terrorist group in its territory that it KNOWS to be planning to detonate a nuclear bomb in one or more American cities? Yes or no and why?
b. Discuss any immediate and long term consequences of such a government’s decision to harbor such a terrorist group?
3. Discuss problems of international scope that can be or have been created by the current three non—signatories to the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty Of 1969, namely, India, Pakistan and Israel. Note: also address North Korea, which though it has signed the NPT is not in current compliance. Iran has signed the NPT though there are issues with the West.
4. Thanks to hydraulic fracturing, or
fracking
, the United States is now the world’s number one producer of natural gas though not of oil. Yet, the worldwide price of oil is always valued in US. dollars. Why is this so? What international consequences or for individual countries might exist if oil were NOT so pegged in US. dollars?
5. Twenty-one leaders of the Nazi regime were tried at Nuremburg immediately after World War II. They were tried under four counts agreed by the victorious allies: war crimes not justified by military necessity, crimes against humanity, crimes against peace and waging aggressive war. Eleven defendants were hanged; three were acquitted and seven were given prison sentences. All imprisoned defendants were released early, except Albert Speer and Rudolf Hess who had been imprisoned in England after 1940. Except for War Crimes trials held at The Hague after the Bosnian War of 1993, no war crimes trials have been held, no perpetrators of Nuremburg offenses have been tried, punished or even sought out by the NATO allies or otherwise by the international community. With all of the destructive and genocidal wars that have occurred since WWII and the villains who have perpetrated Nuremburg crimes, why have not more war crimes trials occurred? Are the Nuremburg offenses of any enduring value? Is there such a thing as meaningful international law in the Nuremburg trials?
6. The Ukraine situation
a. Who or which side in the conflict do you think started the conflict and why?
b. Leaving aside who or which side is responsible for starting the conflict, do you think the Weste.
These are discussion questions (4). Need short response to each o.docxalisoncarleen
These are discussion questions (4). Need short response to each of questions.
Total page: 1
"Security Support Responsibilities" Please respond to the following:
1) Imagine you are the CIO of an organization. Construct an outline of four ongoing responsibilities that the digital forensics personnel must complete each week. Provide a possible scenario for how each responsibility may be performed to fulfill the forensics’ needs of an organization.
2) Compare the responsibilities you listed above with those of an IT security professional.
Give your opinion on how responsibilities of digital forensics personnel and IT security professional are similar and in which ways are they different.
"Functional Security Support Roles" Please respond to the following:
3) Identify three steps required for implementing a physical and environmental security program. Select one step that would be the most challenging to perform and one step that you believe is the most important for providing protection against information assets of an organization. Explain why you chose each step.
4) Suggest three security support competencies of a privacy professional that support the security strategy of an organization. Justify your suggestions.
.
There is two assignments in Society and Technology and one assignmen.docxalisoncarleen
There is two assignments in Society and Technology and one assignment in business communications. I am willing to pay $50.00 total. I have attached the assignments to this message. I also attached a piece that is included in part II of the business communication homework assignment that you will need to complete it.
.
There has been a lot of concern over the Digital Divide. For your di.docxalisoncarleen
There has been a lot of concern over the Digital Divide. For your discussion this week, address the following:
What are some of the problems caused by the Digital Divide?
What ideas or solutions do you propose for addressing this issue?
The explosive growth of smartphones may be a path that allows developing countries to move quickly into the digital age. What advantages would there be to supporting the growth of smartphone usage over computer usage in a developing country?
.
There is a notably challenging requirement for all emergency manager.docxalisoncarleen
There is a notably challenging requirement for all emergency managers and homeland security professionals at all levels and across all sectors—coordinating plans with all potential stakeholders. Prospective partners can range from one incident to the next, but plans and planners must accommodate the needs, interests, and capabilities of all potential contributors so as to create the most comprehensive and integrated plan, policy, or strategy. One might consider such coordination a matter of common sense, but this is often overlooked, at least in part, for various reasons.
Causes might stem from the actions—or lack thereof—of EM/HS team members, external partners, or both. Lethargy; lack of resources such as time, funding, or expertise; lack of interest on any stakeholder’s or planner’s part; lack of understanding the criticality of advance collaboration; or a simple failure to follow up with organizations and individuals upon whom an EM/HS may depend, may each play a part in explaining why collaboration is not fully accomplished. It can also be difficult for individuals at the planner level, or those inexperienced in incident response, to have the vision that is necessary to foresee an assortment of circumstances requiring relationships with agencies and people and their attendant special capabilities.
Stakeholders may include fire, police, emergency services, and community leadership. Providers of public services, including public utilities, school leadership and networks, city engineers, and others, are also probably key players to consult. However, threats, conditions, hazards, limitations, geography, climate, and many other factors also combine to create the need for tailored planning, which will probably require special relationships. In other words, there is no one-size-fits-all template to employ for identifying, developing and nurturing requisite partnerships.
Advance coordination—that is, developing relationships, sharing information, and understanding the various contributors’ capabilities before you need them for managing emergencies—is essential. Knowing what specific skills, resources, and capacities entities can bring to bear in preventing or responding to crises allows planners to incorporate these capabilities into strategies, plans, and exercises. This knowledge also aids leaders and resource managers in identifying gaps in capacity, which will need filling somehow. At the same time, once an incident occurs or seems immediately likely, the ability to contact vital participants to literally assemble and join the active response effort makes for an optimally efficient and effective endeavor.
What type of information is coordinated? Everything from listing points-of-contact and their current, tested contact information to knowing what special skills an organization or individual might have. For example, if the community believes that certain hazardous materials are a threat, say by accidental spill or if used in a weapon, the EM.
There are two things1. Let us use this thread to center a discus.docxalisoncarleen
There are two things
1. Let us use this thread to center a discussion on the reading from David
Tyack
entitled "Constructing Difference." You can take the discussion in any direction, like the article's relevance to the present, elements of the work that resonate or clash with your opinion, current events that illustrate
Tyack
's thesis in modern contexts, etc, etc.
two paragraphs answer/
in APA style
2. The article by
Tyack
has made me reflect on the why behind some of the actions I took as a student growing up in the public education system. As a child, I was aware of what made a student "successful" which meant saying the pledge of allegiance every day, following the directions of the teacher, correctly regurgitating information on the tests and attaining an A. As I can recall, lessons in most of my classes were mostly rote and of only one perspective. Now that I am older and have 5 years of classroom teaching experience, I have had the opportunity to look at the reasons for why I was educated in the way I did. Understanding the context in which our educational system was purposed which was mainly to create patriotic students who would assimilate to an American culture. In the mid 20's during the WW1 era that there was a lot of pressure to maintain conformity due to the high stakes nature of war. In 1923, 35 states enacted laws that made E
nglish
the only language you can instruct in, in the U.S (
Tyack
, 1993).
Even the Ku Klux Klan in Oregon was trying to ensure all students attended public school (
Tyack
, 1993). This idea of conformity and rote learning was one of the leading reasons I was disenfranchised with school during my childhood even though I succeeded academically on paper. It wasn't until college that I really had professors that pushed me to analyze and look at events through different perspectives. It now makes sense that teaching students a rote conformist style of education is a tool mainly used for control. For example, in the article in mentioned how Mexicans would not want to engage in menial jobs if they were properly educated, because they realized they could accomplish much more. This idea led to schools tracking students based on their perception of their capabilities which meant students of color would thereby be placed in a lower track or lower achieving classes. We know the theories that used race and head size as a rationale to confirm intelligence were absolutely false and that intelligence is not based on race at all. Education has a negative connotation in my opinion largely due to some people in history using it as a tool to control or coerce people into thinking they are not capable because of the way they look. This sways far from the intended purpose of creating citizens that will be able to analyze and think critically in a variety of academic disciplines, so they can be contributing members to our democracy. Part of thinking critically is being able to empathize and see the world through the .
There are two things in boldWhat is your philosophy of educatio.docxalisoncarleen
There are two things: in bold
What is your philosophy of education? What are the theoretical underpinnings of that philosophy? What does your philosophy look like at the school site and in the classroom?
What are the theoretical underpinnings of that philosophy? What does your philosophy look like at the school site and in the classroom?
What does your philosophy look like at the school site and in the classroom?
At least one paragraph for each
questions
.
This is for Education class.
Feedback for below two peers
.
1.
I always remember my education in my public grade school as a very positive and safe environment. There is no doubt that the teachers played a big role in creating such an environment and they were always excited to be at work. Experiencing this type of education in my primary years inspired me to become this kind of teacher for my first graders. On the other hand, I remember that there came a point in about fourth grade where I began losing interest in school. Looking back I know that it was because I did not feel challenged. Because of this, I felt as though there were talents and strengths that I had that I was not able to fully develop and utilize. Because I lacked in motivation and yearning to challenge myself, I promised myself that I would be a teacher who challenged all of her students regardless of their backgrounds and abilities.
My philosophy of education is to hold all students to high standards and instill in them the confidence and motivation to reach those high standards. This takes a lot of trust on their end so it is also my philosophy to create an environment where students feel comfortable to explore new ways of learning, thinking, and expressing themselves.
Motivation theories have always stuck with me since motivation was something that I struggled with in school. Intrinsic motivation, self determination, and autonomy support (2010) are all theoretical underpinnings to my philosophy.
My school site prides itself on community. This year we implemented the “TRIBES” agreements school wide. It gives our community guidelines to follow and we are able to hold each other accountable. Following the Tribes agreements means that students must show mutual respect, not put each other down, listen attentively, try their personal best, and they are given the right to pass in community circles. These agreements not only apply to the students, but to our entire staff and parents as well. As a first grade teacher, it is something I am reminding my students of daily. I try to implement a community circle once a week. The most recent circle we did was an appreciation circle where we gave a compliment/ appreciation to the person to the right of us. It only takes about 15 minutes, but it is this kind of activity that creates an environment where students feel included and appreciated. Furthermore, it is in this type of classroom where students can find motivation to succeed in learning.
Reference.
There are two persons,First one he developed health and opened a .docxalisoncarleen
There are two persons,
First one: he developed health and opened a lot of health centers in different places
second one: Interested in art and has a lot of achievements in the field of art
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
Required: an argument essay about who is the hero between these two characters? Why
((Put first person is the hero))
The first body + second: make them about the importance of health and the importance of what he had done in the field of health.
Third body: make it about art as something beautiful and useful, but it does not help a lot of people.
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
I do not want Outsourcing
I hope that you choose simple words easy to understand, because I am a novice person
I want today at 21:00.
.
there are two Advertising pictures uploaded in the attachment. I wan.docxalisoncarleen
The document contains instructions to write a 4-page essay by selecting one of two attached advertising images, writing a thesis statement for the selected image, and then developing the essay using the thesis statement.
There are three main questions.Each question MUST use progra.docxalisoncarleen
There are three main questions.
Each question
MUST
use program' R ' (stastics program) or ' EXCEL ' to solve some questions
( eg. plotting scatters)
12 hours left until deadline (Until July 13th 2015, 17:00 EST (Newyork timezone))
The three questions will be provided as image file.
** You should solve question # 3.9, 3.10, and 3.14 through image files.
.
There are three (3) articles for reading and comparison matrixoutli.docxalisoncarleen
There are three (3) articles for reading and comparison matrix/outline for completion
Article 1 - Socialization of doctoral students to academic norms by Weidman & Stein (2003)
Article 2 - Developmental networks and learning: Toward an interdisciplinary perspective on identity development during doctoral study by Baker and Lattuca (2010)
Article 3 - Critical thinking distance education and traditional education bt Visser, Visser & Schlosser (2003)
Please follow the instruction. Due: 08/31/2015
Thanks in advance
.
There are stories of sacrifice, bondage and exodus, and survival in .docxalisoncarleen
There are stories of sacrifice, bondage and exodus, and survival in the wilderness that are an integral part of the Jewish tradition. Compare and contrast the plots of these stories with secular stories that you are aware of with similar themes.
In addition, discuss the significance of the secular stories for the intended audiences. What sorts of assumptions or biases might audiences who are not the target audiences draw from these stories (perhaps if they don’t identify with the main characters of the stories)
.
There are multifaceted ethical issues relating to international inve.docxalisoncarleen
There are multifaceted ethical issues relating to international investments. One aspect relates to human rights. Most Latin American governments have constitutions that mandate health care as a human right, yet some of these countries provide poor health care for the majority of their population.
During the 1980s, the general populace of these countries deteriorated, even though several Latin American countries developed strategies to reposition medical personnel and services to rural areas. Throughout this time, many international donors provided assistance; however they did so with imposed conditions. An example of this constrained assistance was the World Bank, which imposed restrictions that included privatization of health care, as well as required limitations on universal access.
Did the World Bank and other international donors act responsibly and ethically in constraining their humanitarian assistance? Who has the responsibility for the health care of the Latin American people? Is it a reasonable and socially responsible practice to offer international assistance in exchange for an opportunity to shape a country's political and/or social system? Why or why not?
.
There are problems in the file.10 hours left until deadline .docxalisoncarleen
There are problems in the file.
10 hours left until deadline (Until July 20th 2015, 19:00 EST (Newyork timezone))
The two questions will be provided as image file.
** You should solve questions with explanations of answers.YOU WILL SOLVE Homework3!
For question one, i upload another file so that you can refer it to solve question #1. (file name: problem5 and you may have to refer problem 5 in that file to solve question #1 of Homework3. )
.
There are many points of overlap between Frankenstein, The Isl.docxalisoncarleen
There are many points of overlap between
Frankenstein
,
The Island of Dr. Moreau
, and
Jurassic Park
in terms of theme (scientific experimentation, transgression, ethics, & hubris); plot; and moral caution. But in this last category, “moral caution” the narratives seem to create some grey area amid whether something can be done, should be, done, how it should be done, and what cautions should be employed. Please reflect on how
Jurassic Park
extends, confirms, and/or departs from the ethical concerns and “cautions” of the previous texts.
250 words
.
There are many different types of infrastructure attacks. These inc.docxalisoncarleen
There are many different types of infrastructure attacks. These include, but are not limited to, malware, insertion, buffer overflow, etc. Examine the many different types of attacks and select the two that you believe are the easiest for success and why you consider these the easiest for success. Provide a rationale for your response. Include an explanation as to how the hacker tools are used.
.
There are many great research projects already using willing partici.docxalisoncarleen
There are many great research projects already using willing participants, and modern technology to harness the help of citizen scientists like you. It is a great way for people to learn more about a subject that they are interested in while helping researchers gather important information.
Explore the following resources to learn more about Citizen Science:
Read the following article from the Kaplan Library. A copy of this article is in Doc Sharing as well:
Hand E. (2010). Citizen science: People power.
Nature, 466
(7307). 685.
Source:
NASA. (n.d.).
For citizen scientists
. Retrieved from
http://science.nasa.gov/citizen-scientists/
Source:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.).
Be a citizen scientist
. Retrieved from
http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/Citizen_Scientist.pdf
Source:
United States Geologic Survey. (2012).
Join citizens and scientists tracking the pulse of our planet.
Retrieved from
http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/join-citizens-and-scientists-tracking-the-pulse-of-our-planet/
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.).
Composting for facilities basics.
Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/adopt/
.
You can also do some research on your own to find other citizen science projects that are out there.
In your posts this unit answer the following questions:
What is “citizen science”?
What is the benefit of using citizens to help out with scientific research in this way?
What citizen science program(s) interests you the most? Please provide a specific link and information about your chosen citizen science program.
Would you be interested in giving any of the citizen science programs a try? Why, or why not?
200 words
.
There are many different theories as to why people commit crimes, su.docxalisoncarleen
There are many different theories as to why people commit crimes, such as, self interest, social environment, opportunities, and wanting more power to name a few. What is your reasoning as to why people commit criminal acts? Ensure that you have
150 words for your initial post. MAKE SURE YOU SITE YOUR WORK
.
There are five essential principles of management. These include pla.docxalisoncarleen
There are five essential principles of management. These include planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and leading. For this assignment you will conduct outside research of the topics of planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and leading.
You have been asked to give a presentation to a group of new managers in a health care setting. This presentation must cover each of the five principles discussed above. For each principle you will need to provide a real world example in which you or another leader has successfully performed the function and the impact that function had. You need to demonstrate in your presentation the value each principle has in the real word.
Requirements:
·
Your presentation should be in Microsoft PowerPoint
·
Be 10–12 slides in length (not including the cover slide or reference slide)
·
Include comprehensive speaker’s notes
·
Include appropriate graphics, images, and slide transitions
.
There are four general principles of effective intervention that hav.docxalisoncarleen
There are four general principles of effective intervention that have become organizing concepts of community corrections. They have stimulated what has become known as the “what works” movement. Write a paper outlining the four general principles of the “what works” movement.
Thesis:
Your thesis (which is part of your first paragraph) should list the four principles of the effective intervention.
Body:
The body of your paper (your entire paper excluding the thesis and conclusion) should give a thoughtful analysis of the four general principles of effective intervention in a sequential order. Explain what the principles mean. Look for examples. Determine if the principles are effective. Explain why the principles either are, or are not, effective.
Conclusion:
The conclusion (which is part of the last paragraph) should, at the very least, restate the thesis.
The paper must be four pages in length (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style. You must use at least three scholarly resources
.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
Frustrations in the GymThe purpose of this assignment is to .docx
1. Frustrations in the Gym
The purpose of this assignment is to examine ethical issues for
professionals working in exercise psychology, rehabilitation,
and in other professions related to physical activity as a means
for maintaining individual health and well-being. Ethical
principles and guidelines, previously discussed, will be applied
to these various environments for critical analysis and
discussion. Despite the differences in environments, the ethical
situations exercise psychology professionals face, often, fall
within the same parameters as those of other helping
professions.
For this assignment, first, read the following article from the
Argosy University online library resources:
Pauline, J., Pauline, G., Johnson, S., & Gamble, K. (2006).
Ethical issues in exercise psychology.
Ethics & Behavior
,
16
(1), 61–76.
Now, answer the following questions:
Are issues of competency and training more complex for
exercise psychology professionals than for applied sport
psychology professionals?
What ethical dilemmas are unique to the relationship between a
client and an exercise psychology professional? Are there
distinct differences in this relationship compared to a
2. relationship between a client and a sport psychology
professional?
Answer each question in 200–300 words. Your response should
be in Microsoft Word document format. Name the file
SP6300_M4_A1_LastName_FirstInitial.doc and submit it to the
appropriate
Discussion Area
by
the due date assigned
.
Through the end of the module
, comment on the posts of two of your peers. In your reviews,
check whether the answers given to the second question support
their answers to the first one. Discuss any inconsistencies or
similarities in your classmates' answers. All written assignments
and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Assignment 1 Grading CriteriaMaximum Points
Identified and described the differences in competency and
training issues for exercise psychology professionals as
compared to applied sport psychology professionals.8Analyzed
and described the ethical dilemmas unique to exercise
psychology professionals.8Compared the relationship between a
client and an exercise psychology professional with that of the
relationship between a client and a sport psychology
professional.8Reviewed the posts of at least two peers and
pointed out any inconsistencies and similarities.8Wrote in a
clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical
scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of
sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and
punctuation.4
Total:36
3. Ethical Issues in Exercise Psychology
Jeffrey S. Pauline, Gina A. Pauline, Scott R. Johnson,
and Kelly M. Gamble
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
Ball State University
Exercise psychology encompasses the disciplines of psychiatry,
clinical and counseling
psychology, health promotion, and themovement sciences. This
emerging field involves
diverse mental health issues, theories, and general information
related to physical
activity and exercise. Numerous research investigations across
the past 20 years
have shown both physical and psychological benefits from
physical activity and exercise.
Exercise psychology offersmany opportunities for growth while
positively influencing
the mental and physical health of individuals, communities, and
society.However,
the exercise psychology literature has not addressed ethical
issues or dilemmas
4. faced by mental health professionals providing exercise
psychology services. This initial
discussion of ethical issues in exercise psychology is an
important step in continuing
tomove the fieldforward. Specifically, this article will address
theemergenceof exercise
psychology and current health behaviors and offer an overview
of ethics and
ethical issues, education/training and professional competency,
cultural and ethnic diversity,
multiple-role relationships and conflicts of interest, dependency
issues, confidentiality
and recording keeping, and advertisement and self-promotion.
Keywords: ethics, exercise psychology, sport psychology
The emerging field of exercise psychology consists of diverse
mental health issues,
theories, and general information related to physical activity
and exercise. Exercise
psychology encompasses approaches from the fields of
psychiatry, clinical
and counseling psychology, health promotion, and the
movement sciences (Buckworth
& Dishman, 2002a). The establishment of optimal mental health
with
6. and universities, management of corporate fitness programs,
counseling in physical
rehabilitation clinics, and individual consultation with a diverse
clientele. The
effectiveness of exercise practitioners or consultants is often
dependent on their
ability to develop a collaborative relationship with their clients
and other
professionals.
When consulting with exercisers and/or incorporating exercise
into a traditional
treatment plan, mental health practitioners may feel as if they
are treading in uncharted
waters due to some of the unique consultation circumstances
and settings
in the exercise environment. Until now, the literature has not
directly addressed
ethical issues or dilemmas related to providing exercise
adherence counseling services
or including exercise as a component of a traditional treatment
plan. The
heightened media attention and rising mental health care costs
have increased the
allocation of funding by federal agencies (i.e., National
7. Institutes of Health) to enhance
physical activity patterns. Therefore, the need and opportunity
for practitioners
to assist with exercise adoption and maintenance is only going
to increase
over the next decade as we continue to search for alternative
treatment options to
fight physical health problems (e.g., obesity) and mental health
issues. With this
increased opportunity and demand, the need to provide proper
guidance to practitioners
implementing exercise as a component of therapy must be
examined.
Thus, the remainder of this article will focus on selected ethical
issues and potential
ethical dilemmas facing mental health professionals who
provide exercise
adherence consultations and/or include exercise as a component
of counseling or
therapy. Specifically, this article will address the emergence of
exercise psychology
and current health behaviors, an overviewof ethics and
professional resources,
education/training and professional competency, cultural and
8. ethnic diversity,
multiple-role relationships and conflicts of interest, dependency
issues, confidentiality
and recording keeping, and advertisement and self-promotion.
In conclusion,
future issues and opportunities related to the field of exercise
psychology will
be presented.
EMERGENCE OF EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY
AND CURRENT HEALTH BEHAVIORS
The emergence of exercise psychology is due to the decline in
lifestyle and behavioral
choices. In America today, choosing desirable health behaviors
such as regu-
62 PAULINE, PAULINE, JOHNSON, GAMBLE
lar physical activity and a healthy diet are not typically
practiced to the degree they
should be. According to the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services
(USDHHS; 2000) Healthy People 2010 report, only 22% of
adults in the United
States engage in moderate physical activity for 30 min five or
more times a week,
9. whereas nearly 25% of the population is completely sedentary.
Furthermore, when
people do attempt to modify a lifestyle behavior by, for
example, increasing physical
activity, many are unable to maintain the adapted behavior. The
physical activity
adherence research reports dropout rates up to 50% within the
first 6 months of
the start of an exercise regimen (Dishman, 1988).
The cause for weight gain in Americans has been clearly
identified. Simply put,
we are eating more and exercising less than ever before.
Americans are eating
approximately 15% more calories than in previous years
(Putnam, Kantor, &
Allshouse, 2000). Combine the increased caloric consumption
with the previously
mentioned physical activity patterns and you have a formula for
weight gain for a
large segment of our society.
Based on the aforementioned statistics and data regarding
obesity, diet, and
physical inactivity, the outlook may appear bleak. However,
10. there is hope due to
the development of effective behavioral and cognitively based
intervention strategies
to assist individuals with the adoption and maintenance of more
active lifestyles
(Buckworth & Dishman, 2002b). Currently, there is an
abundance of literature
indicating that the adoption of a more active lifestyle will
enhance mental
well-being (reduce depression and anxiety and enhance self-
esteem) while decreasing
the likelihood of developing obesity and other risk factors (i.e.,
high blood
pressure and cholesterol) for chronic diseases such as
cardiovascular disease and
cancer (USDHHS, 1996). Furthermore, the literature clearly
indicates that an individual
does not have to be an athlete or exercise vigorously to engage
in beneficial
exercise (Public Health Service, 2001). The American College
of Sports Medicine
(ACSM; 2000) training guidelines for physical fitness and
exercise performance
recommends for aerobic activities 3 to 5 days per week of
11. moderate-intensity exercise
for 20 to 60 min (in at least 10-min sessions) and weight
training that includes
one or more sets of 8 to 12 repetitions of 8 to 10 exercises at
least 2 days a week.
Interestingly, many practitioners are utilizing exercise as a
therapeutic modality
to improve traditional psychological services. Hays (1999)
indicated that exercise
can be utilized to cope with clinical issues (e.g., depression,
anxiety, and weight
management), issues of daily living, and improving self-care.
Exercise psychology
research supports the use of exercise as a treatment modality for
both clinical and
nonclinical clients (Buckworth & Dishman, 2002a). Based on
the well documented
physical and psychological benefits of exercise, psychologists
and counselors
need to be aware of the benefits that can be gained by adding
exercise to a
traditional treatment plan. However, due to issues pertaining to
ethical dilemmas
and/or competency, some practitioners may believe it is
12. unethical to include exercise
as part of a treatment plan despite the literature supporting its
use.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 63
For most people physical activity poses minimal risks.
However, it is important
that all clients, regardless of ethnic or cultural background,
obtain physician approval
to begin an exercise regimen. In addition to the physician
approval, conservative
therapists desiring to add exercise to treatment should also have
their clients
complete the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-
Q; British
Columbia Ministry of Health, 1978). The PAR-Q is designed to
identify adults
who may not be suited to participate in physical activity due to
various physical
ailments.
ETHICS OVERVIEW AND PROFESSIONAL RESOURCES
The purpose of an ethics code is to provide guidance and
governance for a profession’s
members in working settings. An ethics code provides integrity
13. to a profession,
professional values and standards, and fosters public trust
through the establishment
of high standards (Fisher, 2003). It should be noted that no code
of
conduct or set of ethical guidelines can account for all possible
situations or ethical
dilemmas. Ethical codes are developed from the current values
and beliefs in society
as related to a profession. These values and beliefs, as well as
common professional
practices, can and do change with the passing of time due to
numerous factors,
making it necessary for ethical codes and standards to also
change.
The American Psychological Association (APA; 2002) ethics
code is a well developed
and ever-evolving document that provides ethical principles and
codes of
conduct to govern and guide its membership. In contrast, the
Association for the
Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology’s (AAASP; 1994)
ethical code is derived
from the APA’s (1992) ethics code and has not been updated
14. since its inception.
It is designed to address issues specific to sport and exercise
psychology
work. There are differences between APA and AAASP ethical
principles and
codes. Those differences will be discussed later as they relate to
exercise consultations.
Whelan, Meyer, and Elkin (2002) provided a detailed discussion
of the
AAASP principles and ethical standards and serve as a good
reference for a sport
and exercise psychology practitioner preparing to be or
currently involved with
sport psychology consulting or exercise adherence counseling.
Fisher (2003) and
Bernstein and Hartsell (2004) also serve as good sources for
both general practitioners
and exercise consultants.
The ACSM is recognized by health professionals throughout the
world as the
leading organization and authority on health and fitness. The
ACSM’s primary focus
is to advance health through science, medicine, and education.
Furthermore,
15. the ACSM (2003) has established a code of ethics with the
principal purpose of
“generation and dissemination of knowledge concerning all
aspects of persons en-
64 PAULINE, PAULINE, JOHNSON, GAMBLE
gaged in exercise with the full respect for the dignity of people”
(¶ 1). To achieve
its principal purpose, the ACSM (2003) established the
following four sections:
1. Members should strive continuously to improve knowledge
and skill and make available to
their colleagues and the public the benefits of their professional
expertise.
2. Members should maintain high professional and scientific
standards and should not voluntarily
collaborate professionally with anyone who violates this
principle.
3. The College, and its members, should safeguard the public
and itself against members who
are deficient in ethical conduct.
4. The ideals of the College imply that the responsibilities of
each Fellow or member extend not
only to the individual, but also to society with the purpose of
16. improving both the health and
well-being of the individual and the community. (¶ 1)
Therefore, the ACSM is an excellent resource for mental health
professionals to
consult for guidance concerning issues related to exercise,
health, and fitness.
EDUCATION/TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL
COMPETENCY MAINTENANCE
The field of exercise psychology is a merger between
psychology and exercise or
movement science. Individuals specializing in either of these
areas will have different
competencies and thus the ability to practice with different
populations.
Most professionals recognize the value of having individuals in
the field from both
backgrounds due to the uniqueness of their training. The APA
(2002) ethics code
specifies that in emerging areas such as exercise psychology
practitioners should
“take reasonable steps to ensure the competence of their work
and to protect clients/
patients, students, supervisees, research participants,
17. organizational clients,
and others from harm” (p. 5).
The ideal training for exercise therapists or consultants is an
ongoing debate.
The two primary sources of training for exercise practitioners
are (a) psychology
(i.e., counseling or clinical psychology) and (b) the movement
sciences (i.e.,
kinesiology or exercise physiology). As previously mentioned,
psychology and
movement sciences have been meshed together to form the
discipline of exercise
psychology. However, these two disciplines are indeed separate
and pose a complex
issue concerning training. Training for exercise practitioners is
complex due
to licensure. Clearly, to refer to oneself as a “psychologist,” an
individual must satisfy
the state requirements for licensure within the state in which he
or she works.
Most people trained in the movement sciences can specialize in
exercise psychology
but will likely not be able to meet the requirements for
psychology licensure.
18. Thus, practitioners can not ethically refer to themselves as
“exercise psychologists”
because they will not be licensed as psychologists within their
state of em-
ETHICAL ISSUES IN EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 65
ployment. Likewise, licensed psychologists with limited or no
training in the
movement sciences should not ethically refer to themselves as
“exercise psychologists”
because of a lack of proper training in exercise science.
Education and training from both exercise or movement science
and psychology
is a necessity for scholar–practitioners in the field of exercise
psychology. Due
to the interdisciplinary nature of exercise psychology, students
will most likely
need to create an individualized plan of study suited to meet
their future goals and
career objectives by combining courses from traditional
psychology, sport sciences,
and sport and exercise psychology. In 1991, AAASP established
certification
criteria for becoming a certified consultant of AAASP. The
19. interdisciplinary
requirements of AAASP certification require coursework and
practicum guidelines
for students who desire or specialize in applied sport or exercise
psychology
(Sacks, Burke, & Schrader, 2001). The requirements appear
adequate and are necessary
but reflect only minimal foundational training. AAASP
certification requirements
should not be viewed as sufficient training to become an
effective exercise
consultant. Furthermore, the attainment of AAASP certification
requirements
does not permit an individual to ethically use the title “exercise
psychologist.”
The following is a recommendation of minimal interdisciplinary
coursework
based on most state licensure requirements and AAASP
certification, to be competent
to do specialized consultation in exercise psychology. This
recommendation is
not a comprehensive list intended to address every possible
career aspiration
within exercise psychology, but it can provide some initial
20. guidance. The interdisciplinary
coursework should focus on the areas of psychology, sport
science, and
sport psychology. The exercise psychology curriculum should
include
1. Traditional psychology courses such as human growth and
development;
biological, social, and cultural bases of behavior; counseling
skills;
psychopathology; individual and group behavior; psychological
assessment;
cognitive–affective bases of behavior; professional ethics and
standards;
statistics; and research design.
2. Sport science courses should incorporate biomechanical and
physiological
bases of sport, motor development, motor learning, fitness
assessment,
fundamentals of strength and conditioning, aerobic and weight
training,
and sport nutrition.
3. Last, sport psychology, performance enhancement, exercise
psychology,
21. health psychology, and social aspects of sport and physical
activity should
be included.
In addition to formal coursework, practical experience (i.e.,
internships and/or
practicum) focused on the application of psychological
principles, theories, and
practices in the exercise setting is also a necessity. The
practical experience must
be supervised by a qualified specialist (e.g., licensed
psychologist, licensed mental
66 PAULINE, PAULINE, JOHNSON, GAMBLE
health practitioner, or certified consultant of AAASP) within
the field of exercise
psychology. The aforementioned curriculum and practical
training seems to provide
the necessary education for mental health professionals
regarding the physical
and psychological benefits of exercise.
Nevertheless, this initial, formal coursework and applied
experience is not in
and of itself enough to allow one to practice ethically
throughout his or her career.
22. Maintaining professional competence through continuing
professional education
is extremely important in any field, including exercise
psychology. The scientific
and professional knowledge base of psychology and
exercise/movement science is
continually evolving, bringing with it new research
methodologies, assessment
procedures, and forms of service delivery. Life-long learning is
fundamental to ensure
that teaching, research, and practice have an ongoing positive
impact on those
desiring services (Bickham, 1998). Both APA and AAASP
provide a variety of opportunities
and methods for scholars and practitioners to maintain
professional
competency. Some of these methods include independent study,
continuing education
courses or workshops, supervision, and formal postdegree
coursework.
Maintaining professional competency is also an important
ethical requirement
that is valued highly by the APA, the AAASP, and the ACSM.
Over 96% of
23. AAASP professionals recently surveyed by Etzel, Watson, and
Zizzi (2004) believed
that it is important to maintain professional competency through
continuing
education training. This very high percentage is a clear
indication of the value
AAASP members place on maintaining professional
competency. Maintaining
professional competence through continuing professional
education ensures that
the scholars and practitioners in the field of exercise
psychology are providing the
most current services to their clients.
CULTURAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY
The ethical standards of the APA (2002) and the AAASP (1994)
clearly indicate
the importance of recognizing that human differences such as
age, gender, and ethnicity
do exist and can significantly impact a practitioner’s work. The
standards
emphasize the responsibility to develop the skills required to be
competent to work
with a specific population or to be able to make an appropriate
referral. The importance
24. of understanding the culture and background of a variety of
populations is vitally
important in both exercise and therapeutic settings.
Research indicates high rates of obesity and inactivity among
women and minority
groups. About 33.4% of all women are obese, compared to
27.5% of men
(Goldsmith, 2004). The age-adjusted prevalence of overweight
and obesity in racial/
ethnic minorities, especially minority women, is generally
higher than in
Whites in the United States (Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, & Johnson,
2002). More specifically,
among women, non-Hispanic White women have the lowest
occurrence
ETHICAL ISSUES IN EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 67
(30.7%) of obesity, non-Hispanic Black women have the highest
(49.0%), and
Mexican American women are in the middle (38.4%; Hedley et
al., 2004).
The importance of cultural sensitivity and awareness is clearly
underscored by
the aforementioned data. Barriers to exercise adherence are
25. often directly or indirectly
related to personal and cultural factors. Therefore, when
working in the area
of exercise consulting, a practitioner needs to consider the
impact, positive and
negative, of factors associated with gender, ethnicity,
socioeconomic status, and
other potentially relevant culturally based factors.
In traditional counseling and clinical settings, the impact of
factors associated
with gender, ethnicity, and culture is also highly relevant for
successful outcomes.
In 1972, the Association of Multicultural Counseling and
Development (AMCD),
was established to assist with recognizing the assets of culture
and ethnicity, and
other social identities and to address concerns about ethical
practice (Arredondo&
Toporek, 2004, p. 45). These factors are also pertinent for
practitioners who desire
to include exercise as a component of treatment. A series of
essential questions to
address prior to prescribing exercise as a therapeutic modality
include: Is exercise
26. valued in the culture and/or by the client? What is the prior
exercise history of the
client? What types of social support are available to assist the
client with exercise
adherence? Does the client’s culture create any additional
barriers for adherence
for exercise and traditional treatment?
MULTIPLE-ROLE RELATIONSHIPS
AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Multiple-role relationships are often viewed as occurring when
the therapeutic
connection has moved toward a friendship relationship
(Bernstein & Hartsell,
2004). Multiple-role conflicts in therapy and consultations for
exercise adherence
may be encountered when clear boundaries have not been
established. When the
relationship boundary between the professional and client
becomes clouded, the
likelihood of multiple-role conflicts greatly increases. Every
practitioner needs to
maintain ethically proper professional boundaries. Establishing
and maintaining
27. such boundaries can be difficult due to the casual atmosphere
that surrounds the
exercise environment. The casual environment is created by the
type of clothing
worn during exercise, music being played, and the social
atmosphere of many exercise
and rehabilitation facilities.
A first step in maintaining appropriate boundaries is to establish
a common protocol
when communicating with all new clients. Instead of using first
names,
which seems to be a more common custom, it might be helpful
to be consistent
with the practice of referring to clients by last name and title
(Miss, Ms., Mrs., and
Mr. Brown). This practice encourages clients to maintain a
distance from the
therapist.
68 PAULINE, PAULINE, JOHNSON, GAMBLE
Maintaining this distance becomes even more difficult when
exercising with
clients. Exercising together can be a great vehicle for building
rapport and developing
28. communication between practitioner and client. Conversely,
exercising with
clients may cloud the boundaries and thus cause some confusion
or ambiguity regarding
the nature of the relationship between client and practitioner.
There are no
current guidelines and/or laws relative to this specific situation.
However, both the
APA (2002) and AAASP (1994) ethic codes indicate that
multiple roles can be inappropriate
and unethical if handled in the wrong way and need to be
maintained
with great caution. Clarifying the nature of the relationship
during the intake and
informed consent process, prior to exercising with the client, is
of primary importance.
It is the practitioner’s ethical responsibility to have a candid
discussion with
the client that clearly defines a therapeutic relationship and the
limitations concerning
nontherapeutic personal contact. For example, personal contacts
such as
engaging in recreational or competitive athletic teams, attending
sporting events,
29. and other general social functions together are in violation of
maintaining therapeutic
boundaries. The practitioner should have a clear rationale for
prescribing
exercise in a client’s treatment plan. In addition, the rationale
for exercising together
(i.e., to develop rapport) should be clearly communicated and
understood
between practitioner and client.
When exercising with clients, a common dilemma the
practitioner faces is determining
what type of physical activity should be implemented. As
previously
mentioned, research has found a variety of activities (aerobic
and anaerobic) that
provide physical and psychological benefits (USDHHS, 1996).
In regard to adherence,
it is vital to have clients’ input concerning activity selection.
When clients
have input into the selection process, they will likely
select/choose a physical activity
they enjoy. Enjoyment of the activity has been positively
correlated to adhering
30. and maintaining an exercise regimen (Wankel, 1993).
Walking is one of the most commonly reported types of physical
activity
(USDHHS, 1996). Walking is an excellent choice of physical
activity for numerous
reasons. First and foremost, many people are able to walk.
Furthermore, the
risks associated with walking are minimal due to the low to
moderate intensity
level. Also, most people are able to walk and talk
simultaneously, which is necessary
for therapeutic consultations. Last, walking can be performed
inside or outside
and requires minimal equipment or modification of clothing.
For clients who
are able to and desire a more intensive level of activity, jogging
is a viable alternative
to walking. When selecting jogging, a major requirement is for
the therapist
and client to have a high level of cardiovascular fitness. A high
level of cardiovascular
fitness allows them to talk with each other while exercising.
Anaerobic activities such as strength training provide clients
and therapists
31. with another viable option for activity selection. During
strength training, there is
ample time for communication and discussion between
practitioner and client.
However, there are a few limiting factors when choosing
strength training. Most
ETHICAL ISSUES IN EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 69
strength training activities require specialized equipment and
facilities and present
increased potential for risk of injury. In addition, a couple of
potential ethical dilemmas
when including strength training are competency and
confidentiality. The
therapist may not have the knowledge base and/or experience to
supervise a
strength training program that would accomplish desirable
health and therapeutic
objectives. It may also be difficult to maintain confidentiality
due to other people
exercising in very close proximity.
The mental health practitioner should not assume the role of a
physician, exercise
physiologist, or personal trainer in terms of providing or
32. modifying an exercise
prescription. Furthermore, practitioners should be cognizant of
their primary
role, which is to assist with exercise adherence and
consultation. Exercise psychology
practitioners ethically need to be aware of their professional
limitations and
competence boundaries vis-à-vis their education and training.
Maintaining an appropriate distance is sometimes useful in
diverting inappropriate
attempts at amorous and other nonprofessional relationships.
Sexualizing
the relationship with a client is clearly unethical as well as very
unsound professional
practice that harms both the client and practitioner (APA, 2002;
AAASP,
1994). Practitioners often hold an advantage of power over the
people with whom
they work. Furthermore, practitioners occupy a position of trust
and are expected
to advocate the welfare of those who depend on them.
Physical contact within the counseling and exercise setting is
often ethically appropriate.
33. However, contact that is intended to express emotional support,
reassurance,
or an initial greeting can be misinterpreted as an invitation for
advances. The
social environment, revealing clothes, and close proximity that
surround the exercise
setting can lead to inappropriate advances by clients or
practitioners. Recognition
of signs, both in clients and in therapists, and dealing with these
feelings immediately
and objectively is the best approach. The practitioner should
discuss these
feelings with an experienced, respected, and trusted colleague.
If the practitioner is
unable to control his or her feelings, termination and referral
are recommended as a
method of protecting both the client and practitioner.However,
on termination of the
relationship, thetwoindividuals are not ethically “free” to
pursue amoresocial or intimate
relationship. It is strongly suggested to have a cooling off
period (several
monthsto years) inwhichboth parties agree towait prior to
pursuing a relationship at
34. a different level.Amore conservative approach suggested by
Bernstein and Hartsell
(2004) is to followthe belief ofoncea client, always a
client.With the adoption of this
approach, once a professional relationship is initiated it must
always be maintained,
thus reducing the notion or intention of modifying any
professional relationship.
DEPENDENCY ON THE THERAPIST
Another issue that must be discussed in collaboration with
multiple-role relationships
is a client’s level of dependency on a therapist’s services and
influence.With-
70 PAULINE, PAULINE, JOHNSON, GAMBLE
out question, as human beings we live in a world where
dependency on others is
crucial to an individual’s survival. Memmi (1984) explained
that the level of dependence
on others should be presented from three perspectives: “1)
according to
the identity of the dependent (e.g., child, adult), 2) to that of the
provider (e.g., human
being, animal, or object), and 3) to the object provided (e.g.,
winning a medal
35. versus establishing a friendship)” (p. 18). For example, children
(dependent) rely
on their caregivers (provider) for acquiring and supplying food,
water, and shelter
(objects provided) to survive within our society. Therefore, as
children develop
into adults, they must acquire the knowledge and skills from a
caregiver to successfully
gain the necessities to survive independently. Similarly, clients
attend counseling
sessions in hopes of gaining the appropriate knowledge and
skills so they
can effectively cope with issues that currently disrupt their
quality of life.
Another view of examining the level of a client’s dependence on
a therapist is
intertwined within attachment theory. “John Bowlby’s
attachment theory is based
on an attachment behavioral system—a homeostatic process that
regulates infant
proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviors with one
or few specific individuals
who provide physical or psychological safety or security”
(Sperling &
36. Berman, 1994, p. 5). Bowlby (1980) indicated that the level of
continuity, which is
a key component of attachment theory, is the way children
construct attachment
behaviors into a strategy for relating with others and how these
behaviors greatly
influence succeeding behaviors across the life span. An
individual’s attachment
behavioral system can become activated through various
activities and events, including
stressful periods (Sperling & Berman, 1994). Interestingly, a
therapeutic
relationship has the potential for activating an adult client’s
attachment expectations
and behaviors (Bowlby, 1988; Woodhouse, Schlosser, Crook,
Ligiero, &
Gelso, 2003).
As previously stated, it is important to realize that individuals
who seek therapeutic
services are usually attempting to alter their behaviors and/or
emotions to
manage problems interfering with their daily lives. In other
words, clients may
37. seek the services of mental health professionals because they
believe therapists
have the ability and knowledge to provide care, comfort, and
guidance to relieve
their debilitating issues (Bowlby, 1988; Farber, Lippert, &
Nevas, 1995; Riggs,
Jacobvitz, & Hazen, 2002; Slade, 1999).
Specifically, within the realm of exercise psychology,
individuals may solicit
a therapist for psychological services to assist in the quest of
achieving their desired
outcomes (e.g., losing weight, increasing their levels of
physical activity,
mood alteration). During these counseling sessions, clients may
complete physical
activities (e.g., walking, jogging, strength training) with their
therapist. Some
therapists believe conducting therapy while exercising with
their clients is beneficial
to the overall treatment plan and objectives (Hays, 1999). For
example,
mental health practitioners can monitor clients’ behavioral and
emotional states
while completing the physical activities together. During these
38. physical activities,
a therapist gains an immediate perception of how the client is
progressing
ETHICAL ISSUES IN EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 71
with the assigned tasks. Therefore, alterations to the treatment
plan can be introduced
while exercising.
As clients accomplish their goals (e.g., losing the desired
amount of weight, increasing
the level of physical activity, mood alteration), it is probable
that they will
develop a new identity and/or level of self-worth (e.g.,
confidence, esteem). Numerous
research investigations indicate that an increase in the level of
physical activity
will improve individuals’ mental well-being and decrease
numerous health
risks (e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer; USDHHS, 1996).
Unfortunately, the realization of clients’ desired outcomes (e.g.,
loss of weight,
positive self-image, mood alteration) potentially could produce
an increased level
of dependence (i.e., attachment) on the therapist and services
39. provided. That is, clients
may develop the notion that the therapeutic relationship with
their exercise
practitioner must continue to achieve and maintain the desired
outcomes. Dishman
(1988) explained adherence to exercise (i.e., physical activity)
can be difficult, as
up to 50% of exercisers drop out within the first 6 months of
initiating an exercise
program. This may be a reason why some individuals who
maintain an exercise
regimen become dependent on the services provided by fitness
trainers. For example,
certain individuals are unwilling to work out alone or require
motivation, social
support, and guidance from a fitness trainer to complete
physical activities and
pursue their physical fitness goals. Thus, a level of dependence
is established, and
possibly strengthened, as the individual continues an exercise
routine under the supervision
of a fitness trainer. Despite the lack of research, a similar level
of dependence
for a client may develop during a therapeutic relationship with
40. an exercise
therapist. To date, no research investigations have examined the
level of clients’dependence
on their exercise therapist. However, “exercising with clients
during
therapy could promote dependency” (Hays, 1999, p. 61).
Therefore, exercise practitioners
should be aware that clients’ level of dependency may become
an issue
even if the sessions produce the desired healthy outcomes.
CONFIDENTIALITY AND RECORD KEEPING
Confidentiality is another central ethical issue that often arises
in a variety of traditional
and exercise counseling settings. Confidentiality is directly
addressed in
both the APA (2002) and AAASP (1994) ethics codes of
conduct. Standard 4.01 of
the APA (2002) ethics code states that practitioners “have a
primary obligation and
take reasonable precautions to protect confidential information
obtained through
or stored in any medium, recognizing that the extent and limits
of confidentiality
41. may be regulated by law or established by institutional rules or
scientific relationship”
(p. 7). Clients value privacy, and it is not uncommon for a
client to begin
an initial interview by asking about confidentiality (Zaro,
Barach, Nedelman, &
Dreiblatt, 1994). Because the limits of confidentiality differ
from state to state, it is
72 PAULINE, PAULINE, JOHNSON, GAMBLE
essential to learn the specifics in your own area. Presented in
the following paragraphs
are some general recommendations for maintaining
confidentiality across a
variety of activities as they relate to exercise consultations.
Within the dynamic of exercise consultations it is common to
collaborate with a
variety of professionals (e.g., physicians, trainers, exercise
physiologists, dieticians).
Collaboration with colleagues is an important means of ensuring
and maintaining
the competence of one’swork and the ethical conduct of
psychology. When
consulting with colleagues, one should not disclose confidential
information that
42. reasonably could lead to the identification of a client. Even
when prior consent has
been granted by the client, the disclosure of information should
be only to the extent
necessary to achieve the purposes of the consultation.
Maintaining confidentiality
and respect for the client’s privacy should be upheld at all times
and is vital in
maintaining a collaborative and trusting relationship with
clients.
When using the Internet or other sources of electronic media, it
is the practitioner’s
responsibility to become knowledgeable about employing
appropriate methods
for protecting the confidentiality of records concerning clients
(Fisher, 2003).
The Internet and other electronic media are vulnerable to
breaches in confidentiality
that may be beyond an individual’s control. For example, when
personal files or
therapy notes are stored on a common server or university
system server, security
measures such as the use of password protection and firewall
techniques should be
43. in place. Conducting assessments, exercise adherence, or
traditional counseling
via e-mail, secure chat rooms, cell phone, or providing services
on a Web site are
all mediums in which confidentiality can be violated. Clients
should be informed
of the risks to privacy and limitations of protection when
utilizing an electronic
medium to deliver exercise consultation services. Similarly,
safeguards should
also be used for handwritten therapy notes, treatment plans, or
client records.
These types of records and documents should be stored in
locked file cabinets.
ADVERTISEMENT AND SELF-PROMOTION
Most individuals do not become involved in the field of
psychology—whether it is
general, clinical, sport, or exercise psychology—due to their
abilities for selfpromotion.
However, these skills become important when trying to increase
one’s
exposure and attracting potential clients.Without development
or training in ethical
44. marketing or self-promotion, it is quite common for the issues
pertaining to
self-promotion and marketing to be discomforting (Heil,
Sagal,&Nideffer, 1997).
The APA (2002) ethics code (Ethical Standard 5) addresses
advertising and
other public statements more thoroughly than does the AAASP
(1994) ethics code
(i.e., General Ethical Standard 16). Clearly identifying one’s
credentials or certifications
is the first step in understanding the process of advertising and
public statements.
It is the professionals’ responsibility to appropriately identify
their creden-
ETHICAL ISSUES IN EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 73
tials and take the initiative to correct misrepresentations when
mistakes are made.
In addition, it is unethical to solicit testimonials from current
clients or other influential
individuals due to their position, title, or status. For example,
Dr. White prescribes
exercise as a component of counseling for a famous actress. She
attains her
desired therapeutic goals through proper exercise adherence and
45. counseling.
Based on this scenario, it is unethical for Dr. White to solicit a
testimonial from the
actress promoting the benefits of his counseling.
There are ethical and appropriate methods of enhancing one’s
visibility. These
methods include, but are not limited to, speaking at various
rehabilitation clinics,
exercise facilities, and civic organizations. Providing
information through speaking
engagements about the nature and benefits of exercise
psychology and adherence
counseling will be professionally beneficial by creating the
opportunity for
practitioners to integrate and synthesize theories and research
findings into practice
for their specific audience. Another vehicle to enhance exposure
is through
public interviews with local radio, television, and newspapers.
The establishment
of aWeb site is another possible source of exposure. Speaking
engagements, interviews,
and the development of a Web site are excellent methods of
“getting your
46. name out there,” but there is no guarantee that these methods
will lead to clients
and referrals.
The development of a client and referral base is an ongoing
challenge. However,
the practitioner who is able to interact with colleagues from
various settings
(e.g., physicians, athletic trainers, physical therapists, personal
trainers, exercise
physiologists, and other mental health professionals) will have
an advantage in developing
a wide range of referral sources. Furthermore, there is no
substitute for
word-of-mouth referrals. This means those practitioners who
develop an effective
working relationship and provide effective strategies to assist
their clientele in
reaching their desired goals will be able to maintain and expand
their client list.
FUTURE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Issues related to the most desirable qualifications for the
exercise psychologist or
consultant will continue to be debated. However, it appears that
47. interdisciplinary
training is vital and will positively contribute to the
development of collaborative
and effective professionals within the field of exercise
psychology. A movement
toward accreditation of programs also adds to the establishment
of quality training
for future professionals.
Employment in the field of exercise psychology and consulting,
which bridges
the areas of psychology and movement sciences, can provide a
challenging and rewarding
career.Within the challenges lie numerous ethical considerations
and behaviors
that should be clearly conceptualized prior to and while
involved in this
emerging field. The previous discussion of potential ethical
issues and dilemmas is
74 PAULINE, PAULINE, JOHNSON, GAMBLE
by no means a complete guide. This article is just a starting
point for future dialog
regarding ethical issues related to exercise psychology and
consulting.
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