This document summarizes a webinar on conceptual frameworks for understanding women's collective action in agricultural markets. The webinar aimed to further develop and enrich the conceptual framework guiding a research project on this topic. The framework examines how factors like farming systems, motivation, assets, household dynamics, and policies influence patterns of collective action and their outcomes in empowering women and increasing incomes. Participants provided feedback on resonating aspects and areas needing more development to advance understanding of how collectives help pathways for women smallholders.
Centralized management of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) can provide benefits but also risks. A centralized model under a single entity allows for joint analysis of SOEs, reduces political interference, and facilitates responsibilities and information sharing. It also enables economies of scale, standardized policies and governance, and coordination between companies. However, a centralized model risks continued political meddling, insufficient resources and specialization for all sectors, and power struggles. For success, the model requires high-level support, proper regulation, a clear mandate, adequate resources, and independent oversight to establish an efficient and transparent long-term management system.
Conference presentation, "Making the Invisible Visible: towards a Community of Practice in Indicators of Sustainability and Values", Brighton, December 2010
This document summarizes different types of data that can reveal gender dynamics in value chains, including quantitative data on sex segmentation, wages, and sales as well as qualitative data on access to resources, beliefs, and laws/policies. It provides examples of complementary data sources showing differences in participation, income, and returns for men and women in passion fruit farming groups in Kenya. The document also outlines an INGIA-VC process for integrating gender into value chain analysis using frameworks to assess gender dimensions, constraints, and strategies to support gender equity.
This document discusses the importance of integrating a gender perspective into value chain analysis and development. It notes that as agriculture becomes more commercialized, women smallholder farmers may not benefit equally due to lower access to resources and social barriers. However, reducing gender disparities could significantly increase agricultural outputs and reduce hunger. Key issues to examine include men and women's differing access to assets, types of market participation, constraints faced, and patterns of income management. Addressing these intra-household gender dynamics is important for the success and equitable impacts of programs aiming to develop value chains and markets.
FARMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IRRIGATION WATER SYSTEM AS A MECHANISM FOR SU...Jonah Kiprop
FARMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IRRIGATION WATER SYSTEM AS A MECHANISM FOR SUSTAINABLE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCED FOOD PRODUCTION IN KERIO VALLEY BASIN KENYA
Gender mainstreaming aims to assess how planned actions will impact both women and men. It seeks to ensure equal access to resources and decision making at all stages of development. Mainstreaming gender in value chains can help reduce poverty since women tend to spend more on health, education, and savings. It requires identifying gender roles and differential access to resources and control over benefits at macro, meso, and micro levels. A framework uses grids to analyze these levels and identify relevant actors, then maps the value chain while considering gender roles and power dynamics between women and men.
Characteristics of women’s collective action for enabling women's participati...ILRI
This document summarizes preliminary findings from research on women's collective action and participation in agricultural markets in Ethiopia. The research aimed to identify different types of collective action taken by women at both formal and informal levels. Some key findings included: 1) Women's involvement in formal groups like cooperatives was generally low, though slightly higher in the dairy sector. 2) Women engaged more often in informal collective actions like sharing transport costs and resources. 3) Such collective actions helped women save time and money but often yielded only marginal economic benefits. 4) Development programs have largely overlooked women's existing informal collective activities and support is needed to strengthen their participation.
Centralized management of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) can provide benefits but also risks. A centralized model under a single entity allows for joint analysis of SOEs, reduces political interference, and facilitates responsibilities and information sharing. It also enables economies of scale, standardized policies and governance, and coordination between companies. However, a centralized model risks continued political meddling, insufficient resources and specialization for all sectors, and power struggles. For success, the model requires high-level support, proper regulation, a clear mandate, adequate resources, and independent oversight to establish an efficient and transparent long-term management system.
Conference presentation, "Making the Invisible Visible: towards a Community of Practice in Indicators of Sustainability and Values", Brighton, December 2010
This document summarizes different types of data that can reveal gender dynamics in value chains, including quantitative data on sex segmentation, wages, and sales as well as qualitative data on access to resources, beliefs, and laws/policies. It provides examples of complementary data sources showing differences in participation, income, and returns for men and women in passion fruit farming groups in Kenya. The document also outlines an INGIA-VC process for integrating gender into value chain analysis using frameworks to assess gender dimensions, constraints, and strategies to support gender equity.
This document discusses the importance of integrating a gender perspective into value chain analysis and development. It notes that as agriculture becomes more commercialized, women smallholder farmers may not benefit equally due to lower access to resources and social barriers. However, reducing gender disparities could significantly increase agricultural outputs and reduce hunger. Key issues to examine include men and women's differing access to assets, types of market participation, constraints faced, and patterns of income management. Addressing these intra-household gender dynamics is important for the success and equitable impacts of programs aiming to develop value chains and markets.
FARMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IRRIGATION WATER SYSTEM AS A MECHANISM FOR SU...Jonah Kiprop
FARMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IRRIGATION WATER SYSTEM AS A MECHANISM FOR SUSTAINABLE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCED FOOD PRODUCTION IN KERIO VALLEY BASIN KENYA
Gender mainstreaming aims to assess how planned actions will impact both women and men. It seeks to ensure equal access to resources and decision making at all stages of development. Mainstreaming gender in value chains can help reduce poverty since women tend to spend more on health, education, and savings. It requires identifying gender roles and differential access to resources and control over benefits at macro, meso, and micro levels. A framework uses grids to analyze these levels and identify relevant actors, then maps the value chain while considering gender roles and power dynamics between women and men.
Characteristics of women’s collective action for enabling women's participati...ILRI
This document summarizes preliminary findings from research on women's collective action and participation in agricultural markets in Ethiopia. The research aimed to identify different types of collective action taken by women at both formal and informal levels. Some key findings included: 1) Women's involvement in formal groups like cooperatives was generally low, though slightly higher in the dairy sector. 2) Women engaged more often in informal collective actions like sharing transport costs and resources. 3) Such collective actions helped women save time and money but often yielded only marginal economic benefits. 4) Development programs have largely overlooked women's existing informal collective activities and support is needed to strengthen their participation.
Session 2b - Vigneri - Women's empowerment through collective action?IFPRI-WEAI
Presentation by Marcella Vigner (Oxfam) at "A Learning Event for the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index," held November 21, 2013 in Washington DC.
Gender in the participatory market chain approachCGIAR
This presentation was given on 5 October 2017, as part of the webinar 'Gender mainstreaming in the Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA)'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the International Potato Center (CIP).
Read more about this webinar at: http://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-gender-mainstreaming-participatory-market-chain-approach-pmca/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Step 8 Training Materials - Market Opportunity Groups HandoutPMSD Roadmap
A handout that should be used with the step 8 training materials, which can be found at http://www.slideshare.net/pmsd-map/step8training-guide
The handout should be used in the Multi-Actor Forums and Market Opportunity Groups session.
Print one copy per participant.
Analysis of priority commodities — Gender and technology perspectivesILRI
The document discusses integrating a gender perspective into the Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) project in Ethiopia. It outlines IPMS's gender strategy, key gender concepts, tools used for gender analysis, and implications for project activities. Gender analysis of priority commodities was conducted to understand impacts on workloads, benefits, decisions, and identify strategies to promote equitable participation and outcomes. The findings will inform gender-sensitive interventions and capacity building to mainstream gender in IPMS.
Presentation at the 5th Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture.
Title: Farmer organisations shaping entrepreneurial practices for resilience: Evidence from CSA models in Malawi and Zimbabwe
Speaker: Domenico Dentoni
The document discusses gender integration in agricultural innovation systems research based on CGIAR experiences. It provides an overview of case studies from WorldFish and the International Potato Center that aimed to integrate a gender and development (GAD) approach. The case studies show how participatory market chain approaches and multi-stakeholder platforms can help address gender roles, knowledge, decision-making, and empowerment. However, challenges remain in integrating gender due to issues like culture, capacity, and responding to donor expectations. The document advocates for gender transformative policy changes, critical awareness of gender norms, and working with men and women to achieve more equitable social systems and outcomes for all.
Three challenges for innovators in rural developmentJacqueline Ashby
Innovation Asia Pacific Symposium J Ashby May 4 2009 Presentation. Discusses three challenges for innovators in rural development in relation to shortcomings of innovation systems theory and the need for engagement with policy.power relations and politics.
This document summarizes experiences integrating gender considerations into agricultural innovation systems research conducted by the CGIAR. It describes two case studies: 1) The Research in Development approach used by WorldFish that embeds social and gender analysis into innovation pathways and theories of change. 2) The Papa Andina initiative led by the International Potato Center that uses a participatory market chain approach and multi-stakeholder platforms to foster gender equitable participation and empowerment of women farmers. The document discusses challenges to gender integration like time requirements and context specific factors. It advocates for gender transformative policies and addressing structural inequalities, not just individual changes.
Identification and advocating for scaling partners: Integrating rights and li...ILRI
Presented by Elizabeth Waithanji at the "Expanding Livelihood Opportunities for Poor Households Initiative in East Africa (ELOPHI)" Sharing Forum at the Crown Plaza Hotel Nairobi, 20 August 2013
Global Action Networks (GANs) are emerging as innovative multi-stakeholder networks that address global issues across sectors. GAN-Net aims to support the growth and effectiveness of GANs through capacity building, convening communities of practice among GANs, and increasing collaboration, legitimacy and support for GANs. GAN-Net's goals are to accelerate the scope and presence of GANs worldwide, increase GAN capacities, and build GAN legitimacy through collective identity.
Workshop: Gender in Aquatic Agricultural SystemsWorldFish
1) Addressing gender issues in agriculture and aquacultural systems (AAS) could increase productivity by 10-20% in sub-Saharan Africa and lead to higher fish pond yields in Cambodia.
2) Involving women in AAS may lead to increased sustainability in the face of climate change through local knowledge and coping strategies, as well as increased collaboration.
3) A gender-equitable approach in AAS is important for development effectiveness through sustainable increases in productivity, access to markets, social resilience, gender equity, and empowering policies.
The document discusses learning practices among small firms in Manizales, Colombia. It aims to analyze the cultural factors that influence learning processes and identify how firms learn. Specifically, it seeks to:
1) Characterize the actors and relationships involved in learning processes and establish patterns of learning.
2) Describe learning processes and associated practices, as well as what areas firms have learned.
3) Understand the cultural factors that explain learning processes by analyzing forms of capital, fields, habitus, and other cultural dimensions that shape learning.
This document discusses revisiting gender participation in livestock value chains to develop effective policy. It sets the context of high potential for small-scale livestock initiatives but limited attention to policy provisions supporting grassroots implementation. The research problem aims to integrate disadvantaged actor groups like smallholder livestock producers and pastoralists along livestock chains. The objectives examine competitive niches and upgrading opportunities for the poor and women, and vulnerabilities of actor groups. The proposed methodology uses value chain analysis considering gender roles and a multi-pronged theoretical approach analyzing poverty reduction, transaction costs, and business management.
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between cultural factors and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study analyzed data from over 40 firms in 15 countries. It found that CSR is a multidimensional concept consisting of concern for shareholders, stakeholders, and community. Cultural values like collectivism and power distance influenced managers' priorities among these three CSR dimensions. Specifically, collectivist cultures prioritized more aspects of CSR, while high power distance cultures valued CSR less. Additionally, visionary leadership within organizations was found to positively influence managers' views on shareholder and stakeholder CSR. The study concluded that cultural, demographic, and leadership factors are important determinants of how managers approach CSR internationally.
This document provides an overview of advocacy and the advocacy process based on a training for citizens in local governance. It defines advocacy as strategic actions to influence those in power to implement policies that benefit less powerful groups. The advocacy cycle is described as having five steps: identifying problems, researching issues, planning goals and objectives, taking action, and evaluating results. Key aspects of advocacy discussed include understanding the spheres of influence in society, practicing good advocacy such as ensuring participation and accountability, playing different advocate roles, and analyzing the dimensions of power. The training concluded that small groups of committed citizens can create positive change through advocacy.
Validating gender in value chains tools: the case of the PMCACGIAR
This presentation was given by Sarah Mayanja (CIP), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
This document summarizes and discusses various conceptualizations of women's economic empowerment from different development organizations. It notes that while early definitions of empowerment focused more broadly on increasing women's agency, control over resources, and participation in decision making, more recent definitions have increasingly equated women's economic empowerment specifically with their access to paid work and ability to participate in markets. However, definitions differ in whether economic empowerment is seen as an end in itself or a means to broader development goals, and whether market forces alone are seen as sufficient to achieve empowerment or if structural changes are also needed to ensure fair terms of participation and benefits from growth. The document reviews definitions from organizations like the World Bank, UN, OECD, and
Bolivar- Research Proposal, Sociopolitical Variables of DevelopmentChelsee Bolivar
This document is a research proposal that examines how fair trade cooperatives can address gender disparity and promote long-term project success. The author proposes to study how fair trade agreements advance the economic status of women through various theoretical lenses, including realism, institutionalism, and constructivism. The research question asks to what extent fair trade cooperatives improve women's economic standing. Through interviews and data analysis in a specific location, the author hopes to identify variables that partnerships must consider to create development projects that empower women and generate sustainable impacts.
Tackling Global Challenges - Lessons in System LeadershipLorin Fries
This document summarizes a report on lessons in system leadership from the World Economic Forum's New Vision for Agriculture initiative. It begins with an introduction explaining the need for system leadership to tackle complex global challenges. It then provides an overview of the New Vision for Agriculture story and its goals of transforming agriculture. The main part of the document distills three key lessons in system leadership from the initiative: cultivating a shared vision for change, empowering widespread innovation and action, and enabling mutual accountability. It concludes by discussing the importance of mainstreaming system leadership approaches.
WCA Webinar 5: Fair Trade for Women Producersccanepa
This document summarizes a webinar on the role of collective enterprises for women producers to access fair trade markets. It finds that organizing collectively offers economic and social benefits, including increased income, bargaining power, and knowledge sharing. Through case studies, it identifies success factors like strong leadership, a shared vision, and commercial success through value-addition and quality control. Challenges include women's limited participation and a lack of government support. The webinar concludes there is a need for policies recognizing women informal workers and a rights-based approach to support their enterprises.
The document discusses innovative types of member-based organizations and their impact on women in India. It presents three case studies: 1) The Masuta Producer Company, a hybrid organization owned by 3000 women yarn producers. 2) Rudi Multi Trading Company, a distribution network linking small producers to consumers utilizing existing networks. 3) The SHG-Bank Linkage model allowing informal self-help groups of mostly women to borrow from formal banks. The case studies show how these hybrid organizations have increased incomes, provided employment, and given women more control over their livelihoods through access to financial services. Intermediary organizations play an important role in ensuring social inclusion.
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Session 2b - Vigneri - Women's empowerment through collective action?IFPRI-WEAI
Presentation by Marcella Vigner (Oxfam) at "A Learning Event for the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index," held November 21, 2013 in Washington DC.
Gender in the participatory market chain approachCGIAR
This presentation was given on 5 October 2017, as part of the webinar 'Gender mainstreaming in the Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA)'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the International Potato Center (CIP).
Read more about this webinar at: http://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-gender-mainstreaming-participatory-market-chain-approach-pmca/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Step 8 Training Materials - Market Opportunity Groups HandoutPMSD Roadmap
A handout that should be used with the step 8 training materials, which can be found at http://www.slideshare.net/pmsd-map/step8training-guide
The handout should be used in the Multi-Actor Forums and Market Opportunity Groups session.
Print one copy per participant.
Analysis of priority commodities — Gender and technology perspectivesILRI
The document discusses integrating a gender perspective into the Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) project in Ethiopia. It outlines IPMS's gender strategy, key gender concepts, tools used for gender analysis, and implications for project activities. Gender analysis of priority commodities was conducted to understand impacts on workloads, benefits, decisions, and identify strategies to promote equitable participation and outcomes. The findings will inform gender-sensitive interventions and capacity building to mainstream gender in IPMS.
Presentation at the 5th Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture.
Title: Farmer organisations shaping entrepreneurial practices for resilience: Evidence from CSA models in Malawi and Zimbabwe
Speaker: Domenico Dentoni
The document discusses gender integration in agricultural innovation systems research based on CGIAR experiences. It provides an overview of case studies from WorldFish and the International Potato Center that aimed to integrate a gender and development (GAD) approach. The case studies show how participatory market chain approaches and multi-stakeholder platforms can help address gender roles, knowledge, decision-making, and empowerment. However, challenges remain in integrating gender due to issues like culture, capacity, and responding to donor expectations. The document advocates for gender transformative policy changes, critical awareness of gender norms, and working with men and women to achieve more equitable social systems and outcomes for all.
Three challenges for innovators in rural developmentJacqueline Ashby
Innovation Asia Pacific Symposium J Ashby May 4 2009 Presentation. Discusses three challenges for innovators in rural development in relation to shortcomings of innovation systems theory and the need for engagement with policy.power relations and politics.
This document summarizes experiences integrating gender considerations into agricultural innovation systems research conducted by the CGIAR. It describes two case studies: 1) The Research in Development approach used by WorldFish that embeds social and gender analysis into innovation pathways and theories of change. 2) The Papa Andina initiative led by the International Potato Center that uses a participatory market chain approach and multi-stakeholder platforms to foster gender equitable participation and empowerment of women farmers. The document discusses challenges to gender integration like time requirements and context specific factors. It advocates for gender transformative policies and addressing structural inequalities, not just individual changes.
Identification and advocating for scaling partners: Integrating rights and li...ILRI
Presented by Elizabeth Waithanji at the "Expanding Livelihood Opportunities for Poor Households Initiative in East Africa (ELOPHI)" Sharing Forum at the Crown Plaza Hotel Nairobi, 20 August 2013
Global Action Networks (GANs) are emerging as innovative multi-stakeholder networks that address global issues across sectors. GAN-Net aims to support the growth and effectiveness of GANs through capacity building, convening communities of practice among GANs, and increasing collaboration, legitimacy and support for GANs. GAN-Net's goals are to accelerate the scope and presence of GANs worldwide, increase GAN capacities, and build GAN legitimacy through collective identity.
Workshop: Gender in Aquatic Agricultural SystemsWorldFish
1) Addressing gender issues in agriculture and aquacultural systems (AAS) could increase productivity by 10-20% in sub-Saharan Africa and lead to higher fish pond yields in Cambodia.
2) Involving women in AAS may lead to increased sustainability in the face of climate change through local knowledge and coping strategies, as well as increased collaboration.
3) A gender-equitable approach in AAS is important for development effectiveness through sustainable increases in productivity, access to markets, social resilience, gender equity, and empowering policies.
The document discusses learning practices among small firms in Manizales, Colombia. It aims to analyze the cultural factors that influence learning processes and identify how firms learn. Specifically, it seeks to:
1) Characterize the actors and relationships involved in learning processes and establish patterns of learning.
2) Describe learning processes and associated practices, as well as what areas firms have learned.
3) Understand the cultural factors that explain learning processes by analyzing forms of capital, fields, habitus, and other cultural dimensions that shape learning.
This document discusses revisiting gender participation in livestock value chains to develop effective policy. It sets the context of high potential for small-scale livestock initiatives but limited attention to policy provisions supporting grassroots implementation. The research problem aims to integrate disadvantaged actor groups like smallholder livestock producers and pastoralists along livestock chains. The objectives examine competitive niches and upgrading opportunities for the poor and women, and vulnerabilities of actor groups. The proposed methodology uses value chain analysis considering gender roles and a multi-pronged theoretical approach analyzing poverty reduction, transaction costs, and business management.
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between cultural factors and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study analyzed data from over 40 firms in 15 countries. It found that CSR is a multidimensional concept consisting of concern for shareholders, stakeholders, and community. Cultural values like collectivism and power distance influenced managers' priorities among these three CSR dimensions. Specifically, collectivist cultures prioritized more aspects of CSR, while high power distance cultures valued CSR less. Additionally, visionary leadership within organizations was found to positively influence managers' views on shareholder and stakeholder CSR. The study concluded that cultural, demographic, and leadership factors are important determinants of how managers approach CSR internationally.
This document provides an overview of advocacy and the advocacy process based on a training for citizens in local governance. It defines advocacy as strategic actions to influence those in power to implement policies that benefit less powerful groups. The advocacy cycle is described as having five steps: identifying problems, researching issues, planning goals and objectives, taking action, and evaluating results. Key aspects of advocacy discussed include understanding the spheres of influence in society, practicing good advocacy such as ensuring participation and accountability, playing different advocate roles, and analyzing the dimensions of power. The training concluded that small groups of committed citizens can create positive change through advocacy.
Validating gender in value chains tools: the case of the PMCACGIAR
This presentation was given by Sarah Mayanja (CIP), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
This document summarizes and discusses various conceptualizations of women's economic empowerment from different development organizations. It notes that while early definitions of empowerment focused more broadly on increasing women's agency, control over resources, and participation in decision making, more recent definitions have increasingly equated women's economic empowerment specifically with their access to paid work and ability to participate in markets. However, definitions differ in whether economic empowerment is seen as an end in itself or a means to broader development goals, and whether market forces alone are seen as sufficient to achieve empowerment or if structural changes are also needed to ensure fair terms of participation and benefits from growth. The document reviews definitions from organizations like the World Bank, UN, OECD, and
Bolivar- Research Proposal, Sociopolitical Variables of DevelopmentChelsee Bolivar
This document is a research proposal that examines how fair trade cooperatives can address gender disparity and promote long-term project success. The author proposes to study how fair trade agreements advance the economic status of women through various theoretical lenses, including realism, institutionalism, and constructivism. The research question asks to what extent fair trade cooperatives improve women's economic standing. Through interviews and data analysis in a specific location, the author hopes to identify variables that partnerships must consider to create development projects that empower women and generate sustainable impacts.
Tackling Global Challenges - Lessons in System LeadershipLorin Fries
This document summarizes a report on lessons in system leadership from the World Economic Forum's New Vision for Agriculture initiative. It begins with an introduction explaining the need for system leadership to tackle complex global challenges. It then provides an overview of the New Vision for Agriculture story and its goals of transforming agriculture. The main part of the document distills three key lessons in system leadership from the initiative: cultivating a shared vision for change, empowering widespread innovation and action, and enabling mutual accountability. It concludes by discussing the importance of mainstreaming system leadership approaches.
Similar to Webinar1 conceptual framework final-external (20)
WCA Webinar 5: Fair Trade for Women Producersccanepa
This document summarizes a webinar on the role of collective enterprises for women producers to access fair trade markets. It finds that organizing collectively offers economic and social benefits, including increased income, bargaining power, and knowledge sharing. Through case studies, it identifies success factors like strong leadership, a shared vision, and commercial success through value-addition and quality control. Challenges include women's limited participation and a lack of government support. The webinar concludes there is a need for policies recognizing women informal workers and a rights-based approach to support their enterprises.
The document discusses innovative types of member-based organizations and their impact on women in India. It presents three case studies: 1) The Masuta Producer Company, a hybrid organization owned by 3000 women yarn producers. 2) Rudi Multi Trading Company, a distribution network linking small producers to consumers utilizing existing networks. 3) The SHG-Bank Linkage model allowing informal self-help groups of mostly women to borrow from formal banks. The case studies show how these hybrid organizations have increased incomes, provided employment, and given women more control over their livelihoods through access to financial services. Intermediary organizations play an important role in ensuring social inclusion.
The document discusses innovative types of member-based organizations and their impact on women in India. It presents three case studies: 1) The Masuta Producer Company, a hybrid organization owned by 3000 women yarn producers. 2) Rudi Multi Trading Company, a distribution network linking small producers to consumers utilizing an existing women's organization. 3) The SHG-Bank Linkage model allowing informal women's collectives to borrow from banks. The case studies show how hybrid organizations have increased incomes and empowerment for women by providing market access, credit, and strengthening local economies. However, intensive capacity building by intermediary organizations is often needed to ensure inclusion.
This document summarizes a webinar on women's collective action in agricultural markets. It presented findings from research conducted in 11 countries on how women's engagement in market-focused collective action can lead to more equitable outcomes. The research found that external support and enabling policies can help collective action address some production constraints, though not always social norms or access to land. Benefits for women varied depending on the type of group (e.g. women-only, mixed, specialized) and sub-sector. The webinar discussed implications for understanding the conditions that enable more equitable outcomes and how to address constraints like mobility and social attitudes that collective action does not often overcome. Next steps include additional case studies and surveys to explore effective strategies
This document discusses a webinar on developing a typology of women's collective action in agricultural markets. It provides an agenda for the webinar, which will explore lessons from typologies of microfinance organizations and comments from participants. The webinar aims to establish a shared understanding of Oxfam's typology from a previous research phase and determine how it can be applied or further developed. The document also presents Oxfam's initial typology framework, which characterizes collective action groups based on their function, women's involvement, formality, external support, and provides examples from Tanzania. Challenges in applying the typology are discussed.
These are slides from a webinar that Oxfam, Care and Coady co-organised on a typology on women’s collective action in agricultural markets. The webinar started with Sally Baden from Oxfam GB who presented Oxfam's work so far to characterise collective action, and the strengths and limitations of that characterisation in guiding its research on WCA.
Drawing on learning from Coady's typology on micro-finance organisations, Anuj Jain from Coady then illustrated how a typology can be used to better understand the dynamics of collectives, and best practices for sustaining groups' long-term sustainability and effectiveness.
Commentators:
Mary McVay, Enterprise Development Insititute
Ruth Vargas-Hill (IFPRI)
The presentation summarizes results from a study of collective action in Mali. It provides context on agriculture and land rights in Mali. It then gives an overview of the regions, branches, and communities included in the study. The key results section analyzes findings on tiger nuts in Sikasso and groundnuts in Koulikoro, including production systems, organizations involved, and factors encouraging or discouraging collective action. Detailed analysis is presented on the main crops. The presentation concludes with recommendations for the next phase, including a focus on sustainable collective actions with strong women's participation.
This document outlines the research methodology used to study collective action among women in different sub-Saharan countries. The methodology included literature reviews, key informant interviews, qualitative field research using participatory techniques, and stakeholder dialogues. Challenges arose in implementing a consistent methodology across multiple countries. Literature on informal collective action was limited. Community and participant selection was difficult due to variations in definitions and lack of information. Focus groups and participatory tools were inconsistently applied across research teams and countries, limiting cross-country comparisons of results. Lessons were learned to improve standardized application of the methodology.
This document summarizes the findings of Phase II research in Tanzania on smallholder agriculture and women. It finds that while collective action provides some benefits to women, including lower costs and risks, it is not enabling them to access higher prices or engage in value addition and marketing. Collective action benefits women most when it helps overcome restrictions imposed by husbands. The recommendations are to further research the benefits and costs of different forms of collective action for women and identify gaps in current interventions to promote women's participation along entire value chains.
Phase III of the project plans to survey members in selected cases to discover innovations that promote greater benefits for women. This will include enabling women to engage in new markets or roles, promote greater participation and leadership, and allow access to new agricultural technologies or services. The phase also aims to strengthen women's asset base and control. Key questions for Phase III include where to focus survey efforts, examples of women's collective action bringing agricultural market benefits, and experiences of collective action giving women access to new opportunities and influence.
The document summarizes research findings from a study of smallholder agriculture and cooperative associations (CA) in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Formal cooperatives and informal savings groups are the main types of CA for smallholder farmers. Women make up only 10-20% of cooperative members but play an important role in production.
2) Women benefit the most from membership in informal savings groups which allow them to access loans and resources. External agents are important in supporting both cooperatives and savings groups.
3) The research recommends focusing future phases on sub-sectors like honey and milk where CA is common and exploring how membership in multiple groups can better benefit women.
The document provides background information on women's collective action and cooperatives in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. It discusses how Ethiopia has one of the fastest growing economies but it is unclear if women smallholders will benefit. It also outlines challenges women face in accessing markets and organizing cooperatives. Research was conducted through focus groups and interviews to understand constraints women face in the honey and milk value chains and benefits of collective action groups.
This document summarizes research conducted in Jimma zone, Ethiopia on women's collective action in agriculture. The research team interviewed key informants and held focus group discussions in coffee, maize, and red pepper growing areas. They found that traditional "Dadoo" labor sharing groups and newer self-help groups promote cooperation among women. However, primary cooperatives are male-dominated and face challenges like debt and corruption. Women primarily sell low-quality crops individually due to lack of collective marketing groups. The research process faced some delays and access issues due to local religious conflicts in the study area.
Ethiopia has an agriculture-dependent economy, with over 85% of the population engaged in subsistence farming. The government's growth and transformation plan focuses on improving agriculture through cooperatives, commercialization, and market integration. Oxfam Ethiopia works to economically empower smallholder farmers and influence policies through its Community Agricultural Support for Healthy Environment (CASHE) program. CASHE strategies include building farmer leadership and organization, linking farmers to markets, and conducting research to refine strategies and influence stakeholders. The proposed WCA research could help CASHE by evaluating new business models, strengthening existing strategies, and facilitating collaboration around priority value chains such as honey and coffee.
Tanzania has high poverty rates, with 36% of the population living below $1 per day in 2003. Agriculture is the main industry but farmers have low use of inputs and little irrigation. Market access is limited by poor infrastructure and organization among small farmers. Women face additional challenges like lower literacy rates and discriminatory land inheritance practices. Oxfam is working on various value chains like local chicken, vegetables, sisal and rice to improve incomes and promote gender equality. Current research focuses on women's access to secure land tenure and indigenous knowledge in risk resilience.
The document summarizes research on women's collective action in three subsectors in Tanga region, Tanzania: vegetables, maize, and Allanblackia. It finds that most collective action groups in the vegetables and maize subsectors were formed with support from external organizations like NGOs and district councils to help women farmers access inputs, training, and markets. Constraints faced by women include restrictions from husbands, family responsibilities, and lack of transportation and capital. Being in a group provides benefits of increased income, confidence, and assets. For Allanblackia, groups were initiated by FAIDA Mali and receive ongoing support, with their main constraint and benefit being the same as the other subsectors.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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1. Webinars on Women’s Collective Action (WCA) in Agricultural Markets Webinar 1: Conceptual Framework August 23, 2011, 12:00-13:30 GMT Facilitated by
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3. Three organisations with different perspectives, but a common issue of interest Collaboration to co-host WCA webinars WCA Webinars –a space where different organisations can share their research and learning on WCA WCA Pathways Programme Researching women’s collective action project Research on member-based organisations, etc.
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9. FARMING SYSTEM MOTIVATION AND CAPACITY ASSET ENDOWMENT AGE, SKILLS, LITERACY HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS NO COLLECTIVE ACTION LEGAL/POLICY FRAMEWORK PATTERNS OF COLLECTIVE ACTION Gender relations Social capital External intervention Membership Gender Composition Functionality Degree of formality Group dynamics & evolution Governance structure CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIFFERENT SUB-SECTORS IMPROVED CAPACITY FOR WOMEN TO BECOME EFFECTIVE ACTORS IN THE MARKET BUILD UP OF ASSETS EMPOWERMENT INCREASED INCOMES IMPACT COLLECTIVE OUTCOME LEVEL 1 LEVEL 3 Conceptual Framework
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Editor's Notes
While there is a lot of research about how women organise to access tangible resources, such as credit or land, our understanding of how women organise to access markets is limited. In response to this gap in knowledge, Oxfam GB launched a research, learning and communications project in December 2009, entitled Researching Women’s Collective Action. This project is gathering evidence across a range of agricultural sectors in Tanzania, Mali and Ethiopia on how women smallholders’ collective action in markets can improve their incomes, strengthen their assets and increase their empowerment. Overarching research question for the project is To what extent and under what conditions does women smallholder’s engagement in market-focused collective action lead to gender equitable outcomes? We are also interested in identifying Which types of organisation or collective action are most likely to yield beneficial to women smallholders, and Which strategies of support by development actors are most effective in promoting effective collective action for women smallholders So having given a brief overview of the project – I wanted to quickly introduce to you our plans for the WCA webinar, starting first with a brief introduction of how Coady, Care and Oxfam came together to organise these webinars.
In recent years, there are a number of other organisations that have embarked on similar research related to the issue of women’s collective action. Some of these organisations (such as IFPRI, ODI, Care, Coady) have been involved in the project’s international advisory group, which provides strategic guidance on project design and implementation. Though the advisory group has enabled some initial inter-agency sharing on research in this area , it became evident quite quickly in the advisory group meetings that a space for enabling wider sharing of work on this issue was needed. It is because of this that Oxfam, Care and Coady decided to co- organise a series of WCA webinars (online seminars) -- to bring together the thinking of a community of researchers and practitioners working on WCA. It is important to clarify that the focus of the webinars is not just about women’s collective action for selling in markets – but rather the wider notion of collective action for ‘acting in’ markets. This includes collective action for increasing production, accessing inputs, training, finance or other services that will increase production or quality of production, or transportation, as well as selling in markets. Oxfam-Care-Coady are engaging in these discussion from different perspectives, but on a common interest/platform a. Introduce CARE’s pathways program Goal of the program is to increase poor women smallholder farmers’ productivity and empowerment in more equitable agriculture systems at scale (Bangladesh, India, Malawi, Tanzania, Ghana). As part of Care’s planning work for this programme over the past few years, care has developed an approach for understanding smallholders and the different pathways that different types of smallholder households take towards change, including the role of collectives in these pathways. This work is quite useful for understanding which women smallholders join and benefit from collective action, and which don’t. b. Coady’s research on MBOs though it is broader than just the realm of CA in agricultrual markets, it nevertheless sheds light on how to analyse innovations in collective action Coady is also undertaking other research with technoserve and care on farmer organisations.
Introduction to and overview of conceptual framework. Introduction to conceptual framework This conceptual framework is a ‘work in progress’ and a cumulative result of various efforts. It has been revisited in the current phase of the project based on: The original ‘pathways for change’ proposed for the project at its inception by researchers from KIT A review of some relevant existing literature and conceptual frameworks on gender and collective action (especially work done by IFPRI in the framework of their CAPRi – Collective Action and property rights initiative) - carried out by Daniela Lloyd Williams, who was the lead research adviser in Phase II of the project A review and discussion of the ‘revised’ conceptual framework at the recent ‘International Advisory Group meeting Taking on board – as best we can – the comments of IAG participants – the latest version has has been mainly developed by myself and Carine Pionetti, who is also on this call. This conceptual framework articulates the key relationships and assumptions underpinning the research we are conducting on women’s collective action in agricultural markets, in all its phases, across the three countries. In particular, the framework is intended to help us clarify (a) the key factors determining women’s smallholders engagement in collective action (b) the key factors influencing where and in what form collective action occurs in agricultural markets (and how it evolves) and (c) what determines the outcomes (or benefits) of women’s engagement in different forms of CA in agricultural markets. We have refined this framework – in part based on findings of Phase II – to inform the intensive phase of field research in ‘Phase III’ of this project. The field research will ‘test’ the importance of the different factors identified and help to clarify their relationships with different outcomes. We are keen – at this stage – to share this framework and get more feedback and very open to your comments and critiques. We also are contending with some unresolved issues which I will flag as I go along in the hope that they’ll get picked up in the discussions. Overview of framework: As you can see, the framework, represented visually in this slide, has three ‘levels’ of analysis: motivations and capacities; patterns of collective action and outcomes (collective and individual). At the first two levels of analysis, different groups of factors are important – in shaping women’s decision to engage in CA for example – or in influencing where and in what form collective action occurs and the ‘dynamics’ of the CA. These decisions and patterns contribute to changes or improvements in how effective women can be in agricultural markets at group level – and ultimately to individual impact on smallholder women (Green arrows). We have focused on those factors or features of CA and outcomes that seem most relevant for a gender analysis. The different factors may interact with each other within each level. There are also relationships and feedback loops between different levels of the framework – e.g. the impact on individual women will feed back into their motivations and capacities to engage in collective action. The various arrows try to capture these ‘dynamic’ aspects of the framework. A couple of ‘issues’ to flag: We have an ongoing challenge on how to articulate the relationship between patterns of collective action and (gendered) market systems in this framework. Should/ could this be more central? Should we narrow our focus to only the CA that occurs in the direct market chain – or do we focus also on those which enable market access through providing (market) services? (Especially given how weak women’s direct engagement is in some sectors) Equally, given our interest in how development actors can intervene more efffectively to support positive outcomes for women in agricultural markets, is the actual or potential role of external intervention (and in turn the factors they can directly impact on) given sufficient weight here? Finally – are we trying to be too ambitious? Can we really cover all these levels?
Motivations and capacities The first level of the conceptual framework deals with the motivation and capacity of women smallholder to participate in CA. It takes as its entry point the individual woman smallholder – and her decision to engage or not in whatever collective action possibilites may be available to her in the context of a particular agricultural sub-sector. Key questions relating to this level are: Women’s agency is central here – and we need to understand why women may choose not to – as well as choose to – engage in CA (represented by the red arrow). For development actors understanding whether there are particular sub-groups or categories of women smallholders who are systematically ‘excluded’ from some forms of CA is important information for designing or targetting interventions. Andrea’s work on Pathways in Care – and thinking on differentiating characteristics of smallholders – is helpful here. It is also important that we do not implicitly assume that those who not participate in CA will not benefit from markets and thus that we have a ‘control group’ of women in the same markets that are not in CA. Thus our research needs to also look at those involved in specific markets but not engaging in CA (with similar characteristics). [and perhaps at women who have left collective action groups?] We have identified two sets of factors which we believe have a direct relationship in shaping women’s motivations and capacities. Farming systems – which set the overall parameters for any agriculture related activity - including the nature of risks and opportunities. Women’s assets, characteristics, status (and ‘bargaining position’?) within the household. A couple of issues: We may need to think – in the context of women’s agency and motivation – about both ‘incentives’ and ‘preferences’ as well as ‘constraints’. Some reflections on this would be useful? ‘Incentives’ ...which may relate to characteristics of sub-sector – i.e. collective action becomes much more attractive when a profitable subsector opens up and/or to external intervention – which may provide direct access to key resources/ benefits ? Preferences may be shaped by gender identity and roles... e.g. women may prefer to engage with other women – and also be more comfortable with women only spaces. Constraints to engagement in CA may be by virtue of ‘conditions’ for participation (e.g. requirement to own land, or be a household head) which limit
Patterns of collective action This central section in the graph represents the dynamic space where groups are formed, evolve, merge or dissolve. This space is represented as a circle (with arrows going in a circular motion) to account for the vitality and non-linearity inherent to collective action groups. Collective action groups vary and evolve in composition, function and form – this is captured here as the idea of ‘patterns’ of collective action. Key dimensions in which they vary (include: size of membership (determined by a combination of internal and external criteria); gender composition of membership (a continuum from single-sex and mixed groups); functionality (they may be single-purpose or multi-functional groups and the functions will differ depending on where they are ‘located’ in the market system) degree of formality (a continnum from informal to formal groups). These characteristics are represented in the centre. We have examined several of these dimensions in our Phase II research – and this is contributing to the development of a ‘typology’ which we will discuss next time and which may ‘extend’ our conceptual framework. Collective action groups are continually evolving: change is linked - on the one hand - to group dynamics and composition (influenced by the context for the formation of the group and definition of its objectives, as well as evolving membership, size, mandate, etc), and - on the other- to rules and functioning (the governance structure of the group) which sets the framework for negotiation within the group. The circular arrows in the diagram represent these ongoing processes of change. This ‘internal dynamic’ is also directly influenced by external interventions (which e.g. may come in and introduce new ‘activities’ or reshape the mandates or ways of working of existing groups) as well as the extent of social capital and the nature of gender relations. Whilst already have some very broad and preliminary insights into these processes –within specific communities and sub-sectors - they can only really be captured by more in-depth qualitative research looking at specific cases. We have an ongoing challenge on how to articulate the relationship between patterns of collective action and (gendered) market systems in this framework. [say more on this] Should we narrow our focus to only the CA that occurs in the direct market chain – or do we (continue to) focus also on those which enable market access through providing (market) services? (Especially given how weak women’s direct engagement is in some sectors)
Slide 4: Collective outcomes and individual impact At group level – we are characterising the outcome of participation in CA in terms of women’s increased capacity to be effective in markets. This can be defined in terms of e.g. new (or more visible) roles in markets; reduced barriers to access (e.g. costs of transport?), increased capacity to negotiate better terms of trade (through e.g. improved skills or better access to information), gaining collective assets which facilitate market engagement . These group outcomes translate - at individual level –into specific changes including: Increased incomes Building up of (individual) assets Empowerment These three dimensions are also inter-related and dynamic. For example, an immediate outcome of effective market engagement via a collective action group might be increased income. But the capacity to control that income or reinvest in into building up assets may also depend on the ‘empowerment’ dimension of engagement in collective action (i.e. over time women gaining voice within the household, or gaining leadership / bargaining skills due to particiaption in CA group). [NB: quote from Ethiopia report here – about woman asking group to tell her husband that she should have control over the income from things she sells?] Issues not captured to flag: Women as a group may gain more direct access to markets and benefits (e.g. through entering new activities/ training, or group being involved in negotiating with buyers? ) but depending on their individual or household capacities – and also how the group allocates benefits internally - benefits to individuals may differ Another issue raised in IAG was that of indirect benefits / outcomes for wider household even where individual – woman - does not directly participate? Framework does not really capture this possibility?
Bodies of work to take into account Deepening understanding of factors that influence motivations and capacity to join CA: Insights from Anirudh Krishna’s work on Active Social Capital – 3 key determinants: Propensity towards collective action (i.e. relatively high levels of social capital, strong history of positive experience of collective action) Motivation/incentives for collective action (i.e. realisable access to markets as a collective) Leadership that connects the propensity to, and motivation for, collective action
Should the conceptual framework be tweaked as a “theory of change” matching positive outcomes and impacts with positive determining factors? How to capture dynamics of change? If the conceptual framework is to have value for practice, should we add a dynamic dimension to it so that we can anticipate change, adapt to it or mitigate it? Technical and social change Changes due to male migration Climate change Trends in both normative and actual gender relations at h/h level
-What factors influence women’s motivation and capacity to join CA? What factors lead women to decide not to join CA? -What are the factors that enable CA to promote women into new roles in markets and negotiate better terms of trade? -When women organise and collectively access markets, what processes enable transformational change in gender relations to happen so that women are empowered (beyond just one time income or other material gains)? -How may this framework be useful for advancing your work?