Weathering and erosion
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Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks mechanically through frost wedging, plant roots, friction, temperature changes, and animal burrowing. Chemical weathering uses chemical reactions like oxidation and acidification to break rocks down. Common agents of chemical weathering include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, and acid rain. Erosion then transports these weathered materials through water, ice, wind, or gravity.
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This document summarizes different types of weathering that break down rocks and earth materials. It describes physical weathering which breaks rocks into smaller pieces through frost cracking, temperature changes, and impacts. Chemical weathering alters rocks through chemical reactions, using agents like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids. Biological weathering occurs as organisms like plants and burrowing animals contribute to chemical and physical breakdown. The document also briefly discusses erosion as the transport of weathered materials by water, wind, ice or gravity.
Weathering and erosion
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces, and occurs through both physical and chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through forces like frost wedging and plant roots, while chemical weathering uses chemical reactions like oxidation and dissolution to break rocks down. Erosion is then the process by which weathered materials are transported by forces such as water, wind, ice or gravity.
Weathering and erosion[1]
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces through either physical or chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks mechanically through processes like frost wedging or plant roots, while chemical weathering uses chemical reactions like oxidation or acid rain to decompose rocks. Erosion is then the process by which weathered materials are transported by forces like water, wind, or gravity.
Weathering and erosion
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces through either physical or chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks mechanically through processes like frost wedging or plant roots, while chemical weathering uses chemical agents like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids to decompose the minerals within rocks. Erosion is the process by which weathered material is transported and deposited elsewhere by forces including water, wind, ice, and gravity through processes such as river transport, glacial erosion, and landslides.
Geological Weathering
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces through either mechanical or chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks physically through frost wedging, plant roots, temperature changes, and other processes without altering the chemical composition. Chemical weathering alters the rocks through chemical reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, acids, and biological organisms, dissolving and decomposing the minerals that make up the rocks. Key agents of chemical weathering include water, which dissolves minerals through dissolution and hydrolysis reactions, and carbon dioxide which forms carbonic acid that breaks down rocks like limestone.
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There are three main types of weathering that break rocks into smaller pieces: mechanical weathering caused by temperature changes and freezing; chemical weathering caused by chemical reactions between minerals in rocks and rainwater containing nitrogen and carbon dioxide; and biological weathering caused by tree roots and small creatures penetrating cracks in rocks.
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Weathering And Erosion
The document discusses how the earth changes through mechanical and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks through physical processes like water, ice, and plant roots wedging into cracks. Chemical weathering permanently changes rocks through chemical reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid rain that dissolve and break down minerals. These weathering processes are forms of erosion that wear down and break up rocks over time.
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This document summarizes different types of weathering that break down rocks and earth materials. It describes physical weathering which breaks rocks into smaller pieces through frost cracking, temperature changes, and impacts. Chemical weathering alters rocks through chemical reactions, using agents like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids. Biological weathering occurs as organisms like plants and burrowing animals contribute to chemical and physical breakdown. The document also briefly discusses erosion as the transport of weathered materials by water, wind, ice or gravity.
Weathering and erosion
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces, and occurs through both physical and chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through forces like frost wedging and plant roots, while chemical weathering uses chemical reactions like oxidation and dissolution to break rocks down. Erosion is then the process by which weathered materials are transported by forces such as water, wind, ice or gravity.
Weathering and erosion[1]
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces through either physical or chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks mechanically through processes like frost wedging or plant roots, while chemical weathering uses chemical reactions like oxidation or acid rain to decompose rocks. Erosion is then the process by which weathered materials are transported by forces like water, wind, or gravity.
Weathering and erosion
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces through either physical or chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks mechanically through processes like frost wedging or plant roots, while chemical weathering uses chemical agents like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids to decompose the minerals within rocks. Erosion is the process by which weathered material is transported and deposited elsewhere by forces including water, wind, ice, and gravity through processes such as river transport, glacial erosion, and landslides.
Geological Weathering
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces through either mechanical or chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks physically through frost wedging, plant roots, temperature changes, and other processes without altering the chemical composition. Chemical weathering alters the rocks through chemical reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, acids, and biological organisms, dissolving and decomposing the minerals that make up the rocks. Key agents of chemical weathering include water, which dissolves minerals through dissolution and hydrolysis reactions, and carbon dioxide which forms carbonic acid that breaks down rocks like limestone.
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There are three main types of weathering that break rocks into smaller pieces: mechanical weathering caused by temperature changes and freezing; chemical weathering caused by chemical reactions between minerals in rocks and rainwater containing nitrogen and carbon dioxide; and biological weathering caused by tree roots and small creatures penetrating cracks in rocks.
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The document discusses how the earth changes through mechanical and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks through physical processes like water, ice, and plant roots wedging into cracks. Chemical weathering permanently changes rocks through chemical reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid rain that dissolve and break down minerals. These weathering processes are forms of erosion that wear down and break up rocks over time.
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Weathering is the process by which rocks break down into smaller pieces. There are three main types of weathering: mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mechanical weathering occurs when temperature changes cause rocks to expand and contract, breaking them into smaller pieces. Chemical weathering happens when acid rain forms from carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the atmosphere, and the acid dissolves the minerals in rocks. Biological weathering is caused by plant roots and small creatures penetrating cracks in rocks and breaking them apart.
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Chemical weathering transforms minerals into other minerals through dissolution, oxidation, and hydrolysis brought about by water and acids in the environment. Water is the main agent, dissolving minerals like silica, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium through acid reactions formed from carbon dioxide and sulfur. This leads to the breakdown of primary minerals into secondary clay minerals and the loss of elements from the rock. Factors like temperature, pH, and biological activity influence the rate of chemical weathering.
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Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks mechanically through frost wedging, plant roots, friction, and temperature changes. Chemical weathering uses chemical reactions like oxidation and acidification to break rocks down. Common agents of chemical weathering include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, and acid rain. Erosion then transports these weathered materials through water, ice, wind, or gravity.
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Weathering is the process by which rocks break down into smaller pieces. There are three main types of weathering: mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mechanical weathering occurs when temperature changes cause rocks to expand and contract, breaking them into smaller pieces. Chemical weathering happens when acid rain forms from carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the atmosphere, and the acid dissolves the minerals in rocks. Biological weathering is caused by plant roots and small creatures penetrating cracks in rocks and breaking them apart.
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Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide released from factories and vehicle emissions combine with water in the atmosphere to form acid rain. Over 20 million tons of these pollutants enter the air each year. Acid rain harms aquatic ecosystems and some animal species more than others by lowering the pH of water and soil, damaging tree leaves and plant root systems. Reducing the use of fossil fuels by walking, biking, carpooling, and conserving energy at home can help decrease the production of these pollutants and acid rain.
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Acid precipitation forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from fossil fuel combustion react with water vapor to form acids. This acidic precipitation damages plants by leaching nutrients from soil and releasing aluminum, harms aquatic life by making waters too acidic for fish and frogs, and affects humans through respiratory irritation, loss of commercial fishing, and building corrosion. Countries have signed agreements to reduce emissions that cross borders and cause acid precipitation in downwind nations.
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Acid precipitation is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide pollutants combining with water in the atmosphere to form acids. It is measured on the pH scale, with below 5.0 considered acidic. Acid precipitation harms plants by acidifying soils and making nutrients and toxic metals more available, and harms aquatic life by changing water pH and releasing aluminum that suffocates fish. International cooperation is needed to address acid precipitation because pollutants can travel long distances across borders.
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Chemical weathering transforms minerals into other minerals through dissolution, oxidation, and hydrolysis brought about by water and acids in the environment. Water is the main agent, dissolving minerals like silica, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium through acid reactions formed from carbon dioxide and sulfur. This leads to the breakdown of primary minerals into secondary clay minerals and the loss of elements from the rock. Factors like temperature, pH, and biological activity influence the rate of chemical weathering.
Nutrients behavior under submerg soil
Under submerged soil conditions:
1) Oxygen is depleted from the soil as water fills pore spaces, creating oxidized and reduced soil layers. Aerobic microbes die off while anaerobic bacteria proliferate.
2) Nutrient availability is impacted - phosphorus, potassium, iron, and manganese availability increases while nitrogen can be lost through leaching or denitrification.
3) Soil properties change, including increases in acidic soil pH and decreases in alkaline soil pH as redox potential decreases under low oxygen conditions.
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Acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions reacting with water molecules in the atmosphere. It can harm plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure as it makes rainwater acidic. The document discusses how acid rain is caused, its environmental and health impacts like forest damage and respiratory issues, and potential prevention methods like vehicle emissions controls and wet scrubbers in power plants.
Global Warming is a Threat to Our Existence
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Acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from natural and human sources combining with water vapor to form acids. It falls as rain, snow, or fog with a pH below 5.6. Acid rain damages trees, aquatic life, buildings, and the overall environment. It strips leaves from trees, stunts their growth, and makes them vulnerable. Fish eggs are killed before hatching and fish populations decline as a food source for birds. Stone buildings experience accelerated weathering as the acids dissolve minerals. Solutions include using cleaner fuels with less sulfur and removing sulfur dioxide from power plant emissions, though this is expensive.
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Silver is a natural metal found in the earth's crust that is used in semiconductor, solar cell, and optoelectronic device applications. Arsenic occurs naturally in groundwater and foods but is also released from mining, glass processing, and burning fossil fuels. Long term exposure to arsenic can cause skin pigmentation changes and lesions as well as developmental, neurological, and cardiovascular health effects. Water treatment methods like precipitation, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, oxidation, and adsorption can be used to remove arsenic.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Weathering and erosion
- 6. Plant Roots
- 7. Friction and Repeated Impact
- 17. Features of Karst: Sinkholes
- 18. Features of Karst: Caves
- 19. Features of Karst: Disappearing Streams
- 23. Wind Erosion