The document summarizes water treatment processes for domestic water supplies, including conventional methods, multi-media filtration systems, and reverse osmosis. It then provides details on the specific water treatment plant in Sungai Dua, Penang, which uses coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection to treat water from the Muda River. The plant is designed to supply 25 million gallons of clean water per day to Penang. Key steps in the treatment process include chemical mixing, flocculation, lamella settling, filtration, and ensuring water quality meets drinking water parameters before distribution.

1. WATER TREATMENT FOR
DOMESTIC WATER
SUPPLIES
Foo Van Jean 0330017
Juan Roy Collie 0329004
Nur Firzana Binti Muhammad Hasmi 0324838
Penny Leung Ling Yee 0328245
Tan Shen Sin 0324602
BUILDING SERVICES 1
( BLD60403 )

2. INTRODUCTION
 Water is an important resource and a basic necessity for fresh drinking water &
proper hygiene
 Water purification is crucial to get rid of contaminants that can be detrimental to
our health and other living things.
 Three different water treatment process :
Conventional
Method
Treatment
Process
Multi Media
Filtration System
Reverse Osmosis

3. 1.1Conventional Method
 Coagulation : a positively charged is added to raw water. The coagulant alters
negatively charged particulate, dissolved, and colloidal contaminants
 Flocculation : gentle mixing accelerates the rate of particle collision, and the
destabilized particles are further aggregated and enmeshed into larger precipitates

4. 1.2 Multi Media Filtration System
 well operated MMF can remove
particulates down to
 “Agglomeration” can induce tiny
particles to amalgamate together
to form particles large enough to
be filtered and remove
particulates down to
 with proper chemical dosage,
adequate mixing &contact time, it
will enable the filter to remove
particles below
finest or smallest media
particles remain on top of the
media bed
larger, and heavier particles, stratify
proportional to their mass lower in the
filter.
allows the largest dirt particles to be removed
near the top of the media bed with the
smaller dirt particles being retained deeper
and deeper in the media
(Microns: A unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter)
15-20 microns.
5-10 microns.
< 10 microns.

5. 1.3 Reverse Osmosis
 removes contaminants from water by using pressure to force water molecules
through a semipermeable membrane.
allows the passage of water molecules but
not other particles
the contaminants are filtered out and flushed
away, leaving clean, delicious drinking water
99 %
of contaminants,
including lead,
fluoride, chlorine,
dissolved salts, and
more.
Capable of removing
up to
Water is “push” to
desalinate water

6. 2.0 Installation Process of Conventional
Water Treatment
 withdrawal
 transportation
 treatment
 dispersal of clean
potable water.
Factors :
Sustainability
Energy
consumption
offset the trend of poor quality water resources
allow higher levels of water treatment without the
negative impacts
assisting the water treatment industry to develop
ways
more efficient while conserving resources.

7. Overview of Sungai Dua Water Treatment Plant

8. Layout Plan of Sungai Dua Water Treatment Plant

9. 2.1 Chemical Mixing Chamber
 begins with instilling controlled amounts of chemicals into the body of water flow.
 chamber is equipped with two sets of electrically motor driven flash mixers to give
the required energy for the materials in the water to stick together
 able to cater for flow rates between the minimum and maximum plant flows.

10. 2.2 Flocculation Tank & Clarifier Tank
 The plants is divided into two basic sections:
 The clarification plant is designed to perform satisfactorily to treat water with turbidity
loading between 20 and 500 NTU and between minimum to the nominal design flows to
produce the specified clarified water quality. Mixing for flocculation generally lasts for 20 to
40 min
Flocculation zone Lamella settling zone

11. The sludge that settles on the plates slides to the
bottom of the tank at the base of the unit and removed
through the sludge outlet.
As the liquid flows upward
through the unit, it allows the
suspended material to settle on
the inclined parallel plate
The lamella plate clarifier is a settlement device that
Provides maximum efficient settling
surface for particles
removes up to 90% less footprint than
standard clarifiers
and

12. 2.3 Filtration Plant
 consists of six filter tanks and each
filter tank is having a total of 105m²
total media surface.
 Filters are designed as downflow
open rapid gravity type
 For collection of filtrate, the nozzles
are robust and designed to provide
control of the distribution of air and
wash water during the backwashing
of the filters
Filtered water tank at Sungai Dua Water Treatment Plant

13. 2.4 Compressed Air System
 Compressed air supply is used for the operation of pneumatic actuators for
penstocks and valves, as well as for flushing of choked pipelines
 The compressed air system consists of two numbers of stand-alone air receiver
sized for minimum four cycles of all valves and penstocks operation.
2.5 Service Water Main Ring

14. 2.6 Drainage System
 Drainage pump can be controlled from either the clarifier
depending on the selection switch minimising the amount of material that must
ultimately be disposed of by recovering the recyclable material and reducing water
content.
Motor Control Centre Push Button Station

15. 3.0 Management Systems
Methods of recycling wastewater for non
drinking purposes such as:
 Agriculture irrigation
 Watering public parks and gardens
 Toilet flushing
 Carwashing
 Garden watering
3.1 Optimal Water Usage

16. 4.1 The Disadvantages
 Much precaution is required in the chemical dosing of coagulants
 Time is required for preparation of coagulants
 High maintenance , Time consuming & Costly
 Using chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite in the disinfection stage is always risky
 Chlorine has limited effectiveness against protozoans
Uniformity of the
coagulant flow
The vigor of coagulant
mixing
The PH and alkalinity
For maximum effectiveness in coagulation, three factors
need to be carefully monitored:

17. 4.2 The Advantages
 The series of procedures eliminates most of the solids and bacteria from the water
before being supplied to the public.
 Natural coagulants can be obtained at low costs or even for free.
 With a very good filtration system cysts that chlorine cannot get rid of can be
eliminated from the water

18. 5.0 Case Study: Finding & Explanation
 The amount of this water treatment plant
owned by PBA is able to supply 25 millions
of gallons of clean water for domestic use in
Penang per day.
 Th engineer, Mr. Khu has kindly used one
of their past projects as a reference.
 It’s a construction of Sungai Dua 25MGD
water treatment plant for the client
named Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau
Pinang Sdn. Bhd.

19. 5.1 Source of Water – Muda River & Raw
Water Balancing Pond
Muda River Berlis Dam

20.  The Muda River experiences floods every
year hence the existing raw water
balancing pond is designed to control
flow rates by storing floodwater and
releasing it slowly once the risk of
flooding has passed.
 During dry season, the pond contains
water. The stored water will change the
water level, thus serving its purpose in
both dry and wet weather.
Infrastructure of Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang

21. 5.2 System Integrity
 Three types of integrity can be identified:
Physical Hydraulic Water quality
able to function as
intended and provide a
barrier between the
water in the system and
external threats.
able to provide the
flows and pressures
required for the
required level of
service.
able to deliver
water of
acceptable quality
to all its users

22. 5.3 Hydraulic System (Flows & Pressures)
 During the treatment process, the raw water flows in one direction from the pump
station to the clear water tank at the end. Whereas, it pumps water backwards
during backwash。
Sungai Dua water treatment plant
runs based on the earth gravity
force.
the water flows from a high
entry point to the lower
outlets

23. 5.4.1 Physical Drinking Water Parameter

24. 5.4.1.1 Turbidity
 Excessive turbidity in drinking water is aesthetically unappealing, and may also
represent a health concern.
 Turbidity can provide food and shelter for pathogens.
 If not removed, turbidity can promote regrowth of pathogens in the distribution
system, leading to waterborne disease outbreaks.
Samples of water being tested for turbidity and solids

25. 5.4.1.2 Suspended Solid
 Total suspended solids (TSS) are particles that are larger than 2 microns found in
the water column.
 Anything smaller than 2 microns (average filter size) is considered a dissolved solid.
 Organic particles from decomposing materials can also contribute to the TSS
concentration
SolidSettleable solids
Suspended solids
Filterable solids