Water scarcity, Water Resource Management
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Environmental pollution
This document discusses environmental pollution, development, degradation, and urbanization in the context of Bangladesh. It defines environmental pollution as damage to ecosystems from human activities consuming resources faster than nature can replenish them. The major types of pollution are described as air, water, land, and noise. Air pollution occurs from vehicle and industrial emissions. Water pollution comes from industrial waste disposal and runoff. Land pollution results from overexploitation and chemical disposal. Development leads to degradation through urbanization and industrialization which transform lands and emit greenhouse gases.
Environmental degradation
Development involves modernization through economic growth and improving social well-being. Environmental degradation occurs when human resource use exceeds natural replenishment, reducing ecosystem services. Urbanization and industrialization can degrade the environment through land transformation. The World Conservation Strategy and UNEP raised awareness of sustainable development. The Brundtland Commission's 1987 report defined sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
Climatic hazards of bangladeh
Bangladesh experiences frequent natural disasters like cyclones, tornadoes, floods, and landslides due to its location and climate. Tornadoes occur most often in the hot season from April to June and form from thunderstorms with wind shear and instability. Notable tornado events include the deadly 1989 Daulatpur-Saturia tornado that killed over 1,000 people, making it the deadliest in history. Tornadoes can cause extensive damage to homes, crops, and infrastructure as well as loss of human life. Preparedness through early warning systems and shelters is important to reduce risks from these frequent natural hazards in Bangladesh.
Climate & temperature; climatic hazard
Bangladesh has a hot, humid climate with high temperatures year-round due to its location on the Tropic of Cancer. Most rainfall occurs during the monsoon season from June to October, bringing 80% of the annual rainfall. Rainfall amounts vary widely across Bangladesh, from 1250 mm in the western region to 5500 mm in the northeast. Common climatic hazards include cyclones, tornadoes, and drought, with the country's location and monsoon rains making it vulnerable to these events.
Energy sources
This document discusses different types of natural energy sources, including solar, wind, water, trees, and fossil fuels. It categorizes these sources as either renewable or nonrenewable. Renewable sources like solar, wind and water can be replenished within a human lifetime, while nonrenewable sources like fossil fuels take much longer to replenish and so need to be conserved. The document provides examples of how each natural source can be used to generate energy.
Energy sources, geography
Fossil fuels, hydroelectricity, biomass, and geothermal power are energy sources produced in California's Central Valley. Fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas provide the majority of the world's energy but also cause pollution. Hydroelectricity harnesses the power of flowing water through dams. Biomass utilizes waste materials. Geothermal energy taps into the Earth's natural underground heat through wells and reservoirs. The Central Valley climate and geography support production from these various energy sources.
Energy resources, Geography
This document discusses various energy resources including renewable and non-renewable sources. It notes that 16% of energy comes from renewable sources such as solar, wind, water, and biomass while 84% comes from non-renewable sources like oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power. It provides details on the formation, extraction or production, uses, and trade-offs of different energy sources. These include discussions of oil and natural gas formation from dead marine organisms, coal formation over millions of years, nuclear fission reactions, and renewable options like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy. The document emphasizes evaluating different energy sources based on factors like availability, yields, costs, environmental impacts, and sustainability
Sustainability, Sustainable Development
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It has environmental, economic, social, and political components. Environmental sustainability focuses on reducing waste through techniques like cradle-to-cradle manufacturing. Economic sustainability considers who pays for products and if they will continue paying. Social sustainability ensures products fit their social contexts and don't harm people. Appropriate technology uses simple, low-cost, and local methods to create socially and economically sustainable solutions. Markets are good for allocating resources but bad at serving unprofitable markets. Stakeholder analysis systematically addresses all those affected by a product to help ensure its success.
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Environmental pollution
This document discusses environmental pollution, development, degradation, and urbanization in the context of Bangladesh. It defines environmental pollution as damage to ecosystems from human activities consuming resources faster than nature can replenish them. The major types of pollution are described as air, water, land, and noise. Air pollution occurs from vehicle and industrial emissions. Water pollution comes from industrial waste disposal and runoff. Land pollution results from overexploitation and chemical disposal. Development leads to degradation through urbanization and industrialization which transform lands and emit greenhouse gases.
Environmental degradation
Development involves modernization through economic growth and improving social well-being. Environmental degradation occurs when human resource use exceeds natural replenishment, reducing ecosystem services. Urbanization and industrialization can degrade the environment through land transformation. The World Conservation Strategy and UNEP raised awareness of sustainable development. The Brundtland Commission's 1987 report defined sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
Climatic hazards of bangladeh
Bangladesh experiences frequent natural disasters like cyclones, tornadoes, floods, and landslides due to its location and climate. Tornadoes occur most often in the hot season from April to June and form from thunderstorms with wind shear and instability. Notable tornado events include the deadly 1989 Daulatpur-Saturia tornado that killed over 1,000 people, making it the deadliest in history. Tornadoes can cause extensive damage to homes, crops, and infrastructure as well as loss of human life. Preparedness through early warning systems and shelters is important to reduce risks from these frequent natural hazards in Bangladesh.
Climate & temperature; climatic hazard
Bangladesh has a hot, humid climate with high temperatures year-round due to its location on the Tropic of Cancer. Most rainfall occurs during the monsoon season from June to October, bringing 80% of the annual rainfall. Rainfall amounts vary widely across Bangladesh, from 1250 mm in the western region to 5500 mm in the northeast. Common climatic hazards include cyclones, tornadoes, and drought, with the country's location and monsoon rains making it vulnerable to these events.
Energy sources
This document discusses different types of natural energy sources, including solar, wind, water, trees, and fossil fuels. It categorizes these sources as either renewable or nonrenewable. Renewable sources like solar, wind and water can be replenished within a human lifetime, while nonrenewable sources like fossil fuels take much longer to replenish and so need to be conserved. The document provides examples of how each natural source can be used to generate energy.
Energy sources, geography
Fossil fuels, hydroelectricity, biomass, and geothermal power are energy sources produced in California's Central Valley. Fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas provide the majority of the world's energy but also cause pollution. Hydroelectricity harnesses the power of flowing water through dams. Biomass utilizes waste materials. Geothermal energy taps into the Earth's natural underground heat through wells and reservoirs. The Central Valley climate and geography support production from these various energy sources.
Energy resources, Geography
This document discusses various energy resources including renewable and non-renewable sources. It notes that 16% of energy comes from renewable sources such as solar, wind, water, and biomass while 84% comes from non-renewable sources like oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power. It provides details on the formation, extraction or production, uses, and trade-offs of different energy sources. These include discussions of oil and natural gas formation from dead marine organisms, coal formation over millions of years, nuclear fission reactions, and renewable options like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy. The document emphasizes evaluating different energy sources based on factors like availability, yields, costs, environmental impacts, and sustainability
Sustainability, Sustainable Development
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It has environmental, economic, social, and political components. Environmental sustainability focuses on reducing waste through techniques like cradle-to-cradle manufacturing. Economic sustainability considers who pays for products and if they will continue paying. Social sustainability ensures products fit their social contexts and don't harm people. Appropriate technology uses simple, low-cost, and local methods to create socially and economically sustainable solutions. Markets are good for allocating resources but bad at serving unprofitable markets. Stakeholder analysis systematically addresses all those affected by a product to help ensure its success.
Ruth allington geoscientists and sustainability tues pm
The document discusses the role of geoscientists in sustainable development. It defines sustainability as having acceptable environmental, social, and economic impacts. Geoscientists contribute to sustainability through activities like assessing environmental impacts, ensuring public safety, and supporting sustainable economic development by mapping resources. Achieving true sustainability requires excellence across disciplines, genuine interdisciplinary cooperation, effective communication between professionals and the public, and joined-up thinking that considers all perspectives.
Resource, Geography
The document discusses different types of resources including renewable and nonrenewable resources. Renewable resources like solar, wind, and water can be replenished within a short period of time, while nonrenewable resources like coal, oil, and gas cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Resources can also be classified based on their origin as biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living), as well as their potential, actual, or reserve levels. Unequal distribution of resources between countries can lead to interdependence, uneven development, and conflicts over control of resources. Conservation aims to use both renewable and nonrenewable resources efficiently and extend their availability for future generations.
Introduction to sustainability
1) The document provides definitions and conceptual frameworks for key terms in sustainability such as environment, policy, scale, and jurisdiction.
2) It discusses defining sustainable development and introduces the three pillars of environment, economy, and society.
3) Interdisciplinary decision-making and considering future needs are important aspects of sustainability discussed.
Global warming-Climate Geography
This document summarizes a lecture on global warming and climate change's impact on Bangladesh. It defines global warming as the increase in Earth's temperature since the mid-20th century, primarily due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Key risks to Bangladesh include sea level rise inundating coastal areas, more frequent floods from heavy rainfall, and saline water intrusion into estuaries and agricultural lands from higher seas. The document outlines impacts on sectors like agriculture, fresh water resources, ecosystems and human health. It calls for Bangladesh to undertake adaptations like coordinated institutional support, integrated planning, and climate change impact assessments to respond to risks from global warming and climate change.
Criticism and assumption cristtaler
This document discusses several theories related to the location and classification of urban settlements:
1. It describes Christaller's central place theory which proposes that settlements are organized in a hierarchical pattern based on their functions and market areas.
2. It also explains Zipf's rank-size rule which observes that the population of a settlement can be predicted based on its rank compared to other settlements.
3. Jefferson's law of the primate city holds that in many countries, the largest city is more than twice as large as the second largest city due to factors like colonialism, centralized government, and rural-urban migration.
Central place theory-Human Geography
Central Place Theory proposes that settlements form a hierarchy based on the goods and services they provide. Larger settlements can support more specialized, high-order functions and have a greater sphere of influence than smaller settlements. Christaller developed a central place model where the ideal shape for a settlement's sphere of influence is a hexagon to ensure all areas are served without gaps or overlaps. His K=3 and K=4 models show how consumers are distributed between central places based on thresholds and ranges. However, Christaller's model has limitations as it relies on assumptions rarely seen in reality, such as uniformly distributed populations and flat, isotropic landscapes.
Temperature radiation climatology-Climatology Chapter
This document discusses various factors that influence global and local temperatures, including:
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude due to the environmental lapse rate.
- Incoming solar radiation varies depending on factors like latitude, time of day, season, and cloud cover.
- Outgoing longwave radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
- Ocean currents and atmospheric winds transfer heat energy from the equator toward the poles.
- Latent heat transport through evaporation and condensation also helps regulate global temperatures.
ITCZ-Climatology Chapter
The document summarizes rainfall patterns in West Africa. It states that the greatest rainfall, exceeding 2000mm per year, is along the coast of West Africa. Rainfall decreases further north into the Sahara Desert, where rainfall is less than 250mm annually. It also notes that along the coast, rain falls every month due to the equatorial climate, but one month of dry season occurs just north of the coast, with the dry season increasing in length further north.
ITCZ-1, Climatology Chapter-Climatology Chapter
The document discusses the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a band near the equator where the northern and southern hemisphere trade winds converge. The intense sun and warm water at the equator heats the air in the ITCZ, raising its humidity and causing it to rise, creating a band of low pressure. The location of the ITCZ affects rainfall in tropical areas, resulting in wet and dry seasons rather than cold/warm seasons at higher latitudes. The ITCZ moves north during the northern hemisphere summer and south during the southern hemisphere summer, influencing rainfall patterns in places like western Africa.
Insolation and temperature
This document discusses electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and its interaction with the atmosphere. It covers the following key points:
1) EMR can be described as waves with different wavelengths that determine their energy content. Shorter wavelengths like gamma rays have higher energy.
2) The atmosphere only allows certain wavelengths to pass through in "atmospheric windows" while absorbing others. Gases like oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor are significant absorbers.
3) Factors like albedo, scattering, temperature inversions, and cloud cover influence the transmission and absorption of EMR and impact atmospheric temperatures.
Coriolis force and winds of the atmosphere -Climatology Chapter
The Coriolis force causes apparent deflections in winds and other moving objects. It is caused by the Earth's rotation and causes deflections to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The strength of the Coriolis force depends on latitude and the speed of the moving object. It does not affect speed but only direction. Geostrophic winds blow parallel to isobars resulting from a balance between the pressure gradient force and Coriolis force. Gradient winds occur where friction is present, causing winds to flow perpendicular to the pressure gradient.
Climatology-Climatology Chapter
The document provides information about the Earth, including its formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago, composition and structure of its atmosphere, and how the atmosphere has changed over geological time through volcanic outgassing and the rise of oxygen through photosynthesis. It notes that the early Earth had a secondary atmosphere produced by volcanic outgassing rather than a primordial one, and that oxygen levels increased once cyanobacteria began producing oxygen through photosynthesis approximately 3.8 billion years ago.
Climatology scope and principles
This document provides an introduction to climatology, including definitions of key terms and branches of the field. It discusses how climatology studies the atmosphere and spatial patterns of climate. Climatology is related to both meteorology, which deals with day-to-day weather, and geography, which studies spatial climate distributions. The document also outlines the major layers of the atmosphere and characteristics of atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide and ozone.
Atmospheric forces and winds-Climatology Chapter
Atmospheric forces cause global wind patterns. Unequal heating of the Earth's surface drives atmospheric circulation in three cells - the Hadley cell brings warm air to the subtropics, the Ferrel cell moves air poleward, and polar easterlies circulate around the poles. Local winds include sea and land breezes near coasts, monsoon winds over Asia, and downslope winds like Chinooks and Santa Anas. Jet streams and global pressure patterns influence precipitation and ocean currents, while phenomena like El Niño alter weather worldwide.
Atmospheric circulation-Climatology Chapter
This document summarizes atmospheric circulation and pressure distributions. It describes the single-cell and three-cell models of atmospheric circulation, including the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and polar cell. It discusses global wind patterns, pressure systems like the subtropical high and Intertropical Convergence Zone, and factors that influence winds like solar heating and the Coriolis effect. It also mentions regional circulation features and pressure systems, ocean currents, and mesoscale and microscale atmospheric phenomena.
Atmosphere-Climatology Chapter
This document provides an overview of atmospheric hazards and composition. It describes the layers of the atmosphere including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Key points include that the troposphere is where most weather occurs, the stratosphere contains the ozone layer, and the thermosphere is very thin but has high temperatures. Thunderstorms, tornadoes, high winds and fog are discussed as atmospheric hazards.
Wind.agent- Geomorhology Chapter
Wind is an important geomorphic agent in arid regions due to lack of vegetation and soil moisture. It is capable of transporting, eroding, and depositing sediment. Sediment transport occurs through saltation where grains make short hops along the surface, dislodging other grains. This movement forms ripples perpendicular to wind direction and can deposit dust, sand, and loess over large areas. Erosion by wind occurs through deflation and abrasion, lowering the land surface and leaving coarser grains behind in desert pavements and yardangs.
Davis Theory -William Morris Davis- Geomophology Chapter
William Morris Davis proposed the concept of the geographical cycle to describe the evolution of landforms over time. The cycle involves three stages - youth, maturity, and old age - as uplifted landmasses are eroded by streams and weathering. In the youth stage, streams rapidly deepen valleys through vertical erosion. In maturity, lateral erosion of valleys widens them, and relief decreases. Finally, in old age erosion is minimal and the landscape evolves into a low-relief peneplain. Davis's model emphasized the role of time in landform development but was criticized for oversimplifying geological processes like upliftment. It remained influential but was later replaced by models considering dynamic equilibrium.
Topography, landform and geomorphology-Geomorhology Chapter
This document provides definitions and information about topography, landforms, and geomorphology. It defines topography as the elevation and relief of the Earth's surface, landforms as the topographic features, and geomorphology as the study of earth surface processes and landforms. It discusses various landforms including those formed by tectonic, depositional, weathering, erosion, and mass wasting processes. It also covers related topics like uniformitarianism, the genetic classification of landforms, crustal orders of relief, and important deformation processes like folding and faulting.
Time scale and plate techtonic theory-Geomorhology Chapter
The document discusses the history and development of the geological time scale. It describes how Scottish geologist James Hutton advanced the theory of uniformitarianism in the late 18th century. It also mentions how British geologist William Smith discovered in the early 19th century that fossils are found in a definite order within sedimentary rock layers, which helped develop the geological time scale. The time scale provides a system to chronologically measure stratigraphy and relate it to time periods used by geologists and paleontologists. Radiometric dating indicates the Earth is approximately 4.57 billion years old.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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The document discusses the role of geoscientists in sustainable development. It defines sustainability as having acceptable environmental, social, and economic impacts. Geoscientists contribute to sustainability through activities like assessing environmental impacts, ensuring public safety, and supporting sustainable economic development by mapping resources. Achieving true sustainability requires excellence across disciplines, genuine interdisciplinary cooperation, effective communication between professionals and the public, and joined-up thinking that considers all perspectives.
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The document discusses different types of resources including renewable and nonrenewable resources. Renewable resources like solar, wind, and water can be replenished within a short period of time, while nonrenewable resources like coal, oil, and gas cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Resources can also be classified based on their origin as biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living), as well as their potential, actual, or reserve levels. Unequal distribution of resources between countries can lead to interdependence, uneven development, and conflicts over control of resources. Conservation aims to use both renewable and nonrenewable resources efficiently and extend their availability for future generations.
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1) The document provides definitions and conceptual frameworks for key terms in sustainability such as environment, policy, scale, and jurisdiction.
2) It discusses defining sustainable development and introduces the three pillars of environment, economy, and society.
3) Interdisciplinary decision-making and considering future needs are important aspects of sustainability discussed.
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This document summarizes a lecture on global warming and climate change's impact on Bangladesh. It defines global warming as the increase in Earth's temperature since the mid-20th century, primarily due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. Key risks to Bangladesh include sea level rise inundating coastal areas, more frequent floods from heavy rainfall, and saline water intrusion into estuaries and agricultural lands from higher seas. The document outlines impacts on sectors like agriculture, fresh water resources, ecosystems and human health. It calls for Bangladesh to undertake adaptations like coordinated institutional support, integrated planning, and climate change impact assessments to respond to risks from global warming and climate change.
Criticism and assumption cristtaler
This document discusses several theories related to the location and classification of urban settlements:
1. It describes Christaller's central place theory which proposes that settlements are organized in a hierarchical pattern based on their functions and market areas.
2. It also explains Zipf's rank-size rule which observes that the population of a settlement can be predicted based on its rank compared to other settlements.
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Central Place Theory proposes that settlements form a hierarchy based on the goods and services they provide. Larger settlements can support more specialized, high-order functions and have a greater sphere of influence than smaller settlements. Christaller developed a central place model where the ideal shape for a settlement's sphere of influence is a hexagon to ensure all areas are served without gaps or overlaps. His K=3 and K=4 models show how consumers are distributed between central places based on thresholds and ranges. However, Christaller's model has limitations as it relies on assumptions rarely seen in reality, such as uniformly distributed populations and flat, isotropic landscapes.
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This document discusses various factors that influence global and local temperatures, including:
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude due to the environmental lapse rate.
- Incoming solar radiation varies depending on factors like latitude, time of day, season, and cloud cover.
- Outgoing longwave radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
- Ocean currents and atmospheric winds transfer heat energy from the equator toward the poles.
- Latent heat transport through evaporation and condensation also helps regulate global temperatures.
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The document summarizes rainfall patterns in West Africa. It states that the greatest rainfall, exceeding 2000mm per year, is along the coast of West Africa. Rainfall decreases further north into the Sahara Desert, where rainfall is less than 250mm annually. It also notes that along the coast, rain falls every month due to the equatorial climate, but one month of dry season occurs just north of the coast, with the dry season increasing in length further north.
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The document discusses the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a band near the equator where the northern and southern hemisphere trade winds converge. The intense sun and warm water at the equator heats the air in the ITCZ, raising its humidity and causing it to rise, creating a band of low pressure. The location of the ITCZ affects rainfall in tropical areas, resulting in wet and dry seasons rather than cold/warm seasons at higher latitudes. The ITCZ moves north during the northern hemisphere summer and south during the southern hemisphere summer, influencing rainfall patterns in places like western Africa.
Insolation and temperature
This document discusses electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and its interaction with the atmosphere. It covers the following key points:
1) EMR can be described as waves with different wavelengths that determine their energy content. Shorter wavelengths like gamma rays have higher energy.
2) The atmosphere only allows certain wavelengths to pass through in "atmospheric windows" while absorbing others. Gases like oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor are significant absorbers.
3) Factors like albedo, scattering, temperature inversions, and cloud cover influence the transmission and absorption of EMR and impact atmospheric temperatures.
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The Coriolis force causes apparent deflections in winds and other moving objects. It is caused by the Earth's rotation and causes deflections to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The strength of the Coriolis force depends on latitude and the speed of the moving object. It does not affect speed but only direction. Geostrophic winds blow parallel to isobars resulting from a balance between the pressure gradient force and Coriolis force. Gradient winds occur where friction is present, causing winds to flow perpendicular to the pressure gradient.
Climatology-Climatology Chapter
The document provides information about the Earth, including its formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago, composition and structure of its atmosphere, and how the atmosphere has changed over geological time through volcanic outgassing and the rise of oxygen through photosynthesis. It notes that the early Earth had a secondary atmosphere produced by volcanic outgassing rather than a primordial one, and that oxygen levels increased once cyanobacteria began producing oxygen through photosynthesis approximately 3.8 billion years ago.
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William Morris Davis proposed the concept of the geographical cycle to describe the evolution of landforms over time. The cycle involves three stages - youth, maturity, and old age - as uplifted landmasses are eroded by streams and weathering. In the youth stage, streams rapidly deepen valleys through vertical erosion. In maturity, lateral erosion of valleys widens them, and relief decreases. Finally, in old age erosion is minimal and the landscape evolves into a low-relief peneplain. Davis's model emphasized the role of time in landform development but was criticized for oversimplifying geological processes like upliftment. It remained influential but was later replaced by models considering dynamic equilibrium.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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