Water resources are classified as surface water, groundwater, water vapor, and ice. Water is essential but demand exceeds supply due to overuse by industries, agriculture, and communities. This causes water stress through pollution, depletion of groundwater, urbanization, and rainfall wastage. Even areas with high rainfall like Cherapunji face shortages, as rain washes away and infrastructure is lacking. Deforestation decreases carbon and water regulation and increases climate change, pollution, and soil degradation.

1. Water Resources

2. Sources
 71% of earth’s surface is covered by water
 Oceans,lakes,rivers,streams,glaciers,lakes,ponds,groundwater,vapour,
soil moisture
 Classification
1. Surface water a)drinkable b)Non-drinkable(salty)
2. Water in solid form
3. Water in atmosphere
4. Groundwater

4. Water Demand
 Domestic Demand: Includes water required in private building for
drinking, bathing, gardening, sanitary purposes etc.
 Public Demand: Represents the water demand for public utility
purposes like washing public parks, gardening, washing on roads,
fountain.
 Industrial Demand: Represents the water demand of industries which
are earlier existing or likely to be started in future.
 Commercial Demand: Water requirements for institutions, hotels,
colleges, offices
 Fire Demand: In populated or industrial areas, fires generally break
out and may lead to serious problems. To control that problem, we
require a sufficient quantity of problem called as fire demand.
 Water Demand required for thefts and wastes: Water lost in leakage
and stolen water due to unauthorized water connections

5. Factors affecting water demand

6. Factors affecting water demand

8. Overuse and Effects
1. Industry: manufacturing processes, cooling plants etc.
2. Agricultural practices: Over-irrigation
Agriculture causes the greatest threat to freshwater sources.
Increase in demand for food has led to the increase in demand in water,
especially surface water and groundwater

9.  Community overuse: wells or surface water sources such as a nearby lake,
the amount of water that can be withdrawn can be very large. The amount of
water taken out can be more than the amount of water that flows back into
the source.
 Residential overuse: The water used around the home in swimming pools,
washing the car, washing dishes and laundry, running a lawn sprinkler, taking a
bath or shower, and even flushing the toilet all use a tremendous amount of
water.

10. Stress on Water Resources
Reasons:
1. INDUSTRIAL WASTE: waste water discharged in rivers after
treatment do not meet environment norms. The sewage water
should be treated so that it is fit for bathing.
2. POLLUTION: available water resources in the country do not meet
the World Health Organization water quality standards because of
pollution caused by rapid industrialisation, urbanisation, poor
farming and irrigation practices.
3. URBANIZATION: India’s water pollution happens due to waste from
cities that house. Owing to poor infrastructure, cities are unable
to treat all the waste generated and the remaining is dumped
untreated. Only 38 per cent of the population in the cities have
access to sanitation and 78 per cent to clean drinking water.

11. Water stress reasons
 RAINFALL WASTAGE: rainwater runoff goes into the sea, which
is a major wastage .The runoff also causes soil erosion,
flooding of water bodies
 DEPLETING GROUNDWATER: amount of groundwater extracted
in India annually, is the highest in the world. Most of the
districts in the country are facing problems relating to poor
quality and shortage of groundwater,

13. Story of Cherapunji
“Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink”
 Wettest place on earth.. Suffering from water shortage.

14.  The problem is that Cherapunji lies atop a high limestone
plateau. Rain falling on the town drains away immediately,
finishing up on the plains of Bangladesh, far below.
 Cherapunji faces acute water shortage, especially during
winter.
 Heavy rain washes the topsoil every year, hampering farming
and reforestation efforts
 People here often have to walk for miles to collect drinking
water from government-installed pipelines set up nearly 25
years ago. And even that supply, which comes twice a day, isn't
free from contamination by bacteria and runoff from the coal
mines.
 The main cause is Decrease in annual rain fall and
deforestation.
 No water reservoir to store water

15. Forest Resources
 Grass, shrubs, plants,weeds,mangroves
 Direct and indirect use of forest are as follows:-
1. Conserve soils
2. Products: Fruits,gum,neem,wax,honey,resins etc.
3. Rainfall
4. Wildlife
5. Maintain Carbon dioxide cycle
6. Tourism

16. Causes of deforestation
 Industrialization, urbanization
 Use of wood as fuel, timber
 Mining
 Agriculture
 Over grazing
 Human establishment
Effects of
deforestation
 Climate changes:Rise of
temperature, fall in precipitation
 Rise in CO2 level: Global warming
 Decrease in groundwater
 Rise in suspended matter in
atmosphere: increasing air
pollution
 Soil degradation
 Loss of ecological balance