Water microbiology
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This document summarizes a seminar presentation on water microbiology given by Ms. Khamar taj khanum at Sahyadri Science College under the guidance of Ms. Syeda Misbaa Fathima. The presentation covered various topics related to water microbiology including common water contaminants, bacterial examination methods like MPN and membrane filtration techniques, and pathogen analysis. It also discussed problems in water pathogen detection and various water purification methods. The conclusion reiterated the importance of indicator organisms in testing water quality and safety.
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This document provides an overview of sputum examination, including indications, sample collection and transport, and various analysis methods. Physical examination can provide clues to underlying conditions. Microbiological examination includes gram stain to identify organisms, culture and sensitivity testing, and specialized staining techniques to identify acid-fast bacilli (AFB) like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecular diagnostic methods like PCR can also detect pathogens. Cytological examination examines sputum for malignant cells and is most effective for centrally located lung cancers. A variety of specialized tests can identify other infectious organisms in sputum.
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Sci. proj. disinfecting contaminated water
This document presents a student science experiment that tested different methods for disinfecting contaminated water. The student hypothesized that boiling water would be the most effective method for removing bacteria. Three disinfection methods were tested - solar disinfection, chemical treatment, and boiling. Water samples were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours and bacterial growth was measured. The results showed that boiling eliminated all bacterial growth while solar disinfection and chemical treatment showed increasing bacterial colonies over time, supporting the hypothesis that boiling is the best method for disinfecting contaminated water.
A study on the presence of fecal pollution indicator
This document summarizes a study on the presence of fecal indicator bacteria in Muttukadu back waters in Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for fecal coliforms using multiple tube fermentation and membrane filtration techniques. Analysis found higher numbers of fecal coliforms during the monsoon season, followed by post-monsoon, and lower numbers in pre-monsoon. Escherichia coli was identified as the dominant fecal indicator present throughout the year, indicating sewage contamination of the water body poses a health risk especially during monsoons.
A study on the presence of fecal pollution indicator
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attachment general microbiology course .pptx
This document provides an overview of the General Microbiology course offered at Wallaga University's Department of Biology in 2015/2022. It covers key topics including the definition and branches of microbiology, methods of culturing and identifying microorganisms, bacterial cell structure and growth conditions, microbial genetics, and an introduction to mutations. The course instructor is listed as kumsa.adm12@gmail.com and will take place in Room B9R20.
Microbes as test organisms, sensor and tool for energy production.
Microbes as test organisms, sensor and tool for future applications of energy production in food and non food industrial products.
A new medium for screaning coliform group
This document describes the development and evaluation of a new medium called Makka medium for screening gram negative bacteria like coliforms in drinking water samples. The researchers developed Makka medium as an economical and safer alternative to the commonly used m-Endo agar medium. Makka medium uses methylene blue as an indicator to inhibit gram positive bacteria and allow growth of gram negatives. Tests showed that Makka medium was comparable to m-Endo agar in detecting coliforms, with coliforms appearing as blue-green colonies on Makka medium. The researchers concluded that Makka medium is recommended for use instead of m-Endo agar for detection of coliforms and gram negative bacteria in water samples due to its low cost
Bacteriology Update 2021 (Part 1.)
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一比一原版美国佩斯大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国佩斯大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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Water microbiology
- 1. KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY PG Department of studies and Research in Biotechnology Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga Seminar on “Water microbiology .” Under the Guidance of Ms. Syeda Misbaa Fathima Department of Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga Presented by: MS. Khamar taj khanum I sem, I MSC Sahyadri science college, shimogga.
- 2. Contents : 1. Introduction. 2. Methods. 3. Tests. 4. Analysis. 5. Conclusion. 6. Reference.
- 3. Introduction : Water microbiology is the scientific discipline that is concerned with the study of all biological aspects of the microorganisms. Microbes such as bacteria, alate, protozoa, viruses,fungi, Are examined. These microorganisms may be Pathogens or non pathogens The enumeration Microbes in water is done by Numeras techniques
- 4. 1. Escherichia colis 2. Enterococcus faecalis 3. Clostridium welchii 4. Pseudomonas aerogens Major water contaminants: Bacterial examination of water: Turbidity, taste, odor of water is to Be check before, to ensure that water needs to go through the other standard test or not. Here, industrial water, potable water, sewage water, ground water are tested.
- 5. Coliform bacteria [E- coli like] are the most often used indicator bacteria. Contamination happens when water comes in contact with, 1. Faecal matter. 2. Sewage water.
- 6. Problems 1. Numerous water born pathogens. 1. Individual pathogen number may be too low to detect in a reasonable sized water sample 2. Isolation And detection of some pathogens can take several days, weeks, or months
- 7. Water borne diseases, causative agent, mode of transportation, mode of infection.
- 8. Purification of portable water: Portable water purification devices Technique enclude heat, filtration, Charcoal adsorption,Uv disinfection, distillation & floculation in combination.
- 9. Nano-scientists develop new kind of portable water purification system
- 10. MPN (most probable number) Test : Presumptive test
- 16. Multiple tube method One of the oldest methods is called the multiple tube method. In this method a measured sub-sample (perhaps 10 ml) is diluted with 100 ml of sterile growth medium and an aliquot of 10 ml is then decanted into each of ten tubes. The remaining 10 ml is then diluted again and the process repeated. At the end of 5 dilutions this produces 50 tubes covering the dilution range of 1:10 through to 1:10000.
- 17. ATP testing The ATP bioleuminisence System proposes a New way of measuring Cellular material by measuring ATP levels which are expressed In realative light units (RLU). ATP bioluminiscense assay is has been Increasingly used to assess the microbiological safety of hospital environment.
- 18. Plate count method There are two methods: a. Spread Plate b. Pour Plate
- 19. Pour plate method And spread plate method
- 20. Membrane filtration technique 1. Sample passing through sterile membrane. 2. Brought in contact with M-endo medium. 3. Number of colonies of coliforms are counted after 24 hours.
- 23. Pathogen analysis Coliforms and other Indicator organisms They are always present when enteric pathogens or viruses are detected in water testing. Its presence in a sample of drinking water means that the water is unsafe for human consumption.
- 24. Conclusion
- 25. Bibliography 1.Aseptic Laboratory Techniques: Plating Methods, Erin R. Sanders1, doi: 10.3791/3064 Published: May 11, 2012 https://www.jove.com/video/3064/aseptic-laboratory-techniques-plating- methods 2.Perfecting Your Spread Plate Technique Diane Hartman, J Microbiol Biol Educ. 2011; 12(2): 204–205. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3577269/ 3.Bacteriological water analysis, Baydaa A. Hassan University Of Kufa October 2018, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330401314_Bacteriological_water_an alysis 4. Drinking Water Microbiology Marylynn V. Yates, Published online 2019 Aug 28.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3577269/