Problem solving
Problem formulation
Search Techniques for Artificial Intelligence
Classification of AI searching Strategies
What is Search strategy ?
Defining a Search Problem
State Space Graph versus Search Trees
Graph vs. Tree
Problem Solving by Search
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Problem solving
Problem formulation
Search Techniques for Artificial Intelligence
Classification of AI searching Strategies
What is Search strategy ?
Defining a Search Problem
State Space Graph versus Search Trees
Graph vs. Tree
Problem Solving by Search
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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Search techniques in ai, Uninformed : namely Breadth First Search and Depth First Search, Informed Search strategies : A*, Best first Search and Constraint Satisfaction Problem: criptarithmatic
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
Knowledge representation In Artificial IntelligenceRamla Sheikh
facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.
Knowledge = information + rules
EXAMPLE
Doctors, managers.
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
Slides on Problem Formulation, Problem Description, Chess, Water Jug Problem
Suitable for Under-Graduate Engineering students under computer science and Information Technology
Search techniques in ai, Uninformed : namely Breadth First Search and Depth First Search, Informed Search strategies : A*, Best first Search and Constraint Satisfaction Problem: criptarithmatic
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
Knowledge representation In Artificial IntelligenceRamla Sheikh
facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.
Knowledge = information + rules
EXAMPLE
Doctors, managers.
Artificial Intelligence: Introduction, Typical Applications. State Space Search: Depth Bounded
DFS, Depth First Iterative Deepening. Heuristic Search: Heuristic Functions, Best First Search,
Hill Climbing, Variable Neighborhood Descent, Beam Search, Tabu Search. Optimal Search: A
*
algorithm, Iterative Deepening A*
, Recursive Best First Search, Pruning the CLOSED and OPEN
Lists
Slides on Problem Formulation, Problem Description, Chess, Water Jug Problem
Suitable for Under-Graduate Engineering students under computer science and Information Technology
Problem Decomposition: Goal Trees, Rule Based Systems, Rule Based Expert Systems. Planning:
STRIPS, Forward and Backward State Space Planning, Goal Stack Planning, Plan Space Planning,
A Unified Framework For Planning. Constraint Satisfaction : N-Queens, Constraint Propagation,
Scene Labeling, Higher order and Directional Consistencies, Backtracking and Look ahead
Strategies.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Water Jug Problem
A Water Jug Problem: You are given two jugs, a 4-gallon
one and a 3-gallon one, a pump which has unlimited water
which you can use to fill the jug, and the ground on which
water may be poured. Neither jug has any measuring markings
on it. How can you get exactly 2 gallons of water in the 4-
gallon jug?
3. State Representation
We will represent a state of the problem as a tuple
(x, y) where x represents the amount of water in the 4-
gallon jug and y represents the amount of water in the 3-
gallon jug.
Initial state as (0,0).
Goal state as (2,y).
4. Production Rules
1. (x,y) If x<4 -> (4,y)
2. (x,y) If y<3 ->(x,3)
3. (x,y) If x>0 ->(x-d,y)
4. (x,y) If y>0 ->(x,y-d)
5. (x,y) If x>0 ->(0,y)
6. (x,y) If y>0 ->(x,0)
7. (x,y) If (x+y>=4 and y>0) ->(4,y-(4-x))
8. (x,y) If (x+y>=3 and x>0) ->(x-(3-y),3)
9. (x,y) If(x+y<=4 and y>0) ->(x+y,0)
10.(x,y) If (x+y<=3 and x>0) ->(0,x+y)
11.(0,2) ->(2,0)
5. WATER JUG: one of the Solution
4 Gallon
Jug
3 Gallon
Jug
Rule
applied
0 0
4 0 1
1 3 8
1 0 6
0 1 10
4 1 1
2 3 8
4 Gallon jug 3 Gallon jug
pump
6. Search Tree : Water Jug Problem
(0,0)
(4,0)
(4,3) (0,0) (1,3)
(0,3)
(4,3) (0,0) (3,0)
7. 8 Queen Problem
Problem: Place 8 queens on a chess board so
that none of them attack each other.
Formulation- I
- A state is an arrangement of 0 to 8 queens on
the board
- Operators add a queen to any square.
This formulation is not a systematic way to
find the solution, it takes a long time to get
the solution.
-
8. Formulation – II
-A state is an arrangement of 0-8 queen with no one
attacked.
-Operators place a queen in the left most empty
column.
- More systematic than formulation-I
8 Queen Problem
9. Formulation –III
- A state is an arrangement of 8 queens on
in each column.
-Operators move an attacked queen to another
square in the same column.
-Keep on shuffling the queen until the goal is
reached.
- This formulation is more systematic hence ,
it is also called as Iterative Formulation.
8 Queen Problem
12. • State space (S)
• Location of each of the 8 tiles(and the blank tile)
• Start State (s)
• Starting configuration
Operators(O)
• Four Operators : Right, Left, Up, Down
• Goals(G) one of the goal configuration
8 Puzzle Problem
14. Missionaries and Cannibals
• Three missionaries and three cannibals find themselves on a side
of river. They agreed to get to the other side of river.
• But missionaries are afraid of being eaten by cannibals so, the
missionaries want to manage the trip in such a way that no. of
missionaries on either side of the river is never less than the no.
of cannibals on the same side.
• The boat is able to hold only 2 people at a time.
15. Missionaries and Cannibals:
State representation
• State(#m,#c,1/0)
#m – number of missionaries on first bank #c –
number of cannibals on first bank
• The last bit indicate whether the boat is in
the first bank.
Operators
• Boat carries (1,0) or (0,1) or (1,1) or (2,0) or
(0,2)