This document provides information about water infrastructure and usage in Chakwal district, Pakistan. It discusses the district's population of 1.3 million people and annual growth rate. It then details the various dams and water supply systems in the district. It also analyzes data on households' access to drinking water sources and water treatment. Several industries in Chakwal are mentioned, and it is noted that they are damaging the environment and water resources through untreated wastewater discharge. The document concludes by calculating the district's current and future water needs based on population projections.

1. 1 | P a g e
Introduction
Chakwal is the main city of the district Chakwal. It is located 90 Km south-east of the federal capital,
Islamabad. Total area of the Chakwal is 6609 square kilometers and includes the followingtehsils,
i. Chakwal
ii. Choa Saiden Shah
iii. Kalar Kahar
iv. Talagang
The weather is hot in summer where as dry and cold in winter. The average annual rainfall is 880
mm. The temperature during the winter is 8ºC, which shoots up to 42ºC during summer. The land is
plain as wellas hilly.
Population
Total population of district Chakwal is 1.3 million, 0.26 million (20%) of which is urban and
remaining 1.04 million (80%) is rural. Annual increment in population is 1.9% (24,700).
Population growth is influenced by many factors, like birth rate, death rate, migration, disasters etc.
Water and Sanitation Infrastructure
Small dams in Chakwal:
i. Dhok Taalian Dam
ii. Naka Dam Kallar Kahar
iii. Kot Raja Dam
iv. Khokhar Zer Dam
v. Dharabi Dam
vi. Arrar Mughlan Dam (under construction)
vii. Maswaal/Ghazial Dam
viii. Lakhwal Dam
ix. Mial Dam
x. Baghtal Dam
xi. Khai Dam
Water Supply Systems
Water supply systems are installed where water problem lies. Water supply systems are installed in
main city,tehsiles and villages as well. There is need to upgrade the current infrastructure
according to the growing trend of water need.
Current Dams can be useful if enough budget is reserved for water supply and irrigation system.

2. 2 | P a g e
Physical access to source of water
Percent distribution of households according to time to go to source of drinking water, get water and return,
and mean time to source of drinking water.
Water on
premises
Less than
30 minutes
30 minutes
to
less than 1
hour
1 hour or
more
DK/
Missing
Total Mean time
to sourceof
drinking
water
Number of
households
District
Chakwal
82.7 11.0 3.6 2.4 0.2 100 23.6 1,270
Tehsil
Chakwal 77.4 15.1 4.2 3.4 0.0 100 23.3 621
ChoaSaidan
Shah
72.4 17.2 4.4 6.0 0.0 100.0 26.2 144
Talagang 92.3 4.3 2.8 0.2 0.4 100.0 22.1 505
Area of residence
Rural 80.9 11.9 4.2 2.8 0.2 100 24.3 1,106
All Urban 95.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 6.6 163
Other Urban 95.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 6.6 163
Household Water Treatment
Percent distribution of household population according to drinking water treatment method used in the
household and percentage of household population that applied an appropriate water treatment method.
Water treatment method used in the household All drinking water sources Improved drinkingwater
sources
None Boil Add
bleach/chlorine
or
Solar disinfection
Strain
through
a
cloth
Use
water
filter
Let it
stand
and
settle
Other/
DK
Appropriate
water
treatment
method*
Number of
household
members
Appropriate
water
treatment
method
Number of
household
members
District
Chakwal
97.7 1.8 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.0 7,666 2.0 6,801
Tehsil
Chakwal 96.6 2.6 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.9 3,689 2.7 3,125
ChoaSaidan
Shah
97.6 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 844 2.8 719
Talagang 99.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.9 3,134 0.9 2,957
Area of Residence
Rural 98.4 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 6,737 1.4 5,947
All Urban 93.1 4.7 0.0 0.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 6.5 929 6.0 854
Other
Urban
93.1 4.7 0.0 0.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 6.5 929 6.0 854

3. 3 | P a g e
Use of improved water sources
Percent distribution of household population according to main source of drinking water and percentage of
household population using improved drinking water sources.
Improved Sources
Piped
into
dwelling
Piped
into
yard
or plot
Public
tap/standpipe
Hand
Pump
Donkey
Pump
Protected
well
within
dwelling
Tube
well/
turbine
Protected:
well
outside
dwelling/
spring,
rainwater
Bottled/c
an water
Unprotected:
well within
or
outside
dwelling/
unprotected
District
Chakwal
23.0 1.1 3.1 18.1 40.1 0.5 0.2 2.6 - 1.2
Tehsil
Chakwal 20.7 1.5 5.2 12.5 41.3 0.5 0.2 2.9 - 0.7
Choa
Saidan
Shah
43.4 0.0 3.7 9.1 18.6 1.7 0.0 8.9 - 6.2
Talagang 20.2 0.9 0.5 27.1 44.6 0.1 0.4 0.5 - 0.3
Area of residence
Rural 22.3 1.1 3.4 19.3 38.7 0.5 0.3 2.7 - 1.2
All
Urban
27.9 1.6 1.0 9.3 50.6 0.2 0.0 1.3 - 0.7
Other
Urban
27.9 1.6 1.0 9.3 50.6 0.2 0.0 1.3 - 0.7
Unimproved Sources
Tanker/C
art with
small
tank
Bottled/
can water
Surface
water
Other/
Missing
Total Improved
sourceof
drinking
water*
Number of
household
members
District
Chakwal
2.8 0.0 - 7.3 100.0 88.7 7,666
Tehsil
Chakwal 5.7 0.0 - 8.9 100.0 84.7 3,689
Choa
Saidan
Shah
0.2 0.2 - 8.2 100.0 85.3 844
Talagang 0.1 0.0 - 5.3 100.0 94.4 3,134
Area of residence
Rural 2.2 0.0 - 8.3 100.0 88.3 6,737
All Urban 7.2 0.1 - 0.0 100.0 91.9 929
Other
Urban
7.2 0.1 - 0.0 100.0 91.9 929

4. 4 | P a g e
Use of improved water sources and improved sanitation
Percentage of household population using both improved drinking water sources .and sanitary means of
excreta disposal.
Usingimproved
sources of
drinkingwater
Usingsanitary
means of excreta
disposal
Usingimproved
sources of drinking
water and using
sanitary means of
excretadisposal
Number of
household
members
District Chakwal 88.7 72.7 66.2 7,666
Tehsil
Chakwal 84.7 78.5 67.2 3,689
ChoaSaidan Shah 85.3 66.0 60.7 844
Talagang 94.4 67.6 66.4 3,134
Area of residence
Rural 88.3 69.3 62.9 6,737
All Urban 91.9 97.2 89.7 929
Other Urban 91.9 97.2 89.7 929
Disposal of waste water
Percent distribution of household population according to disposal of waste water.
Sewerage
connected
with main
line
Sewerage
connected
with open
drain
Septic
tank
Pit in or
outside
house
Open
street or
open
fields
No
response/
DK
Proper
disposal
of waste
water
Number of
households
District
Chakwal
1.9 27.6 1.0 0.4 69.1 0.0 30.5 7,666
Tehsil
Chakwal 3.8 34.5 1.5 0.7 59.5 0.0 39.7 3,689
Choa
Saidan
Shah
0.4 27.7 0.0 0.0 71.9 0.0 28.1 844
Talagang 0.2 19.4 0.7 0.2 79.5 0.0 20.3 3,134
Area of residence
Rural 0.2 21.4 0.1 0.3 78.0 0.0 21.7 6,737
All Urban 14.2 72.4 7.8 1.5 3.9 0.2 94.2 929
Other
Urban
14.2 72.4 7.8 1.5 3.9 0.2 94.2 929

5. 5 | P a g e
Disposal of solid waste
Percent distribution of household population according to disposal of solid waste
Collected
by any
municipal
institution
Disposed
of by solid
waste
management
deptt
Private
company
vechicle
collects
from home
In open
streets
In open
fields
No
response/
DK
Proper
disposal
of solid
water
Number
of
households
District
Chakwal
1.7 0.0 0.2 3.1 95.0 - 1.9 7,666
Tehsil
Chakwal 2.7 0.0 0.4 3.2 93.6 - 3.1 3,689
ChoaSaidan
Shah
0.1 0.2 0.0 1.2 98.4 - 0.3 844
Talagang 0.9 0.0 0.0 3.3 95.7 - 0.9 3,134
Area of residence
Rural 0.2 21.4 0.1 0.3 78.0 0.0 21.7 6,737
All Urban 14.2 72.4 7.8 1.5 3.9 0.2 94.2 929
Other Urban 14.2 72.4 7.8 1.5 3.9 0.2 94.2 929
Effluent disposal facilities
There are a number of natural nullahs in the district, whichare considered sufficientfor the
disposal of effluent.However, the prior approval fromIrrigation & PowerDepartment is necessary
for the disposal of effluentin these nullahs.
Industries in chakwal
Cement Factories
Best way: 22 Km, Kallar Kahar, Choak Saiden, Shah Road, Village Tatral, District Chakwal
D.G Khan: 12-KM, Choa Saiden Shah-Kallar Kahar Road, Khairpur, Tehsil Kallar Kahar, District
Chakwal
Lafarge:Chhoie Mallot Road, Tehsil Kalar Kahar, Dist. Chakwal
PakistanCement Factory:Near Karoli village, Kalar Kahar Tehsil.
While, there are a number of other industries like textile and marble.

6. 6 | P a g e
Industrial Effluent Disposal
There is no proper disposal of the industries effluentin Chakwal. Cement factories are releasing
affluent to open fields, causing tremendous damage to fertile land.
Environmental Impacts of Industries in Chakwal
Industries are damaging environment as well as the livelihoods of poor farmers. In Choa saidan
Shah and Tatral village, cement factorieshave caused a huge damage to fertile land that can be
observed easily.
On the other hand, underground water is at risk. Rate at which underground water is being used by
these industries is alarming. Within past 8 to 10 years underground water level dropped by 20 to
30 feet in Tatral region.
There is no concept of recyclingof water or water treatment in industries. If industries start
treating and recyclingof water, waterconsumption can be reduced dramatically. Otherwise, there
is no way that you can falsify the saying, “Future wars willbebased onWater”.
Natural resources of water are depleting at a tremendous rate, and graph of waterneed is inclining
day by day, so there is need to build new infrastructures to reserve water and to make sure
provision of safe drinking water to the population of Chakwal.
There is a need of Formation of new policies forindustries and assuring their implementation.
Affluent treatment before releasing it to fields should be a mandatory act.

7. 7 | P a g e
Water Need Assessment and Forecasting
urrent Water Needof the PopulationofChakwal Districtonthebasison 15literto 20literper
personperday is calculatedasfollowing.
Total Population= 1.3 million
20% of whichis Urban = 0.26 million
Annual Increase in Population 1.9% = 24,700
Current Water Need
Daily Water Need (current)
Total Population Need Urban Population Need
As per 15 liter/p/d As per 20 liter/p/d As per15 liter/p/d As per20 liter/p/d
19,500,000 liters 26,000,000 liters 3900,000 liters 5200,000 liters
5151,355.021 gallons 6868,473.3613 gallons 1030,271.004 Gallons 1373,694.672 gallons
Mean daily need of
whole population
2,2750,000 liters Mean dailyneed of
urbanpopulation
4550,000 liter
6009914.19115 gallons 1201,982.838 gallons
Mean daily water need of whole population (current)
Liters Gallons
2, 2750,000 (22.75 million) 6009,914.19115 (6 million)
Mean daily water need of urban population (current)
Liters Gallons
4550,000 (4.55 million) 1201,982.838 (1.202 million)
Annual Water Need ( Current)
Total Population Need Urban Population Need
As per15 liter/p/d As per20liter/p/d As per15 liter/p/d As per20liter/p/d
711,7500,000 liters 949,0000,000 liters 142,3500,000 liters 189,8000,000 liters
188,0244,583 gallons 250,6992,777.7 gallons 37,6048,916.5 gallons 50,1398,555.3 gallons
Meanannual need of
wholepopulation
830,3750,000 liters Meanannual need of
urbanpopulation
166,0750,000 liters
219,3618,680.35gallons 43,8723,736 gallons
C

8. 8 | P a g e
Mean Annual water need of whole population (current)
Liters Gallons
830, 3750,000 (8304 million) 219, 3618,680.35 (2194 million)
Mean Annual water need of urban population (current)
Liters Gallons
166,0750,000 ( 1660.75 million) 43,8723,736 (439 million)
Water needs forecasting for next 10 years
Annual increment in the population of Chakwal is 1.9% i.e. 24,700 heads. So, daily water needs at
the end of each year willincrease by the followingamount.
On the basis of 15 liter per person per day On the basis of 20 liter per person per day
370,500 liter 494,000 liter
97,876 gallon 130500.994 gallon
Mean increment in the daily water need at the end of each year
Liter gallon
432,250 (0.43 million) 114,187 (0.1142 million)
Annual increment in the water need
On the basis of 15 liter per person per day On the basis of 20 liter per person per day
13, 5232,500 liter 180,3100,000 liter
3, 5724,647 gallon 47,6328,628 gallon
Mean annual increment of water need
Liter gallon
96,9166,250 (969.2 million) 25,6026,637.5 (265.03 million)

9. 9 | P a g e
Annual water need for next 10 years
Min/Max/Mean On the basisof 15
liter/p/d
On the basisof 20
liter/p/d
On the basisof Mean
values
Annual
increment
13, 5232,500 liter 180,3100,000 liter 96,9166,250 (969.2
million)liter
3, 5724,647 gallon 47,6328,628 gallon 25,6026,637.5 (265.03
million)gallon
Current annual
need
711,7500,000 liters 949,0000,000 liters 830,3750,000 liters 8304
million)
188,0244,583 gallons 250,6992,777.7 gallons 219, 3618,680.35 (2194
million)gallon
Year 2016
725,2732,500liter 1129,3100,000liter 927,2916,250liter
72,527.33 million liter 11,293.1 million liter 9273.81 million liter
191,5969,229.73gallon 298,3321,405gallon 244,9645,317gallon
1,916 million gallon 2,983.3 million gallon 2449.6 million gallon
Year 2017
738,7965,000liter 1309,6200,000liter 1024,2082,500liter
7,388.85 million liter 13,096.20 million liter 10242.17 million liter
1,951,693,876.8gallon 345,9650,033gallon 2,705,671,954.5gallon
1,951.78 million gallon 3,459.65 million gallon 2705.67 million gallon
Year 2018
752,3197,500liter 14,899,300,000liter 11,211,248,750liter
7,523.19 million liter 14,899.3 million liter 11,211.25 million liter
1,987,418,523.8gallon 3,935,978,660gallon 2961698592 gallon
1,987.42 million gallon 3,935.97 million gallon 2961.70 million gallon
Year 2019 7,658,430,000 liter 16,702,400,000liter 12,180,415,000liter
7,658.43 millionliter 16,702.4 million liter 12,180.41 million liter
2,023,143,170.8gallon 4,412,307,288gallon 3217725229.5gallon
2,023.14 million gallon 4,412.3 million gallon 3217.73 million gallon
Year 2020 7,793,662,500liter 18,505,500,000liter 13,149,581,250liter
7,793.66 million liter 18,505.5 million liter 13,149.67 million liter
2,058,867,817.8gallon 4,888,635,915 gallon 3473751867gallon
2,058.86 million gallon 4,888.63 million gallon 3473.75 million gallon
Year 2021 7,928,895,000liter 20,308,600,000liter 14,118,747,500liter
7,928.895 million liter 20,308.6 million liter 14,118.74 million liter
2,094,592,464.8gallon 5,364,964,543gallon 3729778504.5gallon
2,094.68 million gallon 5,364.96 million gallon 3729.78 million gallon
Year 2022 8,064,127,500liter 22,111,700,000 liter 15,087,913,750liter
8,064.13 million liter 22,111.7 million liter 15,087.91 million liter
2130317111.8gallon 5,841,293,171gallon 3985805142gallon
2,130.32 million gallon 5,841.29 million gallon 3985.80 million gallon
Year 2023 8,199,360,000liter 23,914,800,000liter 160,57,080,000liter
8,199.36 million liter 23,914.8 million liter 16,057.10 million liter
2,166,041,758.8gallon 6,317,621,798gallon 4241831779.5gallon
2,166.042 million gallon 6,317.62 million gallon 4241.83 million gallon

10. 10 | P a g e
Min/Max/Mean On the basisof 15
liter/p/d
On the basisof 20
liter/p/d
On the basisof Mean
values
Year 2024
8,334,592,500liter 25,717,900,000liter 17,026,246,250liter
8,334.59 million liter 25,717.9 million liter 17,026.25 million liter
2,201,766,405.8gallon 6,793,950,426gallon 4,497,858,417gallon
2,201.76 million gallon 6,793.95 million gallon 4,497.86 million gallon
Year 2025
8,469,825,000liter 27,521,000,000liter 17,995,412,500liter
8,469.82 million liter 2,752.10 million liter 17,995.41 million liter
2,237,491,052.8gallon 7,270,279,054gallon 4,753,885,054.5gallon
2,237.49 million gallon 7,270.28 million gallon 4,753.88 million gallon

11. 11 | P a g e
Suggestions
 Make efficient use of current infrastructure.
 Make further infrastructure to reserve water for future needs. (dams, reservoirs)
 Give detailed information of current and future water infrastructures and needs to
higher authorities.
 Demand for separate budget for water supply and sanitation system as required.
 Update current water supply system by introducing new and improved
technologies.
 Public awareness to use water sensibly.
 Make laws regarding to tube wells. Every individual who intend to dig a tube well,
must get sanction from concerning government department.
 Water treatment and recycling can play a key role in decreasing the amount of
water use.
 Industries must recycle, where possible, water to reuse it again.
 Hazardous water coming out from industries is damaging the fertile land; factories
must treat the affluent before releasing it to fields, at least to level that does no harm
to fertile land.
 This also damages the underground water, so government should make policies and
assure their implementation. Further, strict actions should be taken against those
who violate.
 Underground water resources are depleting, owing to excessive use of water by
industries, there must be a limit for water withdrawal. And this must be kept under
eye.
 Water can be used from all dams for irrigation, so there is need to build an efficient
irrigation system, so number of tube wells can be decreased. And this can avoid
wastage of water.
 Introduce and demonstrate water shed control system, to use water efficiently for
crops.
 Water treatment plants must be installed.
 Recharge ground water, as this is reduces the risk of falling underground water
level.
 Make laws to avoid water pollution.
 Technology based standards must be set.