2. WATER ISSUES IN INDIA
None of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more
than one million distribute water for more than a few
hours per day, despite generally sufficient
infrastructure.
Owing to inadequate pressure people struggle to
collect water even when it is available.
According to the WORLD BANK, none have
performance indicators that compare with average
international standards.
A 2007 study by the Asian Development Bank showed
no city had continuous supply.
3. THREAT
Every 2 out of 3 people will be living with
water shortages by 2025.
With the growth of demand and decline in
fresh water availability and the adverse
health effect from poor water quality,
scarcity will result in violence and water
wars.
6. WHAT IS WATER AUDITING
Water Audit of a water supply scheme can be defined
as the assessment of the capacity of total water
produced by the Water Supply Authority and the
actual quantity of water distributed throughout the
area of service of the Authority, thus leading to an
estimation of the losses.
7. BENEFITS..
• Improved knowledge and documentation of the
distribution system including problem and risk areas.
• It also becomes a valuable tool to manage
resources, by getting a better understanding of what
is happening to the water after it leaves the treatment
plant.
• Leak detection programs are effective ways to
minimize leakage and to fix small problems before
they become major ones.
8. Pressure management to reduce volumes of loss and
frequently of new leaks.
Level control to reduce overflows from storage.
Corrosion control to reduce frequency of new leaks
Main replacement
Main Rehabilitation
Service replacement
9. BASIS OF WATER AUDITING
It is based on the Continuity Equation
INCOMING = OUTGOING
Water Balance Equation:-
System input volume:- the annual volume input to a
transmission and/or a distribution system, including
water exported to other supply systems.
SIV = [Actual consumption] + [ Losses ]
12. Water balance
Water Exported
Own System
Sources Input
Billed Water Exported
Authorised
Consumption
Water
Supplied
(allow
Water
for
Imported known
errors)
Billed
Authorised
Consumption
Revenue
Water
Billed Metered Consumption
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Authorised
Consumption
Apparent
Losses
Water
Losses
Real
Losses
NonRevenue
Water
Unbilled Metered Consumption
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Unauthorised Consumption
Customer Metering Inaccuracies
Leakage on Mains
Leakage and Overflows at Storages
Leakage on Service Connections
upto point of Customer Metering
15. APPARENT LOSSES
Apparent losses are the non-physical losses that
occur in utility operations due to customer meter
inaccuracies, systematic data handling errors in
customer billing systems and unauthorized
consumption. In other words, this is water that is
consumed but is not properly measured, accounted or
paid for. These losses cost utilities revenue and distort
data on customer consumption patterns.
16. REAL LOSSES
Real losses are the physical losses of water from the
distribution system, including leakage and storage
overflows. These losses inflate the water utility's
production costs and stress water resources since they
represent water that is extracted and treated, yet never
reaches beneficial use.
17. Control of Real losses
Leak detection to locate non-visible leakage
Increased response to visible reported leakage to reduce annual loss volumes.
Zoning to identity volumes of loss in a continuing and efficient manner
Pressure management to reduce volumes of loss and frequently of new leaks.
Level control to reduce overflows from storage.
Corrosion control to reduce frequency of new leaks
Main replacement
Main Rehabilitation
Service replacement
19. NIGHT FLOW ANALYSIS METHOD
Measures inflow at night to individual sectors.
Take away estimates of night consumption.
What remains is background (undetectable) leakage.
Here we get the actual real losses.
20. Approach of top and down method
Top Down
WIS (Water into the System) – WB
(Water Build) = X
X = a+b+c+d…….
a = Leakage (Estimated starting level)
b = Metering Errors (Estimated starting
level)
c = Legally supplied but not billed or
accounted for
d = Unauthorised Connections
21. HOW IT IS DONE
How much water is
being lost?
Where it is lost?
Why it is lost?
What remedial measures
can be done?
23. FIRST STEPS- MEASUREMENTS
DRAW A WATER FLOW CHART
Supply
Underground
Sump
Overhead Tank
Washing
W1 W2 Wn
Toilets
T1 T2 Tn
Sewage
Gardening
G1 G2 Gn
Drinking
D1 D2 Dn
24. CASE STUDY:
SRKNEC, NAGPUR UTILITY:
Locating the sourcers, resevoirs and the network
system.
Calculating the total incoming water from the water
bills of the college, of past 1 year.
Since because of continous water recharge and lack of
metering system, it became difficult to analyze the
actual daily consumption.
So, we used the NBC and CPHEEO norms to calculate
the per day water usage.
25. Calculations
After averaging the total water that is billed per month
we found that 7327330 litres is used. (Rs 20 per unit
and 1 unit = 1000 litres).
And after using the norms that is 135 lpcd for
resedential and 45 lpcd for public or office buildingds
and working out the worst possible condition, we came
to a conclusion that we use around 5267000 litres of
water.
That shows that around 206000 liters of water is
incurred as losses and wastages.
Water Balance Equation : inflow-outflow=losses
26. This shows that 28.12% of incoming water is incurred
as wastage or losses.
15000000 litres of water extra (more than what the
code suggests) is being wasted on gardening and other
purposes.
Therefore we were interested if we recycle the same
1500000 litres of water from the grey water that our
system produces. Would it be feasible?
27. Recycling the grey water
Now as per NMC water tax consideration we are liable
to pay Rs 20 per 1000 litres.
We found (after taking into considerations the
mathematics of present cost of annuity, depreciation,
maintenance and operation costs for 10 yrs to recycle)
that it would only take Rs 14 per 1000 lts for the
recycled water against fresh water for washing and
gardening purposes.
28. Benefit
We could save about Rs 4.6 lacs approximately in 10 yrs
if we went for recycling grey water.
Hence we say that in-house recycling of grey water and
using it for gardening and other washing purposes we
save both, water as well as funds.
29.
30.
31.
32. Water usage breakdown as mentioned in Codes
DESCRIPTION
NBC (lpcd)
CPHEEO (lpcd)
Bathing
55
20
Washing of Clothes
20
25
Flushing of WC
30
40
Washing of house
10
-
Washing of utensils
10
20
Drinking
5
3
Cooking
5
4
Gardening
-
23
• 45 lpcd is required for day schools/offices
• Gardening and lawn sprinkling – 2 to 3 litres/sq m/day
33. CONCLUSION
We understood the water issues.
We also understood water auditing is a very useful tool
to find out the loop holes in a water distribution
system.
Through the field exercises in our college premises we
understood the processes , problems and all the
requirements to carry out a water audit.
We understood the working of the water auditing
software.
Recycling and reusing of water was proven beneficial.
It reduces the cost upto 30%-40% and water wastages
are taken care of.
34. Ultimately the availability of water in not the actual
problem. But efficient management of water is the
major issue that we need to work on.
And for this efficient management we have the best
tool :“WATER AUDITING”.
35. Local to Global
Water Auditing is a process which can serve the
entire world effectively.
Water Auditing has now become an essential
part in world’s megacities.
So, if it can be easily applied at local level, it does
not stop us to use this tool at a global level.
The process for the global level remains the same
vis a vis local level. The only change is the
quantity of data.
