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![BASIS OF WATER AUDITING
It is based on the Continuity Equation
INCOMING = OUTGOING
Water Balance Equation:-
System input volume:- the annual volume input to a
transmission and/or a distribution system, including
water exported to other supply systems.
SIV = [Actual consumption] + [ Losses ]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/waterauditing-140222160205-phpapp02/75/Water-auditing-9-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byAwanish Shukla
Water auditing
This document discusses water issues in India and the importance of water auditing. It notes that none of India's cities with over 1 million people can distribute water for more than a few hours daily. By 2025, two-thirds of Indians may face water shortages due to increasing demand and declining availability. Water auditing assesses water losses by comparing the amount produced to the amount distributed. It helps identify problem areas, minimize leakage, and improve resource management. The document outlines water auditing methods and benefits, such as leak detection. It provides an example audit of a college's water system and calculates losses of 28%. The audit found recycling greywater could save water and money. In conclusion, water auditing is an effective tool
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Water auditing
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- 2. WATER ISSUES ININDIA None of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million distribute water for more than a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient infrastructure. Owing to inadequate pressure people struggle to collect water even when it is available. According to the WORLD BANK, none have performance indicators that compare with average international standards. A 2007 study by the Asian Development Bank showed no city had continuous supply.
- 3. THREAT Every 2out of 3 people will be living with water shortages by 2025. With the growth of demand and decline in fresh water availability and the adverse health effect from poor water quality, scarcity will result in violence and water wars.
- 4. Imagine we payingthe same amount for water and milk.
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- 6. WHAT IS WATERAUDITING Water Audit of a water supply scheme can be defined as the assessment of the capacity of total water produced by the Water Supply Authority and the actual quantity of water distributed throughout the area of service of the Authority, thus leading to an estimation of the losses.
- 7. BENEFITS.. • Improved knowledgeand documentation of the distribution system including problem and risk areas. • It also becomes a valuable tool to manage resources, by getting a better understanding of what is happening to the water after it leaves the treatment plant. • Leak detection programs are effective ways to minimize leakage and to fix small problems before they become major ones.
- 8. Pressure managementto reduce volumes of loss and frequently of new leaks. Level control to reduce overflows from storage. Corrosion control to reduce frequency of new leaks Main replacement Main Rehabilitation Service replacement
- 9. BASIS OF WATERAUDITING It is based on the Continuity Equation INCOMING = OUTGOING Water Balance Equation:- System input volume:- the annual volume input to a transmission and/or a distribution system, including water exported to other supply systems. SIV = [Actual consumption] + [ Losses ]
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- 12. Water balance Water Exported OwnSystem Sources Input Billed Water Exported Authorised Consumption Water Supplied (allow Water for Imported known errors) Billed Authorised Consumption Revenue Water Billed Metered Consumption Billed Unmetered Consumption Unbilled Authorised Consumption Apparent Losses Water Losses Real Losses NonRevenue Water Unbilled Metered Consumption Unbilled Unmetered Consumption Unauthorised Consumption Customer Metering Inaccuracies Leakage on Mains Leakage and Overflows at Storages Leakage on Service Connections upto point of Customer Metering
- 13. BIGGEST QUEST….. How lossescan be estimated practically
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- 15. APPARENT LOSSES Apparentlosses are the non-physical losses that occur in utility operations due to customer meter inaccuracies, systematic data handling errors in customer billing systems and unauthorized consumption. In other words, this is water that is consumed but is not properly measured, accounted or paid for. These losses cost utilities revenue and distort data on customer consumption patterns.
- 16. REAL LOSSES Reallosses are the physical losses of water from the distribution system, including leakage and storage overflows. These losses inflate the water utility's production costs and stress water resources since they represent water that is extracted and treated, yet never reaches beneficial use.
- 17. Control of Reallosses Leak detection to locate non-visible leakage Increased response to visible reported leakage to reduce annual loss volumes. Zoning to identity volumes of loss in a continuing and efficient manner Pressure management to reduce volumes of loss and frequently of new leaks. Level control to reduce overflows from storage. Corrosion control to reduce frequency of new leaks Main replacement Main Rehabilitation Service replacement
- 18. METHODS OF ACCOUNTING NIGHTFLOW ANALYSIS TOP DOWN METHOD OTHERS
- 19. NIGHT FLOW ANALYSISMETHOD Measures inflow at night to individual sectors. Take away estimates of night consumption. What remains is background (undetectable) leakage. Here we get the actual real losses.
- 20. Approach of topand down method Top Down WIS (Water into the System) – WB (Water Build) = X X = a+b+c+d……. a = Leakage (Estimated starting level) b = Metering Errors (Estimated starting level) c = Legally supplied but not billed or accounted for d = Unauthorised Connections
- 21. HOW IT ISDONE How much water is being lost? Where it is lost? Why it is lost? What remedial measures can be done?
- 22. AUDIT PROCESS Measurements Implementation Calculations Planning andprocess finalization Audit observations Zeroing in on conservation steps that can be taken Discussions Report
- 23. FIRST STEPS- MEASUREMENTS DRAWA WATER FLOW CHART Supply Underground Sump Overhead Tank Washing W1 W2 Wn Toilets T1 T2 Tn Sewage Gardening G1 G2 Gn Drinking D1 D2 Dn
- 24. CASE STUDY: SRKNEC, NAGPURUTILITY: Locating the sourcers, resevoirs and the network system. Calculating the total incoming water from the water bills of the college, of past 1 year. Since because of continous water recharge and lack of metering system, it became difficult to analyze the actual daily consumption. So, we used the NBC and CPHEEO norms to calculate the per day water usage.
- 25. Calculations After averagingthe total water that is billed per month we found that 7327330 litres is used. (Rs 20 per unit and 1 unit = 1000 litres). And after using the norms that is 135 lpcd for resedential and 45 lpcd for public or office buildingds and working out the worst possible condition, we came to a conclusion that we use around 5267000 litres of water. That shows that around 206000 liters of water is incurred as losses and wastages. Water Balance Equation : inflow-outflow=losses
- 26. This showsthat 28.12% of incoming water is incurred as wastage or losses. 15000000 litres of water extra (more than what the code suggests) is being wasted on gardening and other purposes. Therefore we were interested if we recycle the same 1500000 litres of water from the grey water that our system produces. Would it be feasible?
- 27. Recycling the greywater Now as per NMC water tax consideration we are liable to pay Rs 20 per 1000 litres. We found (after taking into considerations the mathematics of present cost of annuity, depreciation, maintenance and operation costs for 10 yrs to recycle) that it would only take Rs 14 per 1000 lts for the recycled water against fresh water for washing and gardening purposes.
- 28. Benefit We couldsave about Rs 4.6 lacs approximately in 10 yrs if we went for recycling grey water. Hence we say that in-house recycling of grey water and using it for gardening and other washing purposes we save both, water as well as funds.
- 32. Water usage breakdownas mentioned in Codes DESCRIPTION NBC (lpcd) CPHEEO (lpcd) Bathing 55 20 Washing of Clothes 20 25 Flushing of WC 30 40 Washing of house 10 - Washing of utensils 10 20 Drinking 5 3 Cooking 5 4 Gardening - 23 • 45 lpcd is required for day schools/offices • Gardening and lawn sprinkling – 2 to 3 litres/sq m/day
- 33. CONCLUSION We understoodthe water issues. We also understood water auditing is a very useful tool to find out the loop holes in a water distribution system. Through the field exercises in our college premises we understood the processes , problems and all the requirements to carry out a water audit. We understood the working of the water auditing software. Recycling and reusing of water was proven beneficial. It reduces the cost upto 30%-40% and water wastages are taken care of.
- 34. Ultimately theavailability of water in not the actual problem. But efficient management of water is the major issue that we need to work on. And for this efficient management we have the best tool :“WATER AUDITING”.
- 35. Local to Global Water Auditing is a process which can serve the entire world effectively. Water Auditing has now become an essential part in world’s megacities. So, if it can be easily applied at local level, it does not stop us to use this tool at a global level. The process for the global level remains the same vis a vis local level. The only change is the quantity of data.
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