8. What is water Scarcity ?
• India’s per capita water availability was 1,730 cubic
metres per person per year in 2006, dangerously
close to the 1,700 mark declared by the World Bank
to be ‘water stressed’. By 2030, the per capita water
availability is expected to decline to 1240 cubic
metres per person per year. This means that by
2030, India will be extremely close to becoming
‘water scarce’,
• 90% waste water discharged into our rivers fails to
meet environmental standards
9. 2309
1991
1902
2001
1465
2025
1235
2050
Source : Water resources of India, Rakesh Kumar, R. D. Singh, K. D. Sharma, National Institute of Hydrology, India
Per
capita
surface
water
availability
In cu meters
<1700 - Water Stressed
<1000 - Water Scarce
Less Water for Every Individual
12. WHY AUDIT ?
• To Promote water supply efficiency as a standard
business practice
– Strong water supply efficiency is evidenced by:
• Low water leakage losses
• Minimal unauthorized consumption
• Maximum output per unit consumption
• Minimal unbilled water consumption
• Auditable operations
13. HOW DOES IT HELP?
1. A water audit can help save money by reducing water
bills
2. Water conservation helps areas stressed for water
resources.
3. Water audit helps reduce wastage & unnecessary use.
4. It makes the citizens more aware and responsible.
5. Reduced water losses.
6. Improved financial performance
7. Reduced disruption, improved reliability of supply
improved level of service to customers and public
relations.
8. Reduced legal liability
9. Enhanced knowledge of the distribution system,
10. Efficient use of existing supplies.
11. Safeguard to public health and property.
14. DEFINITION
• Water Audit is a qualitative and quantitative
analysis of water consumption to identify means of
Reducing use, Reusing and Recycling of water.
• Water audit determines the amount of water
lost(cost) from a distribution system due to leakage
and other reasons (ie) theft, unauthorized or illegal
withdrawals.
• Comprehensive water audit gives a detailed profile
of the distribution system and water users.
• Facilitates easier and effective management with
improved reliability.
15. Steps in Water Audit
• To conduct a water audit of the water distribution system
and water accounting practices etc. and validation;
• Preparation of worksheets and sample calculations for each
step of the water audit;
• To identify, measure and verify all water consumption and
loss;
• To identify and control apparent losses in metering and
billing operations, and recover missed revenues;
• To implement a leakage and pressure management
program to control real losses, conserve water and contain
costs;
• Develop plans to assemble the proper resources,
information and equipment to launch a sustained
accountability and loss-control program;
• Prepare an Action-plan for setting short, medium and long-
term goals and estimate return on investment;
16. Elements of Water Audit
• Record of the amount of water produced
• Record of the amount delivered to
metered users
• Record of the amount delivered to un-
metered users
• Record of amount of water loss (balance of
water, including leaks)
• Measures to address water loss (leaks and
other unaccounted water)
17. Benefits of Water Audit & Leakage Detection
(a) Reduced Water Losses
Water audit and leak detection are the necessary first steps
in a leak repair programme. Repairing the leak will save
money for the utility, including reduced power costs to
deliver water and reduced chemical costs to treat water.
(b) Financial Improvement
A water audit and leak detection programme can increase
revenues from customers who have been undercharged,
lower the total cost of whole sale supplies and reduce
treatment and pumping costs.
(c) Increased Knowledge of the Distribution System
During a water audit, distribution personnel become
familiar with the distribution system, including the location
of main and valves. This familiarity helps the utility to
respond to emergencies such as main breaks
18. Cont’d
(d)More Efficient Use of Existing Supplies
Reducing water losses helps in stretching existing supplies to meet
increased needs. This could help defer the construction of new
water facilities, such as new source, reservoir or treatment plants.
(e) Safeguarding Public Health and Property
Improved maintenance of a water distribution system helps to
reduce the likelihood of property damage and safeguards public
health and safety.
(f) Improved Public Relation
The public appreciates maintenance of the water supply system.
Field teams doing the water audit and leak detection or repair and
maintenance work provide visual assurance that the system is being
maintained.
(g) Reduced Legal Liability
By protecting public property and health and providing detailed
information about the distribution system, water audit and leaks
detection help to protect the utility from expensive law sue.
19.
20.
21. Recommended Strategy
•A preliminary audit should be undertaken to
determine the amount of water loss.
•Followed up with congruous measures as determined
by the findings of the audit.
•If water loss is significant, a more detailed study
should be undertaken.
•If a detailed study shows water loss is significant,
measures should be taken to reduce the loss.
22. Considerations
PLANNING THE WATER AUDIT
Water audits can be designed by reviewing the system records and staff
expertise and using these resources to develop and complete effective
worksheets.
Distribution system characteristics vary, so each utility will have different
challenges in performing the water audit. Each system will need to decide
how it can perform the audit accurately with the least cost. A worksheet
should be developed, and a study period set.
A study period should be set to allow an evaluation of the complete
water system. One year is recommended because it includes all
seasons and gives enough time to eliminate the effect of meter
reading lag.
Shorter periods might not give a complete picture of the water system
and longer periods can be difficult to manage.
Study Period
23. AUDIT PROCESS
• Planning and process finalization
• Measurements
• Calculations
• Audit observations
• Report
• Discussions Zeroing in on conservation steps
that can be taken Implementation
24. Plan for reducing water losses
• If the unaccounted or unmeasured water loss is greater
than 10%, a plan outlining steps to take action for
reducing water losses within three months.
• Steps to include a leak detection and repair program or
eliminating Cost benefit analyses should be conducted to
choose the right option.
• If future annual audits continue to show unmeasured
water greater than 10%, the plan for reducing water
losses should be updated and re-submitted.
25. WATER AUDIT REPORT
• A water audit report may, invariably, contain:
• (a) amount of water earmarked/made available to the
service.
• (b) amount of water utilized, both through metered and un
metered supplies.
• (c) water loss and efficiency of the system along with
reasons for such water losses.
• (d) Suggested measures to check water loss and improve
efficiency.
• An effective water audit report may be purposeful in
detection of leak in distribution system, taking timely action
for plugging such leaks and thereby reducing conveyance
losses of water and improving efficiency of the system
30. Most leaks are invisible
• Majority of Leaks
Do not come to the surface
Are on the service connections
• Absence of an ACTIVE program to detect invisible
leaks is a good indication for high levels of leakage
31. Leakage Classification
• Types of leaks
Large leaks (bursts)
Small leaks (background leaks)
Internal leaks (household)
• Reported Bursts
Visible, phoned in by public, observed by water utility staff
• Unreported Bursts
Non-visible, located during a leak detection survey
• Background leakage
Very small; difficult and uneconomic to detect and repair
32. WATER AUDIT REPORT
• A water audit report may, invariably, contain:
(a) amount of water earmarked/made available to the
service.
(b) amount of water utilized, both through metered and un
metered supplies.
(c) water loss and efficiency of the system along with
reasons for such water losses.
(d) Suggested measures to check water loss and improve
efficiency.
• An effective water audit report may be purposeful in
detection of leak in distribution system, taking timely action
for plugging such leaks and thereby reducing conveyance
losses of water and improving efficiency of the system
36. Reducing NRW: Implementation Plan
(Short-term)
• Installation of bulk meters on inlet/outlet of WTP, BPT and
in the transmission lines
• Installation of V-notches in open channels
• Development of operation and maintenance schedule
• Installation of corrosion resistance level gauges inside the
water storage tanks
• Redefining the existing procedure documenting and
reporting of water flow
• Redefining the bulk consumers
• Installation of Revenue meters for all bulk consumers
• Devising a plan for providing assured water supply at full
cost recovery status
• Identification of Pilot areas for installation of domestic meters.
37. Reducing NRW: Implementation Plan
(Medium and Long-term)
• Installation of Bulk Meters at inlet/outlet of all the
Reservoirs
• Online data logging of the meters connected with
Telemetry/SCADA system
• All reservoirs should be connected with Telemetry/SCADA
system
• Metering of all non-domestic consumers
• Extension of pilot areas for metering to other areas of the city
• Installation of domestic meters for all consumers
38. Reducing Theft and Fraud
Work with local communities
Penalize illegal connections
Disconnect for non-payment
Carry out regular spot checks at large customers, construction
sites
License, regulate water trucks
Keep meter readers honest
Continuously update customer database
Find solutions for informal settlements
39. Repairing Pipe Leaks
• Using Epoxy (for Small Leaks)
• Using Sleeve Type Coupling /Repair Clamps
• Using Strips from the Inner Tube (“Interior”) of a
Rubber Tyre
• After the Leak Is Repaired
1. Open the control valve to allow water to flow into
the repair section;
2. Observe carefully to verify if the leak is completely
sealed;
3. After sealing, backfill the excavation and restore the
surface to its former condition;
4. Apply the disinfection procedures
41. Leak noise correlator
Accurate delineation of water loss
noises from complex sonic
background.
• Accurate delineation of water
loss noises from complex sonic
background.
• Accurate location of water loss
site.
• Greatly reduced time,
especially along a highly
inaccessible route.
• Can locate leaks in PVC and
DPE pipe.
44. Space technology to help detect water leaks
• Technology used to search for water on other planets is
being applied back on earth to detect leaking water mains.
The technology uses satellite imagery taken 650km above
the Earth to detect drinking water in the ground.
Intelligent Water Networks (IWN) Chair Neil Brennan said
the approach is being trialled for effectiveness within the
Victorian water industry.
“We are hoping to have a preliminary report in March that
will tell us how this technology has performed in the trial so
far,” Brennan said.
“If it meets the pilot objectives, it could have widespread
benefits for the water industry and our customers.”
The process involves taking several satellite images over a
few weeks, then analysing them to identify the spectral
‘signature’ of drinking water.
The imagery is then laid over GIS maps of pipe networks to
pinpoint potentially leaking pipes.
If an area identified on the satellite image as containing
drinking water matches up with the pipe network map, field
crews can then go in to check for a leak.
45. Water Efficient Measures
Dual Flush Water
Closet
Water Saving Potential : 40% – 50%
Sensor Faucet & Showers Rainwater Harvesting
On-site Waste Water
Treatment Plant
Drip Irrigation Systems
Water Meters
Treated Waste Water for
Cooling Towers
Root Zone Treatment System
46. Efficiency in use Domestic Sector
• Tariff can be effective tool to control wasteful use of water
and effect water savings up to 10%,
• Water saving devices can help save water up to 10 % but are
expensive
• Regulations & restrictions have good water saving potential
(up to 20%) but require cooperation of the users.
• Reuse and cultivation of appropriate plants can affect water
savings up to 25%.
• User education serves to save water substantially
47. Benefits envisaged
• Water saving leading to an equitable distribution
• Increased efficiency in water operations, particularly
Distribution
• Extended life-time of existing infrastructure
• Long-term sustainability of available resources
• Improved employee-customer relationship
• Better quality of life for consumers and an increase in
willingness to pay
