water and its treatment
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•1,743 views
This document summarizes different sources of water and types of water hardness. It discusses four main sources of water: surface water, underground water, rain water, and sea water. It then explains the two types of water hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by chlorides and sulfates that cannot be removed by boiling. It briefly introduces two water softening processes: the lime-soda process that uses chemicals to precipitate hardness ions, and the zeolite process.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Sources of water ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Hard water and soft water full lesson
in this you will be able to revise for hard water and soft water. chemistry C3 topic hope u get good grades!
Hardness of water
This document discusses different methods for treating and purifying water on both large and small scales. It addresses hardness in water and various processes for removing both temporary and permanent hardness. Methods for purifying water naturally or artificially on a large scale include storage, filtration using slow sand or rapid sand filters, and disinfection through chlorination. Purification on a small scale includes boiling, chemical disinfection using various chlorine sources, and filtration. Specific processes for disinfecting wells are also outlined.
Understanding hard water & water softening
Learn what hard water is, where it comes from, and why it's costing you money. Sodium based ion exchange water softeners have taken a bum rap in recent years. This presentation will set the record straight with information from several reports detailing the energy, detergent, and appliance saving power of water softeners.
Water technology
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth.It is most important that the water which people drink and use for other purposes is clean water. This means that the water must be free of germs and chemicals and be clear (not cloudy).
B.tech. ii engineering chemistry unit 2 water technology
This document discusses various sources and types of water as well as common impurities found in water. It describes surface water sources like rain, river, lake and sea water and mentions their typical compositions. It also discusses underground water sources like spring and well water. The document then lists major ionic, non-ionic and gaseous impurities that may be present in water. It provides details on hard water, including what causes hardness and its effects on soap lathering. Methods to soften hard water like the lime soda process are also summarized.
Water and its treatment
This document discusses water treatment and hardness. It defines water as the most important requirement for life and describes its various sources like rain, ground, and surface water. It then explains the types of impurities found in water and defines hardness as the property that prevents soap from lathering, caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts. The document distinguishes between temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by sulfates and chlorides that require other treatment methods. It concludes by noting hardness is measured in terms of an equivalent amount of calcium carbonate for simplicity of calculations.
Soft, hard and heavy water, by Saliha Rais, for grade 9.
The slide show includes the following topics:
1. hard water
2. soft water
3. causes of hardness of water
4. types of hardness (temporary and permanent)
5. methods to remove temporary hardness (heating and clarks method)
6. methods to remove permanent hardness (with washing soda, caustic soda and zeolite)
7. Heavy water
8. hygroscopic and deliquescent substances
I have made this presentation for grade 9 students.
Water treatment methods
This document discusses various methods for water softening, including internal treatment methods using chemicals added to boiler water, and external treatment methods like lime soda process, zeolite process, and ion exchange process. It focuses on explaining the zeolite process, which involves exchanging hardness ions in water like Ca2+ and Mg2+ with Na+ ions in zeolite minerals. The process produces softened water with about 10 ppm hardness and has advantages like requiring less time and a compact equipment setup. Disadvantages include zeolite beds being damaged by acids or turbid water.
Recommended
Hard water and soft water full lesson
in this you will be able to revise for hard water and soft water. chemistry C3 topic hope u get good grades!
Hardness of water
This document discusses different methods for treating and purifying water on both large and small scales. It addresses hardness in water and various processes for removing both temporary and permanent hardness. Methods for purifying water naturally or artificially on a large scale include storage, filtration using slow sand or rapid sand filters, and disinfection through chlorination. Purification on a small scale includes boiling, chemical disinfection using various chlorine sources, and filtration. Specific processes for disinfecting wells are also outlined.
Understanding hard water & water softening
Learn what hard water is, where it comes from, and why it's costing you money. Sodium based ion exchange water softeners have taken a bum rap in recent years. This presentation will set the record straight with information from several reports detailing the energy, detergent, and appliance saving power of water softeners.
Water technology
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth.It is most important that the water which people drink and use for other purposes is clean water. This means that the water must be free of germs and chemicals and be clear (not cloudy).
B.tech. ii engineering chemistry unit 2 water technology
This document discusses various sources and types of water as well as common impurities found in water. It describes surface water sources like rain, river, lake and sea water and mentions their typical compositions. It also discusses underground water sources like spring and well water. The document then lists major ionic, non-ionic and gaseous impurities that may be present in water. It provides details on hard water, including what causes hardness and its effects on soap lathering. Methods to soften hard water like the lime soda process are also summarized.
Water and its treatment
This document discusses water treatment and hardness. It defines water as the most important requirement for life and describes its various sources like rain, ground, and surface water. It then explains the types of impurities found in water and defines hardness as the property that prevents soap from lathering, caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts. The document distinguishes between temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by sulfates and chlorides that require other treatment methods. It concludes by noting hardness is measured in terms of an equivalent amount of calcium carbonate for simplicity of calculations.
Soft, hard and heavy water, by Saliha Rais, for grade 9.
The slide show includes the following topics:
1. hard water
2. soft water
3. causes of hardness of water
4. types of hardness (temporary and permanent)
5. methods to remove temporary hardness (heating and clarks method)
6. methods to remove permanent hardness (with washing soda, caustic soda and zeolite)
7. Heavy water
8. hygroscopic and deliquescent substances
I have made this presentation for grade 9 students.
Water treatment methods
This document discusses various methods for water softening, including internal treatment methods using chemicals added to boiler water, and external treatment methods like lime soda process, zeolite process, and ion exchange process. It focuses on explaining the zeolite process, which involves exchanging hardness ions in water like Ca2+ and Mg2+ with Na+ ions in zeolite minerals. The process produces softened water with about 10 ppm hardness and has advantages like requiring less time and a compact equipment setup. Disadvantages include zeolite beds being damaged by acids or turbid water.
Water softening ce3
This document discusses various methods for water softening including:
1. Removal of temporary hardness can be done by boiling or adding lime to precipitate calcium carbonate.
2. Permanent hardness can be removed through chemical precipitation using lime soda ash or ion exchange which replaces calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
3. Demineralization passes water through cation then anion exchange resins to remove all minerals including hardness.
Water softening and hardness removal
This document discusses various methods for removing hardness from water. It describes temporary hardness as caused by magnesium bicarbonate and magnesium carbonate, which can be removed by boiling water or adding lime. Permanent hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium salts and can be removed using the lime soda process, ion exchange process, or demineralization process. The lime soda process involves adding lime and soda ash to precipitate calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. Demineralization uses cation exchange resins to exchange hydrogen for sodium ions, fully removing minerals from water.
Water Hardness
Generally soaps create foam in water, but in present of some materials the foam creation is reduced and need more soap for producing foam, and this condition of water is called water hardness.
The presence of Calcium, Magnesium salt i.e. bicarbonates, sulphates, chloride in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salts is called hard water. Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Calcium and Magnesium react with soap to form insoluble organic salts.
Water technology and green chemistry
This is Unit 1 : Water Technology and Green Chemistry will be useful for UoP First Year Engineering.
3 modren sodium hydroxide manufacturing methods
Sodium hydroxide also known as caustic soda with chemical formula NaOH found in many forms caustic soda lye, flakes, granules and solid. Produced using three different process Mercury Cell, Diaphragm cell, Membrane Cell methods
Hard and soft water
Hard water forms when water passes through deposits of minerals like calcium and magnesium in the earth, dissolving small amounts. The higher the concentrations of calcium and magnesium, the harder the water. Hard water interferes with soap's ability to lather and causes more soap residue due to interactions between minerals in the water and soap. It can also lead to mineral deposits in appliances like dishwashers and washing machines over time, shortening their lifespan.
Water & its treatment
The document discusses water treatment and the types of water sources. It describes rainwater, river water, spring/well water, and seawater as the main sources. It discusses hardness in water which is caused by calcium and magnesium ions. There are two types of hardness - temporary (removed by boiling) and permanent (not removed by boiling). The document provides examples of calculating hardness from water analyses and converting between units of measurement like ppm, mg/L, degrees Clark and degrees French.
Chlor alkali process- chemistry 1
The chlor-alkali process uses electrolysis to produce chlorine, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide from an aqueous sodium chloride solution. Electricity is passed through the solution, causing chloride ions to oxidize to chlorine gas at the anode and water molecules to reduce to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions at the cathode. The sodium ions then react with the hydroxide ions to form sodium hydroxide. Chlorine is used to make polymers and pesticides, hydrogen is used as a reducing agent and fuel, and sodium hydroxide is used in soap, the paper industry, and water treatment.
Water and Its Industrial Applications
The document summarizes the process of water softening. It involves chemically converting hardness-causing calcium and magnesium salts in water into insoluble compounds using milk of lime and soda. Lime is added to precipitate temporary hardness as calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. Soda is added to precipitate permanent hardness as calcium carbonate. The amounts of lime and soda required are calculated based on the types and amounts of hardness present. If the purity of lime or soda is less than 100%, corrections must be made to calculate the actual amounts needed. The precipitates formed are then filtered out, removing hardness from the water.
Water
Hard water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium ions that can cause scale buildup and reduce soap efficiency. In boilers, scale forms when calcium and magnesium carbonates and sulfates precipitate out of solution as water is heated. This scale buildup reduces heat transfer efficiency and can damage boiler components over time. Several methods can be used to prevent or remove scale, including frequent blowdowns, adding antiscalants like phosphates, and chemical or mechanical scale removal treatments. Proper treatment of hard water is important for industrial processes and equipment that use water like boilers, cooling systems, and pipes.
water hardness
This document provides an overview of water hardness and its treatment. It begins by acknowledging references and setting the session plan to recap factors associated with water hardness, methods to treat hard water, and hazards related to hardness. It then discusses the modified Bradley-Feachem classification of water-related diseases. Several methods to measure and remove hardness from water are outlined, including boiling, adding lime, soda ash, or using base exchange processes. Health effects of hard water and hazards of surface water are also summarized. The document concludes by assigning short answer questions as homework.
Boilers
The document discusses various issues related to boiler operation including scale and sludge formation, priming, foaming, corrosion, and caustic embrittlement. It provides causes and prevention methods for these problems. Some key points:
1) Scale and sludge can form due to dissolved salts in water and is prevented by softening water, purifying steam, and removing deposits.
2) Priming occurs when water droplets carry over with steam while foaming involves persistent bubbles that don't break, both caused by dissolved substances like oils and alkalis.
3) Corrosion results from oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids in water and can be reduced by removing these elements.
4) Caustic
Soaps and Detergents
Soaps and detergents are cleansing agents that use their molecular structure to dissolve dirt and grease. Soaps have a hydrophilic ionic group that dissolves in water and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that attaches to non-polar particles. Detergents are similar but contain sulfonate groups, which allow them to work effectively in hard water by forming soluble salts with calcium and magnesium ions. Both soaps and detergents use micelle formation and emulsification to suspend dirt and oil in water so they can be rinsed away.
SIMPLE NOTES ON WATER HARDNESS AND SOFTENING METHODS
This document discusses water treatment processes used in the food industry. It begins by explaining how water is essential for the food industry and discusses various uses of water. It then describes different types of water, including hard and soft water. The main processes covered for treating water include softening using lime or ion exchange methods, demineralization, filtration using various media, reverse osmosis, and chlorination. Key points covered are the chemical reactions involved in softening and issues caused by hard water like scale buildup.
Ppt 1
This document discusses water hardness and water recycling. It defines hard water as water with high mineral content, mainly calcium and magnesium ions. Hard water causes reduced soap lather and limescale buildup. Temporary hardness can be reduced by boiling or lime softening, while permanent hardness requires ion exchange. Water recycling involves treating wastewater to remove solids and impurities so it can be reused for irrigation, industry or groundwater recharge. The three-step process includes physical, biological and chemical treatment systems. Recycled water has various utilization applications.
BOD&COD.pdf
Winkler's method is used to determine the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water. It involves adding potassium iodide and manganese sulfate to the water sample, which oxidizes to form iodine in the presence of oxygen. The liberated iodine is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate using starch indicator. The amount of thiosulfate used corresponds to the amount of dissolved oxygen originally present. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are also described as important water quality parameters. BOD measures the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to break down organic matter over 5 days. COD determines the oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic compounds and is generally
Ppt on hydrogen preparation
There are three main commercial methods for hydrogen production: steam reformation, coal gasification, and thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. Steam reformation involves reacting hydrocarbons like natural gas with steam at high temperatures over a catalyst to produce hydrogen and carbon oxides. The mixture is then shifted to increase hydrogen concentration before purification. Coal gasification uses superheated steam to gasify coal, producing water gas that is further reacted to hydrogen. Thermal decomposition produces hydrogen as a byproduct when cracking hydrocarbons at high heat.
Hardness of water_new
The document describes an experiment to determine the total hardness of drinking water samples from three locations in Punjab, India. Water samples were collected from Ludhiana, Kharar, and Samrala and titrated against EDTA using an indicator. The total hardness was calculated and found to be 82 mg/L, 84 mg/L, and 80 mg/L, respectively, indicating moderately hard water. The difference in hardness between the three samples was not significant.
Hardness of water
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesn’t form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
Raw Water Intake & Pre Treatment of Raw Water in a Thermal Power Plant
The document discusses the treatment process for raw water from rivers and lakes. It describes how raw water contains physical, biological, and chemical impurities. The treatment process involves intake, screening, pre-chlorination, storage, aeration, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, filtration through sand and activated carbon, and storage of filtered water. This multi-stage process removes suspended solids, bacteria, algae and other contaminants to produce portable water suitable for drinking and industrial use.
04a_HARD+WATER.pdf
The document discusses hard water and soft water. Hard water contains high levels of calcium and magnesium ions which can cause scaling. There are two types of hardness: permanent hardness caused by calcium/magnesium sulfates/chlorides and temporary hardness caused by calcium and bicarbonate ions. Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling. Softening hard water involves precipitating calcium ions using lime-soda or ion exchange processes. Soft water is better for soap lather but risks adding more sodium and dissolving metals from pipes.
UNIT I_Hardwater
This document discusses hardness in water. It defines hard water as water containing dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. Hard water does not lather well with soap and can cause scale buildup. There are two types of hardness: temporary, caused by bicarbonates which can be removed by boiling; and permanent, caused by chlorides and sulfates which require chemical treatment. Methods to soften hard water discussed include ion exchange, zeolite processes, and reverse osmosis. The document covers sources of water, types of impurities, and treatment methods for domestic water purposes.
More Related Content
What's hot
Water softening ce3
This document discusses various methods for water softening including:
1. Removal of temporary hardness can be done by boiling or adding lime to precipitate calcium carbonate.
2. Permanent hardness can be removed through chemical precipitation using lime soda ash or ion exchange which replaces calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
3. Demineralization passes water through cation then anion exchange resins to remove all minerals including hardness.
Water softening and hardness removal
This document discusses various methods for removing hardness from water. It describes temporary hardness as caused by magnesium bicarbonate and magnesium carbonate, which can be removed by boiling water or adding lime. Permanent hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium salts and can be removed using the lime soda process, ion exchange process, or demineralization process. The lime soda process involves adding lime and soda ash to precipitate calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. Demineralization uses cation exchange resins to exchange hydrogen for sodium ions, fully removing minerals from water.
Water Hardness
Generally soaps create foam in water, but in present of some materials the foam creation is reduced and need more soap for producing foam, and this condition of water is called water hardness.
The presence of Calcium, Magnesium salt i.e. bicarbonates, sulphates, chloride in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salts is called hard water. Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Calcium and Magnesium react with soap to form insoluble organic salts.
Water technology and green chemistry
This is Unit 1 : Water Technology and Green Chemistry will be useful for UoP First Year Engineering.
3 modren sodium hydroxide manufacturing methods
Sodium hydroxide also known as caustic soda with chemical formula NaOH found in many forms caustic soda lye, flakes, granules and solid. Produced using three different process Mercury Cell, Diaphragm cell, Membrane Cell methods
Hard and soft water
Hard water forms when water passes through deposits of minerals like calcium and magnesium in the earth, dissolving small amounts. The higher the concentrations of calcium and magnesium, the harder the water. Hard water interferes with soap's ability to lather and causes more soap residue due to interactions between minerals in the water and soap. It can also lead to mineral deposits in appliances like dishwashers and washing machines over time, shortening their lifespan.
Water & its treatment
The document discusses water treatment and the types of water sources. It describes rainwater, river water, spring/well water, and seawater as the main sources. It discusses hardness in water which is caused by calcium and magnesium ions. There are two types of hardness - temporary (removed by boiling) and permanent (not removed by boiling). The document provides examples of calculating hardness from water analyses and converting between units of measurement like ppm, mg/L, degrees Clark and degrees French.
Chlor alkali process- chemistry 1
The chlor-alkali process uses electrolysis to produce chlorine, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide from an aqueous sodium chloride solution. Electricity is passed through the solution, causing chloride ions to oxidize to chlorine gas at the anode and water molecules to reduce to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions at the cathode. The sodium ions then react with the hydroxide ions to form sodium hydroxide. Chlorine is used to make polymers and pesticides, hydrogen is used as a reducing agent and fuel, and sodium hydroxide is used in soap, the paper industry, and water treatment.
Water and Its Industrial Applications
The document summarizes the process of water softening. It involves chemically converting hardness-causing calcium and magnesium salts in water into insoluble compounds using milk of lime and soda. Lime is added to precipitate temporary hardness as calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. Soda is added to precipitate permanent hardness as calcium carbonate. The amounts of lime and soda required are calculated based on the types and amounts of hardness present. If the purity of lime or soda is less than 100%, corrections must be made to calculate the actual amounts needed. The precipitates formed are then filtered out, removing hardness from the water.
Water
Hard water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium ions that can cause scale buildup and reduce soap efficiency. In boilers, scale forms when calcium and magnesium carbonates and sulfates precipitate out of solution as water is heated. This scale buildup reduces heat transfer efficiency and can damage boiler components over time. Several methods can be used to prevent or remove scale, including frequent blowdowns, adding antiscalants like phosphates, and chemical or mechanical scale removal treatments. Proper treatment of hard water is important for industrial processes and equipment that use water like boilers, cooling systems, and pipes.
water hardness
This document provides an overview of water hardness and its treatment. It begins by acknowledging references and setting the session plan to recap factors associated with water hardness, methods to treat hard water, and hazards related to hardness. It then discusses the modified Bradley-Feachem classification of water-related diseases. Several methods to measure and remove hardness from water are outlined, including boiling, adding lime, soda ash, or using base exchange processes. Health effects of hard water and hazards of surface water are also summarized. The document concludes by assigning short answer questions as homework.
Boilers
The document discusses various issues related to boiler operation including scale and sludge formation, priming, foaming, corrosion, and caustic embrittlement. It provides causes and prevention methods for these problems. Some key points:
1) Scale and sludge can form due to dissolved salts in water and is prevented by softening water, purifying steam, and removing deposits.
2) Priming occurs when water droplets carry over with steam while foaming involves persistent bubbles that don't break, both caused by dissolved substances like oils and alkalis.
3) Corrosion results from oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids in water and can be reduced by removing these elements.
4) Caustic
Soaps and Detergents
Soaps and detergents are cleansing agents that use their molecular structure to dissolve dirt and grease. Soaps have a hydrophilic ionic group that dissolves in water and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that attaches to non-polar particles. Detergents are similar but contain sulfonate groups, which allow them to work effectively in hard water by forming soluble salts with calcium and magnesium ions. Both soaps and detergents use micelle formation and emulsification to suspend dirt and oil in water so they can be rinsed away.
SIMPLE NOTES ON WATER HARDNESS AND SOFTENING METHODS
This document discusses water treatment processes used in the food industry. It begins by explaining how water is essential for the food industry and discusses various uses of water. It then describes different types of water, including hard and soft water. The main processes covered for treating water include softening using lime or ion exchange methods, demineralization, filtration using various media, reverse osmosis, and chlorination. Key points covered are the chemical reactions involved in softening and issues caused by hard water like scale buildup.
Ppt 1
This document discusses water hardness and water recycling. It defines hard water as water with high mineral content, mainly calcium and magnesium ions. Hard water causes reduced soap lather and limescale buildup. Temporary hardness can be reduced by boiling or lime softening, while permanent hardness requires ion exchange. Water recycling involves treating wastewater to remove solids and impurities so it can be reused for irrigation, industry or groundwater recharge. The three-step process includes physical, biological and chemical treatment systems. Recycled water has various utilization applications.
BOD&COD.pdf
Winkler's method is used to determine the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water. It involves adding potassium iodide and manganese sulfate to the water sample, which oxidizes to form iodine in the presence of oxygen. The liberated iodine is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate using starch indicator. The amount of thiosulfate used corresponds to the amount of dissolved oxygen originally present. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are also described as important water quality parameters. BOD measures the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to break down organic matter over 5 days. COD determines the oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic compounds and is generally
Ppt on hydrogen preparation
There are three main commercial methods for hydrogen production: steam reformation, coal gasification, and thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. Steam reformation involves reacting hydrocarbons like natural gas with steam at high temperatures over a catalyst to produce hydrogen and carbon oxides. The mixture is then shifted to increase hydrogen concentration before purification. Coal gasification uses superheated steam to gasify coal, producing water gas that is further reacted to hydrogen. Thermal decomposition produces hydrogen as a byproduct when cracking hydrocarbons at high heat.
Hardness of water_new
The document describes an experiment to determine the total hardness of drinking water samples from three locations in Punjab, India. Water samples were collected from Ludhiana, Kharar, and Samrala and titrated against EDTA using an indicator. The total hardness was calculated and found to be 82 mg/L, 84 mg/L, and 80 mg/L, respectively, indicating moderately hard water. The difference in hardness between the three samples was not significant.
Hardness of water
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesn’t form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
Raw Water Intake & Pre Treatment of Raw Water in a Thermal Power Plant
The document discusses the treatment process for raw water from rivers and lakes. It describes how raw water contains physical, biological, and chemical impurities. The treatment process involves intake, screening, pre-chlorination, storage, aeration, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, filtration through sand and activated carbon, and storage of filtered water. This multi-stage process removes suspended solids, bacteria, algae and other contaminants to produce portable water suitable for drinking and industrial use.
What's hot (20)
SIMPLE NOTES ON WATER HARDNESS AND SOFTENING METHODS
SIMPLE NOTES ON WATER HARDNESS AND SOFTENING METHODS
Raw Water Intake & Pre Treatment of Raw Water in a Thermal Power Plant
Raw Water Intake & Pre Treatment of Raw Water in a Thermal Power Plant
Similar to water and its treatment
04a_HARD+WATER.pdf
The document discusses hard water and soft water. Hard water contains high levels of calcium and magnesium ions which can cause scaling. There are two types of hardness: permanent hardness caused by calcium/magnesium sulfates/chlorides and temporary hardness caused by calcium and bicarbonate ions. Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling. Softening hard water involves precipitating calcium ions using lime-soda or ion exchange processes. Soft water is better for soap lather but risks adding more sodium and dissolving metals from pipes.
UNIT I_Hardwater
This document discusses hardness in water. It defines hard water as water containing dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. Hard water does not lather well with soap and can cause scale buildup. There are two types of hardness: temporary, caused by bicarbonates which can be removed by boiling; and permanent, caused by chlorides and sulfates which require chemical treatment. Methods to soften hard water discussed include ion exchange, zeolite processes, and reverse osmosis. The document covers sources of water, types of impurities, and treatment methods for domestic water purposes.
Chem
Hard water contains high levels of minerals like calcium and magnesium which can cause problems. Temporary hardness can be addressed through boiling or lime softening, precipitating minerals out of the water. Permanent hardness is caused by sulfate and chloride compounds and requires water softening to remove. Hard water interferes with soap and forms scale deposits in pipes and appliances.
Section 9.2 hardness in water
The document discusses hard water and its causes. Hard water is water that does not easily form soap lathers, due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions that react with soap. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulfates that cannot be removed by boiling. Methods for softening hard water include using ion exchange resins that replace calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.
Environmental water, solid ,pollution, air
Water is a universal solvent and essential for engineering applications. It exists as solid, liquid, and gas on Earth and moves through the water cycle. Surface water sources include rain, rivers, lakes, and seas, while underground sources are springs and wells. Impurities in water can be dissolved, suspended, or biological. Water treatment removes impurities to make water suitable for industrial and domestic uses. Hard water reduces soap efficiency and causes scale in boilers. Internal and external water treatments are used to control scale and corrosion in boilers.
Water hardness.pptx
Hardness in water is caused by dissolved calcium, magnesium, and other metals. Hard water does not lather easily with soap, while soft water produces lathers readily. There are two types of hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates and permanent hardness caused by chlorides and sulfides. Hardness levels are measured in units like parts per million, milligrams per liter, Clark degrees, and French degrees, which all indicate the concentration of calcium carbonate equivalents in the water. Calculations can determine the equivalent amounts of calcium carbonate contributing to the overall hardness.
L 4A - Water Softening by Lime Soda Method.ppt
The document describes the lime soda process for water softening. It involves adding lime (Ca(OH)2) and soda ash (Na2CO3) to water to precipitate out calcium and magnesium ions that cause hardness. Lime is used to remove carbonate hardness by precipitating calcium as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Soda ash raises the pH to precipitate magnesium as magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). Excess lime may be added to further reduce magnesium hardness. The treated water is then re-carbonated by adding carbon dioxide to lower the pH and stabilize the water.
Wet Process
Water, Soap, Detergent, Singeing, Desizing, Scouring, Bleaching
Wet Preparatory Process
Shyamoli Textile Engineering College
Chem
Hard water contains high levels of minerals like calcium and magnesium which can cause problems. While hard water is generally safe to drink, it can damage industrial equipment by causing scale buildup. In homes, hard water leads to less suds when soap is used and lime scale in appliances. There are two types of hardness: temporary, caused by bicarbonates which can be reduced by boiling; and permanent, from sulfates that cannot be removed by boiling and require a water softener.
Carbon and compounds
Diamond has a giant covalent structure where each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbons, giving it properties like hardness and electrical insulation. It is used in cutting, jewelry due to its brilliance, and lasers. Graphite has layers of hexagonal carbon sheets bonded by van der Waals forces, making it soft and a conductor. It is used as a lubricant, in electrodes, and pencils. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions that form precipitates with soap. Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling or adding washing soda while permanent hardness requires ion exchange or distillation. Carbon forms oxides, is a reducing agent, and is important in combustion, fermentation, and the carbon cycle.
water and its treatment.pdf
This ppt will provide basic information about water, impurities in water, the Hardness of water and processes to remove hardness.
water-and-its-treatment.ppt
Hard water prevents soap lather formation due to calcium and magnesium ions. There are two types of hardness - temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling but permanent requires chemical treatment. Hard water causes issues for washing, cooking, industries and boilers. In boilers, hard water leads to scale and sludge formation, reducing efficiency. Water can be softened externally using lime-soda process, zeolite process or ion exchange, or internally in boilers using various conditioning methods like phosphates and carbonates. These methods convert hardness ions to insoluble precipitates or soluble complexes to prevent scale.
M.Phil Unit I water
This document provides information about water technology and water treatment. It discusses the existence and states of water on Earth, sources of water including surface and underground sources, types of water impurities and their effects, hardness of water, types of hardness and units of measurement, disadvantages of hard water, estimation of hardness, scale and sludge formation in boilers, and methods of water treatment both internal and external methods. It covers topics like ion exchange process, zeolite process, desalination methods like electrodialysis and reverse osmosis.
Water
Water can exist in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor). It is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Hard water contains dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium which come from sources like limestone and chalk. Hard water is not harmful but can leave mineral deposits called limescale. Soft water contains few or no calcium/magnesium ions. Temporary hard water can be treated by boiling or adding lime to precipitate out minerals. Permanent hard water requires more complex treatments like ion exchange since heating does not remove the dissolved minerals.
Presentation.pptx
Boiler feed water should be free of impurities to prevent problems in boilers. Hard water containing calcium and magnesium can cause scale deposits, sludge, priming/foaming and corrosion in boilers. Scale forms hard deposits on boiler walls while sludge forms loose deposits. Priming occurs when water droplets are carried by steam. Foaming is caused by oil or particles in water. Caustic embrittlement happens when sodium carbonate decomposes to sodium hydroxide which attacks boiler material. Dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide also contribute to corrosion. Treatment methods include softening, deaeration and chemical addition.
Boiler_water_presentation.pptffffffffffffff
This presentation discusses problems encountered in boiler water such as scale, corrosion, and carryover. Scale is caused by poor pretreatment, contamination, or inadequate chemical treatment and forms on boiler tubes. Common scales include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and iron oxides. Scale reduces heat transfer and causes equipment issues. Corrosion is an electrochemical process where metal returns to its oxidized state. Methods to prevent scale and corrosion include maintaining water quality, using recommended chemicals, and controlling blowdown. Sodium aluminate and phosphate conditioning are discussed as internal treatment methods. Sludge and scale formation, as well as their disadvantages, are also summarized.
Water treatment
This document discusses water treatment processes. It explains that water treatment removes contaminants and makes water suitable for various end uses like drinking, industrial use, or safely returning to the environment. It then discusses various sources of water like surface water, underground water, and sea water. Finally, it summarizes common water treatment processes like coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration which use chemicals and gravity to remove suspended particles and make water clearer.
Chemistry of Materials2_hardness.pptx
This document discusses various aspects of water treatment. It begins by defining hardness in water and its causes. It then describes different types of hardness - temporary and permanent - and their sources. Methods for determining hardness like the EDTA titration method are outlined. Issues like scale and sludge formation in boilers are explained along with their prevention. Desalination techniques like reverse osmosis and electrodialysis are summarized. Finally, water softening methods such as zeolite and ion exchange processes are described at a high level.
Similar to water and its treatment (20)
Recently uploaded
Gabriel Whitley's Motion Summary Judgment
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
What Ukraine Has Lost During Russia’s Invasion
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series)..pdf
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
EED - The Container Port PERFORMANCE INDEX 2023
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Letter-from-ECI-to-MeiTY-21st-march-2024.pdf
भारत सरकार द्वारा बड़े पैमाने पर व्हाट्सएप अभियान चलाए जाने से डेटा गोपनीयता, नैतिकता और चुनावों की निष्पक्षता पर सवाल उठते हैं।
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptx
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Recently uploaded (9)
water and its treatment
- 1. Water and its treatment
- 3. Underground water: it includes water from wells and springs
- 4. Rain water
- 6. Temporary Hardness – Temporary Hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate of calcium, magnesium and other heavy metals and the carbonate of ion. It is mostly destroyed by more boiling of water, when bicarbonates are decomposed yielding insoluble carbonates. » Ca(HCO3)2 Heat CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Calcium bicarbonate Calcium Carbonate Mg(HCO3)2 Heat MgCo2 + H2O + CO2 Magnesium Bicarbonate Magnesium Carbonate – The Calcium/Magnesium Carbonates thus formed, being almost insoluble, are deposited as a scale at the bottom of vessel, while carbon dioxide escapes out.
- 7. Permanent Hardness • Non Carbonate Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides, sulfates of calcium, Magnesium, iron and other heavy metals
- 8. Lime-soda process The basic principle of this process is to chemically convert all the soluble hardness causing impurities into insoluble precipitates which may be removed by settling and filtration…