Water is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds with up to four neighboring water molecules. These hydrogen bonds give water unique properties including high surface tension and the ability to act as a universal solvent. Water's density peaks at 4°C, allowing it to moderate temperatures on Earth. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules also allow water to act as a solvent for biochemical reactions and transport substances inside organisms.
It reasonably can be argued that that most participants in the roofing, building and design trades tend to either take water for granted or lack the basic understanding of both the chemistry and physics that play such a large role in water accumulation within a building enclosure. Sure, people in the construction business fear the effects of excess water, but few have taken the time to understand why it acts the way it does.
The driving forces that cause moisture movement are fundamental properties of nature; therefore, preventing water infiltration and resulting damage at the typical building project requires close attention during the design and construction processes to all potential moisture sources and routes.
Seven fundamental aspects of water are presented in Water 101 to provide Trinity | ERD forensic personnel and our clients an essential knowledge base for the physical properties of water.
Biochemistry of water - presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy at department of biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College. To make slides simple, less information is given in slides. More information was shared during the presentation.
It reasonably can be argued that that most participants in the roofing, building and design trades tend to either take water for granted or lack the basic understanding of both the chemistry and physics that play such a large role in water accumulation within a building enclosure. Sure, people in the construction business fear the effects of excess water, but few have taken the time to understand why it acts the way it does.
The driving forces that cause moisture movement are fundamental properties of nature; therefore, preventing water infiltration and resulting damage at the typical building project requires close attention during the design and construction processes to all potential moisture sources and routes.
Seven fundamental aspects of water are presented in Water 101 to provide Trinity | ERD forensic personnel and our clients an essential knowledge base for the physical properties of water.
Biochemistry of water - presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy at department of biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College. To make slides simple, less information is given in slides. More information was shared during the presentation.
Properties of water and aqueous solutionssabir shah
Akhuwat Faisalabad Institute Of Research Science and
Technology.....
This video is a course context of 1st prof Bs (hons) biotechnology.. which is prepared by momin khan niazi...........
a presentation of how life originated on earth due to chemicals and how these chemicals represent the building blocks of life all around us.
by Dr. tithi parija (asst. professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology
The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds gives it amazing properties including: ability to dissolve hydrophilic (ionic and polar) but not hydrophobic (nonionic, nonpolar) molecules so as to be the "universal solvent," liquid state over large earthly temperature range, high heats of fusion and vaporization, high specific heat, high surface tension, cohesion and adhesion, lower density as solid, low viscosity, equal ionization into proton donor and acceptor for neutral pH. These properties make life on earth possible
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Properties of Water
• Polar molecule
• Cohesion and
adhesion
• High specific heat
• Density – greatest
at 4o
C
• Universal solvent
of life
3. Polarity of Water
• In a water molecule two hydrogen atoms
form single polar covalent bonds with an
oxygen atom. Gives water more structure
than other liquids
– Because oxygen is more electronegative, the
region around oxygen has a partial negative
charge.
– The region near the two hydrogen atoms has a
partial positive charge.
• A water molecule is a polar molecule with
opposite ends of the molecule with opposite
charges.
5. HYDROGEN BONDS
• Hold water molecules
together
• Each water molecule can
form a maximum of 4
hydrogen bonds
• The hydrogen bonds
joining water molecules
are weak, about 1/20th
as
strong as covalent bonds.
• They form, break, and
reform with great
frequency
• Extraordinary Properties
that are a result of hydrogen
bonds.
– Cohesive behavior
– Resists changes in
temperature
– High heat of vaporization
– Expands when it freezes
– Versatile solvent
6. Organisms Depend on Cohesion
• Cohesion is responsible for the
transport of the water column in
plants
• Cohesion among water molecules
plays a key role in the transport of
water against gravity in plants
• Adhesion, clinging
of one substance to
another, contributes
too, as water adheres
to the wall of the
vessels.
Hydrogen bonds hold the substance
together, a phenomenon called cohesion
8. Moderates Temperatures on Earth
• What is kinetic energy?
• Heat?
• Temperature?
• Calorie?
• What is the difference
in cal and Cal?
• What is specific heat?
Celsius Scale at Sea Level
100o
C Water boils
37o
C Human body
temperature
23o
C Room temperature
0o
C Water freezes
Water stabilizes air temperatures by absorbing heat from
warmer air and releasing heat to cooler air.
Water can absorb or release relatively large amounts of heat
with only a slight change in its own temperature.
9. Three-fourths of the earth is covered
by water. The water serves as a
large heat sink responsible for:
2. Prevention of temperature
fluctuations that are outside the
range suitable for life.
3. Coastal areas having a mild
climate
4. A stable marine environment
Specific Heat is the amount of heat that must be
absorbed or lost for one gram of a substance to
change its temperature by 1o
C.
10. Evaporative Cooling
• The cooling of a
surface occurs when
the liquid evaporates
• This is responsible for:
– Moderating earth’s
climate
– Stabilizes
temperature in
aquatic ecosystems
– Preventing organisms
from overheating
11. Density of Water
• Most dense at 4o
C
• Contracts until 4o
C
• Expands from 4o
C to
0o
C
The density of water:
2. Prevents water from freezing from the bottom up.
3. Ice forms on the surface first—the freezing of the
water releases heat to the water below creating
insulation.
4. Makes transition between season less abrupt.
13. Solvent for Life
• Solution
– Solute
– solvent
• Aqueous solution
• Hydrophilic
– Ionic compounds
dissolve in water
– Polar molecules
(generally) are water
soluble
• Hydrophobic
– Nonpolar compounds
14. Most biochemical reactions
involve solutes dissolved in water.
• There are two important
quantitative proprieties of aqueous
solutions.
–1. Concentration
–2. pH
15. Concentration of a Solution
• Molecular weight – sum of the weights of all atoms in
a molecule (daltons)
• Mole – amount of a substance that has a mass in
grams numerically equivalent to its molecular weight
in daltons.
• Avogadro’s number – 6.02 X 1023
– A mole of one substance has the same number of molecules
as a mole of any other substance.
16. Molarity
The concentration of a material in solution is called its molarity.
A one molar solution has one mole of a substance dissolved
in one liter of solvent, typically water.
Calculate a one molar solution of sucrose, C12H22O16.
C = 12 daltons
H = 1 dalton
O = 16 daltons
12 x12 = 144
1 x 22 = 22
16 x 11 = 176
342For a 2M solution?
For a .05 M solution?
For a .2 M solution?
18. • A simpler way to view this process is that a
water molecule dissociates into a hydrogen
ion and a hydroxide ion:
– H2O <=> H+
+ OH-
• This reaction is reversible.
• At equilibrium the concentration of water
molecules greatly exceeds that of H+
and
OH-
.
• In pure water only one water molecule in
every 554 million is dissociated.
– At equilibrium, the concentration of H+
or OH-
is 10-7
M (25°C) .
19. Acids and Bases
• An acid is a substance that
increases the hydrogen ion
concentration in a solution.
• Any substance that reduces the
hydrogen ion concentration in a
solution is a base.
– Some bases reduce H+
directly by
accepting hydrogen ions.
• Strong acids and bases complete
dissociate in water.
• Weak acids and bases dissociate
only partially and reversibly.
20. pH Scale
• The pH scale in any aqueous solution :
– [ H+
] [OH-
] = 10-14
• Measures the degree of acidity (0 – 14)
• Most biologic fluids are in the pH range
from 6 – 8
• Each pH unit represents a tenfold
difference (scale is logarithmic)
– A small change in pH actually indicates a
substantial change in H+
and OH-
concentrations.
21. Problem
How much greater is the [ H+
] in a
solution with pH 2 than in a solution with
pH 6?
Answer:
pH of 2 = [ H+
] of 1.0 x 10-2
= 1/100 M
pH of 6 = [ H+
] of 1.0 x 10-6
= 1/1,000,000 M
10,000 times greater
22. Buffers
• A substance that eliminates large sudden
changes in pH.
• Buffers help organisms maintain the pH of
body fluids within the narrow range
necessary for life.
– Are combinations of H+
acceptors and
donors forms in a solution of weak acids
or bases
– Work by accepting H+
from solutions
when they are in excess and by donating
H+
when they have been depleted.
23. Acid Precipitation
• Rain, snow or fog with more strongly acidic than
pH of 5.6
• West Virginia has recorded 1.5
• East Tennessee reported 4.2 in 2000
• Occurs when sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides
react with water in the atmosphere
– Lowers pH of soil which affects mineral
solubility – decline of forests
– Lower pH of lakes and ponds – In the
Western Adirondack Mountains, there are
lakes with a pH <5 that have no fish.